The international political response to climate change began with the adoption of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992, which sets out a framework for action aimed at stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to avoid “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” The Convention, which entered into force on 21 March 1994, now has 195 parties.
1992年，國(guó)際社會(huì)首次對(duì)氣候變化做出政治回應(yīng)，通過(guò)了《聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約》（UNFCCC）。這份公約提出了一套旨在維持大氣中溫室氣體濃度穩(wěn)定的行動(dòng)框架，以避免“人類對(duì)氣候造成危險(xiǎn)的破壞”。1994年3月21日，《聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約》正式生效，目前共有195個(gè)締約方。

In December 1997, delegates to the third Conference of the Parties (COP) in Kyoto, Japan, agreed to a protocol to the UNFCCC that committed industrialized countries and countries in transition to a market economy to achieve emission reduction targets. These countries, known as Annex I parties under the UNFCCC, agreed to reduce their overall emissions of six GHGs by an average of 5% below 1990 levels in 2008-2012 (first commitment period), with specific targets varying from country to country. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005, and now has 192 parties.
1997年12月在日本京都，參加第3次締約方會(huì)議（COP）的代表們達(dá)成了UNFCCC的補(bǔ)充協(xié)議，承諾工業(yè)化國(guó)家與向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)過(guò)渡的國(guó)家聯(lián)手，實(shí)現(xiàn)溫室氣體減排目標(biāo)。與會(huì)國(guó)家——即UNFCCC“附件一締約方”——同意，2008至2012年（第1承諾期），實(shí)現(xiàn)6種溫室氣體的排放量比1990年平均減少5%?！毒┒甲h定書》于2005年2月16日正式生效，目前共有192個(gè)締約方。

LONG-TERM NEGOTIATIONS IN 2005-2009
2005年-2009年間的漫長(zhǎng)談判
Convening in Montreal, Canada, in 2005, the first Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 1) decided to establish the Ad Hoc Working Group on Annex I Parties’ Further Commitments under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) in accordance with Protocol Article 3.9, which mandated consideration of Annex I parties’ further commitments at least seven years before the end of the first commitment period.
2005年，《京都議定書》締約方第一次會(huì)議（CMP1）在加拿大蒙特利爾召開。會(huì)議根據(jù)《京都議定書》第3.9項(xiàng)條款——至少在第1個(gè)承諾期結(jié)束之前七年開始審議締約方后續(xù)承諾，決定成立《京都議定書》特設(shè)工作組（AWG-KP）。

COP 11 created a process to consider long-term cooperation under the Convention through a series of four workshops known as “the Convention Dialogue.”
第11次締約方會(huì)議（COP）還創(chuàng)立新流程，通過(guò)4個(gè)統(tǒng)稱為“會(huì)議對(duì)話”的研討會(huì)，考慮締約方之間的長(zhǎng)期合作。

In December 2007, COP 13 and CMP3 inBali, Indonesia, resulted in agreement on the Bali Roadmap on long-term issues. COP 13 adopted the Bali Action Plan (BAP) and established the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA) with a mandate to focus on mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and a shared vision for long-term cooperative action. Negotiations on Annex I parties’ further commitments continued under the AWG-KP. The deadline for concluding the two-track negotiations was Copenhagen in 2009.
2007年12月，在印度尼西亞巴厘島舉行的第13次COP會(huì)議及第3次CMP會(huì)議，最終達(dá)成關(guān)于長(zhǎng)期問(wèn)題的巴厘路線圖協(xié)議。第13次COP會(huì)議通過(guò)了巴厘島行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（BAP），并建立長(zhǎng)期合作特設(shè)工作組（AWG-LCA），授權(quán)關(guān)注緩解、適應(yīng)、資金、技術(shù)以及長(zhǎng)期合作行動(dòng)的共同愿景。而在AWG-KP框架下，“附件一締約方”后續(xù)承諾問(wèn)題繼續(xù)協(xié)商進(jìn)行。這份雙軌談判的最后達(dá)成期限是在2009年的哥本哈根。

COPENHAGEN:
哥本哈根：
The UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, took place in December 2009. During the high-level segment, informal negotiations took place in a group consisting of major economies and representatives of regional and other negotiating groups. Late in the evening of 18 December, these talks resulted in a political agreement, the “Copenhagen Accord,” which was then presented to the COP plenary for adoption. After 13 hours of debate, delegates ultimately agreed to “take note” of the Copenhagen Accord. In 2010, over 140 countries indicated support for the Accord. More than 80 countries also provided information on their national mitigation targets or actions. Parties also extended the mandates of the AWG-LCA and AWG-KP until COP 16 and CMP6 in2010.
2009年12月，聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化會(huì)議在丹麥哥本哈根舉行。在高級(jí)別會(huì)議階段，世界主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體、區(qū)域性與其他談判小組的代表們進(jìn)行了非正式談判。12月18日深夜，會(huì)談達(dá)成一項(xiàng)政治協(xié)議，即《哥本哈根協(xié)定》，并隨即遞交COP全體會(huì)議等待通過(guò)。經(jīng)過(guò)13個(gè)小時(shí)的討論，代表們最終同意“關(guān)注”該協(xié)議。2010年，超過(guò)140個(gè)國(guó)家表示支持《哥本哈根協(xié)議》。80多個(gè)國(guó)家還提供了關(guān)于本國(guó)緩解目標(biāo)或采取行動(dòng)的信息。會(huì)議各國(guó)還分別將AWG-LCA與AWG-KP的期限延長(zhǎng)到2010年的第16次COP和第6次CMP。

CANCUN:
坎昆：
The UN Climate Change Conference in Cancun, Mexico, took place in December 2010, when parties finalized the Cancun Agreements. Under the Convention track, Decision 1/CP.16, inter alia, recognized the need for deep cuts in global emissions in order to limit the global average temperature rise to2°Cabove pre-industrial levels. Parties agreed to consider strengthening the global long-term goal during a Review by 2015, including in relation to a proposed1.5°C target.
2010年12月，聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化會(huì)議在墨西哥坎昆召開。會(huì)議最終達(dá)成《坎昆協(xié)議》。在會(huì)議中，第16次COP會(huì)議第1決議尤其認(rèn)識(shí)到，有必要深入削減全球溫室氣體的排放，以便將全球平均溫度限定在比工業(yè)化前升高2°C以內(nèi)。各方同意到2015年回顧時(shí)，考慮加強(qiáng)全球長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)，包括被提議的1.5°C目標(biāo)。

The Cancun Agreements also established several new institutions and processes, such as the GCF, which was created and designated as an operating entity of the Convention’s financial mechanism.
《坎昆協(xié)議》還創(chuàng)建了多個(gè)新機(jī)構(gòu)與流程，例如全球氣候大會(huì)金融機(jī)制的指定經(jīng)營(yíng)實(shí)體——綠色氣候基金會(huì)（GCF）。

Under the Protocol track, the CMP urged Annex I parties to raise the level of ambition towards achieving aggregate emission reductions, and adopted Decision 2/CMP.6 on land use, land-use change and forestry. The mandates of the two AWGs were extended for another year.
按照協(xié)議規(guī)定，CMP敦促附件一締約方提高總體減排的目標(biāo)，并采用第6次CMP中關(guān)于土地使用、土地使用變化與森林學(xué)的第2次決議。同時(shí)，兩個(gè)AWG的期限均再次延長(zhǎng)1年。

DURBAN:
德班：
The UN Climate Change Conference in Durban, South Africa, took place from 28 November to 11 December 2011. The Durban outcomes covered a wide range of topics, notably the establishment of a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, a decision on long-term cooperative action under the Convention and agreement on operationalization of the GCF.
2011年，聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化會(huì)議11月28日至12月11日在南非德班舉行。德班會(huì)議的成果涵蓋了范圍廣泛的議題。這其中尤其顯著的是——確立《京都議定書》第2承諾期；決定大會(huì)締約國(guó)采取長(zhǎng)期合作行動(dòng)；以及對(duì)GCF的運(yùn)營(yíng)達(dá)成一致意見(jiàn)。

Parties also agreed to launch the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) with a mandate “to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties.” The ADP is scheduled to complete these negotiations by 2015, with the new instrument entering into effect in 2020. In addition, the ADP was mandated to explore actions to close the pre-2020 ambition gap in relation to the2°C target.
各方還同意建立德班增強(qiáng)行動(dòng)平臺(tái)特設(shè)工作組（ADP），授權(quán)“提出一項(xiàng)新協(xié)議，即一份適用于會(huì)議各方的法律文書，或取得具有法律效力的成果?！盇DP預(yù)計(jì)到2015年完成磋商，2020年新協(xié)議正式生效。此外，ADP還受命研究采取適當(dāng)行動(dòng)，以填補(bǔ)在2020年前達(dá)到2°C目標(biāo)的差距。

DOHA:
多哈：
The UN Climate Change Conference in Doha, Qatar, took place in November and December 2012. The conference resulted in a package of decisions, referred to as the “Doha Climate Gateway.” These include amendments to the Kyoto Protocol to establish its second commitment period and agreement to terminate the AWG-KP’s work in Doha. The parties also agreed to terminate the AWG-LCA and negotiations under the BAP.
2012年11月和12月，聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化會(huì)議在卡塔爾的多哈舉行。會(huì)議達(dá)成了統(tǒng)稱為“多哈氣候通關(guān)”的一攬子決議，其中包括修訂《京都議定書》，創(chuàng)建第2承諾期，并同意終止AWG-KP在多哈的工作。各方還一致通過(guò)結(jié)束AWG-LCA與BAP的談判。

WARSAW:
華沙：
The Warsaw Climate Change Conference took place from 11-23 November 2013, in Warsaw, Poland. Negotiations focused on the implementation of agreements reached at previous meetings, including pursuing the work of the ADP. The meeting, among other things, adopted an ADP decision that invites parties to initiate or intensify domestic preparations for their intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs), and resolves to accelerate the full implementation of the BAP and pre-2020 ambition.
2013年11月11日-23日，各方在波蘭華沙舉行了華沙氣候變化會(huì)議。會(huì)議談判的重點(diǎn)是此前各次會(huì)議達(dá)成協(xié)議的實(shí)施，包括加快ADP的工作。本次會(huì)議還通過(guò)了ADP決議，請(qǐng)求各國(guó)提出或加強(qiáng)國(guó)家自主貢獻(xiàn)方案（INDCs）的準(zhǔn)備工作，決心推進(jìn)BAP與2020年前目標(biāo)的全力實(shí)施，等等。

PREPARATIONS FOR CLIMATE SUMMIT 2014:
2014年氣候峰會(huì)準(zhǔn)備工作：
On 24 September 2013, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon invited global leaders and participants from business, finance, civil society and local communities to convene in September 2014 for the UN Climate Summit. The Summit, while not part of the official negotiating process under the UNFCCC, aims to mobilize political will to reach a global climate agreement at the Paris Climate Change Conference in December 2015 and galvanize action on the ground across all sectors.
2013年9月24日，聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)潘基文邀請(qǐng)全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人以及來(lái)自商業(yè)、金融、民間組織和當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的參與者于2014年9月召開會(huì)議，為聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候峰會(huì)做準(zhǔn)備。這次峰會(huì)不屬于UNFCCC下的正式談判流程，旨在動(dòng)員各方的政治決心，以期在2015年12月的巴黎氣候變化大會(huì)上達(dá)成全球氣候協(xié)議，并敦促與會(huì)各界采取行動(dòng)。

Abu Dhabi Ascent:
阿布扎比登峰會(huì)：
Held from 4-5 May2014 inAbu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE), the Ascent was hosted by Secretary-General Ban and the Minister of State and Special Envoy for Energy and Climate Change, Sultan Al Jaber, UAE. The Ascent brought together 1,000 government ministers, and business, finance and civil society members to discuss new initiatives and partnerships to address climate change that would be further developed in the lead-up to the UN Climate Summit.
此次登峰會(huì)于2014年5月4日-5日在阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長(zhǎng)國(guó)阿布扎比舉行。會(huì)議由聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)潘基文和阿聯(lián)酋國(guó)務(wù)部長(zhǎng)、能源和氣候變化特使蘇丹·賈比爾（Sultan Al Jaber）共同主持。與會(huì)的1000位政府部長(zhǎng)與商業(yè)、金融、民間組織成員們，討論了應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的新方案與伙伴關(guān)系。聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候峰會(huì)的準(zhǔn)備階段將進(jìn)一步研究這些問(wèn)題。

The Abu Dhabi Ascent identified action areas around which elements of the Climate Summit have been organized, including: short-lived climate pollutants; forests; agriculture; cities; transportation; resilience, adaptation and disaster risk reduction; climate finance; and economic drivers.
阿布扎比登峰會(huì)確定了氣候峰會(huì)的幾個(gè)行動(dòng)領(lǐng)域，包括短期氣候污染物、森林、農(nóng)業(yè)、城市、交通、恢復(fù)力、適應(yīng)力和疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的降低、氣候資金問(wèn)題以及經(jīng)濟(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)力。

New York:
紐約：
Climate Summit 2014 convened at UN Headquarters in New York, US, on 23 September 2014. The Summit brought together 100 Heads of State, together with government ministers and leaders from international organizations, business, finance, civil society and local communities, to mobilize the political support and momentum necessary to reach a global agreement on climate change in 2015 and galvanize action on the ground across all sectors.
2014年9月23日，2014年全球氣候峰會(huì)在美國(guó)紐約的聯(lián)合國(guó)總部召開。此次峰會(huì)聚集了100個(gè)國(guó)家的元首，以及各國(guó)部長(zhǎng)、國(guó)際組織、商業(yè)、金融、民間組織和當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。會(huì)議凝聚了2015年達(dá)成全球氣候變化協(xié)議所必需的政治支持與動(dòng)力，敦促各界采取行動(dòng)。

A number of major initiatives, coalitions and commitments were announced or launched during the Summit, such as: the adoption of a New York Declaration on Forests, which contains commitments to halve the loss of natural forests by 2020 and strive to end it by 2030; a total pledge of US$2.3 billion made to the Green Climate Fund (GCF); the launch of the Global Alliance of Climate-Smart Agriculture; the announcement by the insurance industry of intention to create a climate risk investment framework by2015 inParis; and the launch of a new Compact of Mayors.
峰會(huì)期間提出了許多提案，達(dá)成了眾多聯(lián)盟，提出了很多承諾。例如，會(huì)議上通過(guò)的《紐約森林宣言》承諾，到2020年實(shí)現(xiàn)天然林損失減半，并爭(zhēng)取到2030年終結(jié)天然林損失；承諾向綠色氣候基金注入23億美元資金；建立全球氣候智能農(nóng)業(yè)聯(lián)盟；保險(xiǎn)業(yè)宣布，希望2015年在巴黎提出氣候風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資框架；以及創(chuàng)立新的“全球市長(zhǎng)聯(lián)盟”。

Vocabulary
mandate：授權(quán)；托管
Ad Hoc：特別的；臨時(shí)；專設(shè)
inter alia：尤其
terminate：終止

英文來(lái)源：國(guó)際可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所官網(wǎng)
譯者：趙德岷
審校&編輯：杜娟