3. 細(xì)菌耐藥
antimicrobial resistance, AMR

請(qǐng)看例句：

China announced a State-level plan on Thursday to curb antimicrobial resistance, which involves 14 ministries and agencies, including health, agriculture, food and drug, and environmental protection.
我國25日宣布《遏制細(xì)菌耐藥國家行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》，該計(jì)劃涉及衛(wèi)生、農(nóng)業(yè)、食藥、環(huán)保等14個(gè)部門機(jī)構(gòu)。

細(xì)菌耐藥(antimicrobial resistance, AMR)是全球公共健康領(lǐng)域面臨的一項(xiàng)重大挑戰(zhàn)(a major global public health challenge)。細(xì)菌耐藥指細(xì)菌、真菌、病毒、寄生生物(bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites)等微生物對(duì)于抗菌藥物的耐受性(resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial drug)，起初該藥物能對(duì)這種微生物引起的感染進(jìn)行有效治療(that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it)。 耐藥性根據(jù)其發(fā)生原因可分為獲得耐藥性(acquired resistance)和固有耐藥性(intrinsic resistance)。

《遏制細(xì)菌耐藥國家行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(2016-2020年)》的出臺(tái)背景是：抗菌藥物廣泛應(yīng)用于醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生(be widely used in health care)、農(nóng)業(yè)養(yǎng)殖領(lǐng)域，在治療感染性疾病挽救患者生命(treat infectious diseases and save patients' lives)、防治動(dòng)物疫病(animal epidemic prevention and treatment)提高養(yǎng)殖效益以及保障公共衛(wèi)生安全中，發(fā)揮了重要作用。但是，由于新型抗菌藥物研發(fā)能力(R&D capability)不足、藥店無處方銷售抗菌藥物(sales of antimicrobial drugs without prescriptions in some pharmacies)、醫(yī)療和養(yǎng)殖領(lǐng)域不合理應(yīng)用抗菌藥物、制藥企業(yè)(pharmaceutical enterprise)廢棄物排放(waste discharge)不達(dá)標(biāo)、群眾合理用藥(rational drug use)意識(shí)不高等多種因素，細(xì)菌耐藥問題日益突出。

文件提出，從國家層面實(shí)施綜合治理策略和措施，對(duì)抗菌藥物的研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、流通、應(yīng)用環(huán)節(jié)加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管(intensify oversight in research and development, production, distribution and application of antimicrobial drugs)，加強(qiáng)宣傳教育、加強(qiáng)國際交流合作(intensify international cooperation and exchanges)，應(yīng)對(duì)細(xì)菌耐藥帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)挑戰(zhàn)。到2020年，爭取研發(fā)上市全新抗菌藥物1-2個(gè)，新型診斷儀器設(shè)備和試劑5-10項(xiàng)(one or two new antimicrobial drugs, and five to ten new testing devices as well as reagents will be developed and made available by 2020)。零售藥店憑處方銷售抗菌藥物的比例基本達(dá)到全覆蓋(basically all retail drugstores should sell antimicrobial drugs only when provided with prescriptions)，省(區(qū)、市)憑獸醫(yī)處方銷售抗菌藥物的比例達(dá)到50%。全國二級(jí)以上醫(yī)院基本建立抗菌藥物臨床應(yīng)用管理機(jī)制(establish a management mechanism to strictly control clinical application of antimicrobial drugs)。對(duì)醫(yī)務(wù)人員、養(yǎng)殖一線獸醫(yī)和養(yǎng)殖業(yè)從業(yè)人員完成抗菌藥物合理應(yīng)用培訓(xùn)(medical staff, veterinarians and employees of poultry and livestock industries finish training on the proper use of antimicrobial drugs)；全面實(shí)施中小學(xué)抗菌藥物合理應(yīng)用科普教育(all primary and middle school students should be educated on the issue)。

[相關(guān)詞匯]

衛(wèi)生條件 sanitary conditions

耐藥感染 drug-resistant infections

耐藥菌株，抗性品系 resistant strains

抗生素耐藥 antibiotic resistance

抗生素濫用 antibiotic abuse

診斷試驗(yàn) diagnostic test