中國(guó)網(wǎng)站品牌欄目（頻道）
五年來(lái)的主要工作及特點(diǎn)：
The following are the main work we accomplished over the past five years and its main features:
一是有效應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際金融危機(jī)，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展。過(guò)去五年，我們是在持續(xù)應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際金融危機(jī)嚴(yán)重沖擊中走過(guò)來(lái)的。這場(chǎng)危機(jī)來(lái)勢(shì)之猛、擴(kuò)散之快、影響之深，百年罕見(jiàn)。我們沉著應(yīng)對(duì)，及時(shí)果斷調(diào)整宏觀調(diào)控著力點(diǎn)，出臺(tái)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快增長(zhǎng)的十項(xiàng)措施，全面實(shí)施一攬子計(jì)劃。兩年新增4萬(wàn)億元投資，其中中央財(cái)政投資1.26萬(wàn)億元，主要用于保障性安居工程、農(nóng)村民生工程、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、社會(huì)事業(yè)、生態(tài)環(huán)保、自主創(chuàng)新等方面建設(shè)和災(zāi)后恢復(fù)重建。五年來(lái)，新建各類保障性住房1800多萬(wàn)套，棚戶區(qū)改造住房1200多萬(wàn)套；完成大中型和重點(diǎn)小型水庫(kù)除險(xiǎn)加固1.8萬(wàn)座，治理重點(diǎn)中小河流2.45萬(wàn)公里，新增節(jié)水灌溉面積770萬(wàn)公頃；新增鐵路里程1.97萬(wàn)公里，其中高速鐵路8951公里，京滬、京廣、哈大等高鐵和一批城際鐵路相繼投入運(yùn)營(yíng)；新增公路60.9萬(wàn)公里，其中高速公路4．2萬(wàn)公里，高速公路總里程達(dá)9.56萬(wàn)公里；新建機(jī)場(chǎng)31個(gè)；新增萬(wàn)噸級(jí)港口泊位602個(gè)；一批跨江跨海大橋、連島工程相繼建成；西氣東輸、西電東送、南水北調(diào)等重大工程順利推進(jìn)或建成；非化石能源快速發(fā)展，水電、風(fēng)電裝機(jī)位居世界第一；重建后的汶川、玉樹(shù)、舟曲等災(zāi)區(qū)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。這些舉世矚目的成就，對(duì)我們有效應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際金融危機(jī)嚴(yán)重沖擊發(fā)揮了至關(guān)重要的作用，為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)，已經(jīng)并將繼續(xù)造福億萬(wàn)人民。
我們始終注重處理好保持經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展、調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)和管理通脹預(yù)期的關(guān)系，增強(qiáng)宏觀政策的前瞻性、科學(xué)性、有效性，注意把握好政策的取向、力度和重點(diǎn)。在國(guó)際金融危機(jī)沖擊最嚴(yán)重時(shí)，果斷實(shí)施積極的財(cái)政政策和適度寬松的貨幣政策，綜合運(yùn)用多種財(cái)政政策工具，增加政府支出，實(shí)行結(jié)構(gòu)性減稅；有效運(yùn)用存款準(zhǔn)備金率、利率等貨幣政策工具，保持貨幣信貸合理增長(zhǎng)。根據(jù)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)走勢(shì)的變化，我們及時(shí)調(diào)整政策力度，適時(shí)退出刺激政策，實(shí)施積極的財(cái)政政策和穩(wěn)健的貨幣政策。在財(cái)政政策運(yùn)用上，堅(jiān)持統(tǒng)籌兼顧，注重綜合平衡。財(cái)政赤字占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比重從2009年的2.8%降到去年的1.5%左右，赤字率和債務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān)率保持在安全水平。加強(qiáng)地方政府性債務(wù)全面審計(jì)和地方政府融資平臺(tái)管理，有效控制經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隱患。在貨幣政策運(yùn)用上，始終注意把握穩(wěn)增長(zhǎng)、控物價(jià)和防風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間的平衡。金融體系運(yùn)行穩(wěn)健，銀行業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)抵御能力持續(xù)增強(qiáng)，資本充足率從2007年底的8.4%提升到去年底的13.3%，不良貸款率由6.1%下降到0.95%。堅(jiān)持搞好房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)調(diào)控不動(dòng)搖，遏制了房?jī)r(jià)過(guò)快上漲勢(shì)頭。2012年，在世界各大經(jīng)濟(jì)體增長(zhǎng)全面減速、各種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不斷暴露的情況下，我們合理把握政策力度，保持財(cái)政預(yù)算支出規(guī)模不變，優(yōu)化支出結(jié)構(gòu)，扭轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑趨勢(shì)，全面實(shí)現(xiàn)年初確定的主要目標(biāo)，國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長(zhǎng)7.8%，城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1266萬(wàn)人，居民消費(fèi)價(jià)格漲幅回落到2.6%，為今年經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展打下好的基礎(chǔ)。
這五年，我國(guó)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)總體上保持增速平穩(wěn)較快、物價(jià)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定、就業(yè)持續(xù)增加、國(guó)際收支趨于平衡的良好態(tài)勢(shì)，國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值年均增長(zhǎng)9.3%，顯著高于同期全球和新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的增速，通貨膨脹率遠(yuǎn)低于其他新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體。我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定，充滿活力。
回首這五年，面對(duì)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)復(fù)雜多變、持續(xù)低迷的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)，中央科學(xué)判斷、果斷決策，有效避免了我國(guó)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程因巨大的外部沖擊而出現(xiàn)大的波折，實(shí)踐證明這些決策部署是完全正確的。
In the past five years, we averted the grievous consequences of the global financial crisis, whose abruptness, rapid spread and profound impact were rarely seen in the past century. We responded to the crisis calmly, made timely and decisive adjustments to the focus of macro-control, adopted ten measures to increase domestic demand and promote steady and rapid economic growth, and implemented a comprehensive package plan. In a two-year period, an additional four trillion yuan of government investment was made, with 1.26 trillion yuan from the central government, mainly for building government-subsidized housing, improving rural people's wellbeing, building infrastructure, developing social programs, improving the environment, promoting innovation, and carrying out post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.
Over the past five years:
More than 18 million government-subsidized housing units of various types were built, and over 12 million housing units in run-down areas were upgraded.
A total of 18,000 large and medium-sized and key small reservoirs were reinforced, 24,500 kilometers of key small and medium-length rivers were harnessed, and water-saving irrigated farmland was increased by 7.7 million hectares.
A total of 19,700 kilometers of new rail lines were built, 8,951 kilometers of which are high-speed railways.
The high-speed Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Guangzhou and Harbin-Dalian railways and a number of intercity railways were opened to traffic.
A total of 609,000 kilometers of new roads were built, 42,000 kilometers of which are expressways, increasing the total length of expressways in service to 95,600 kilometers.
Thirty-one airports and 602 shipping berths for 10,000-ton ships were built.
A number of bridges over rivers and bays and linking islands with other islands and the mainland were completed.
Smooth progress was made in major projects such as those for transporting natural gas and electricity from the west to the east and diverting water from the south to the north, and some of the projects have been completed.
Non-fossil energy production developed rapidly, and China now ranks first in the world in the installed capacity of both hydropower and wind power.
Reconstruction of the Wenchuan, Yushu and Zhugqu disaster areas transformed them completely.
These impressive achievements played a vital role in our effective response to the severe impact of the global financial crisis, and laid a solid foundation for sustaining China's economic and social development. They have benefited and will continue to benefit hundreds of millions of people.
We always strove to maintain a balance between ensuring steady and rapid economic development, adjusting the economic structure, and managing inflation expectations. We made government macro policies more forward-looking, scientific and effective and implemented them with proper orientation, force and focus.
When the impact of the global financial crisis was at its worst, we resolutely implemented a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy, employed a full range of financial policy tools, increased government spending and made structural tax reductions. We effectively employed monetary policy instruments such as adjusting required reserve ratios and interest rates to maintain proper growth in the money and credit supply.
In response to changing macroeconomic trends, we promptly adjusted the intensity of policy implementation, reduced the force of stimulus policies at an appropriate time, and implemented a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy.
We took a holistic and balanced approach in employing fiscal policy. As a result, the government deficit dropped from 2.8% of GDP in 2009 to about 1.5% last year, and both deficit-to-GDP and debt-to-GDP ratios remained at a safe level. We strengthened comprehensive auditing of local governments' debt and management of their financing platforms, thus effectively controlling latent economic risks.
In employing monetary policy, we maintained a balance between ensuring steady growth, maintaining price stability and warding off risks. The financial system functioned soundly. The banking sector became better able to avert risks. Its capital adequacy rate increased from 8.4% at the end of 2007 to 13.3% by the end of last year, and its non-performing loans dropped from 6.1% to 0.95%.
We kept a firm grip on the real estate market and kept housing prices from rising too quickly.
In 2012, when other major economies in the world were experiencing a slowdown in growth and constantly encountered new risks, we maintained a proper intensity in policy implementation, kept budgetary spending unchanged, improved the spending mix, and reversed the decline in economic growth. As a result, we attained all the main targets set at the beginning of the year: GDP grew by 7.8%, 12.66 million urban jobs were created, and the rise in the CPI fell to 2.6%. All this laid a good foundation for China's economic development this year.
Over the past five years:
China's economy as a whole maintained steady and rapid growth.
Prices remained fairly stable.
Employment steadily increased.
The balance of payments moved toward equilibrium.
GDP grew at an average annual rate of 9.3%, considerably higher than the average global rate and the average rate of other emerging economies for the same period.
China's inflation rate was also much lower than that of other emerging economies.
The Chinese economy is stable and full of vitality.
In the last five years, faced with severe challenges posed by a complex and volatile international economic environment and a sluggish global economy, the central leadership, on the basis of a scientific judgment of the situation, made resolute decisions that steered China's modernization drive clear of major pitfalls created by huge external shocks. Experience fully proves these decisions and implementing steps were entirely correct.
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