五、中國(guó)處理南海問(wèn)題的政策
V. China’s Policy on the South China Sea Issue

121. 中國(guó)是維護(hù)南海和平穩(wěn)定的重要力量。中國(guó)一貫遵守《憲章》的宗旨和原則，堅(jiān)定維護(hù)和促進(jìn)國(guó)際法治，尊重和踐行國(guó)際法，在堅(jiān)定維護(hù)中國(guó)在南海的領(lǐng)土主權(quán)和海洋權(quán)益的同時(shí)，堅(jiān)持通過(guò)談判協(xié)商解決爭(zhēng)議，堅(jiān)持通過(guò)規(guī)則機(jī)制管控分歧，堅(jiān)持通過(guò)互利合作實(shí)現(xiàn)共贏，致力于把南海建設(shè)成和平之海、友誼之海和合作之海。
121. China is an important force for maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea. It abides by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and is committed to upholding and promoting international rule of law. It respects and acts in accordance with international law. While firmly safeguarding its territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests, China adheres to the position of settling disputes through negotiation and consultation and managing differences through rules and mechanisms. China endeavors to achieve win-win outcomes through mutually beneficial cooperation, and is committed to making the South China Sea a sea of peace, cooperation and friendship.

122. 中國(guó)堅(jiān)持與地區(qū)國(guó)家共同維護(hù)南海和平穩(wěn)定，堅(jiān)定維護(hù)各國(guó)依據(jù)國(guó)際法在南海享有的航行和飛越自由，積極倡導(dǎo)域外國(guó)家尊重地區(qū)國(guó)家的努力，在維護(hù)南海和平穩(wěn)定問(wèn)題上發(fā)揮建設(shè)性作用。
122. China is committed to maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea with other countries in the region and upholding the freedom of navigation and overflight in the South China Sea enjoyed by other countries under international law. China urges countries outside this region to respect the efforts in this regard by countries in the region and to play a constructive role in maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea.

（一）關(guān)于南沙群島領(lǐng)土問(wèn)題
i. On the territorial issues concerning Nansha Qundao

123. 中國(guó)堅(jiān)定地維護(hù)對(duì)南海諸島及其附近海域的主權(quán)。部分國(guó)家對(duì)南沙群島部分島礁提出非法領(lǐng)土主張并實(shí)施武力侵占，嚴(yán)重違反《憲章》和國(guó)際關(guān)系基本準(zhǔn)則，是非法的、無(wú)效的。對(duì)此，中國(guó)堅(jiān)決反對(duì)，并要求有關(guān)國(guó)家停止對(duì)中國(guó)領(lǐng)土的侵犯。
123. China is firm in upholding its sovereignty over Nanhai Zhudao and their surrounding waters. Some countries have made illegal territorial claims over and occupied by force some islands and reefs of Nansha Qundao. These illegal claims and occupation constitute gross violations of the Charter of the United Nations and basic norms governing international relations. They are null and void. China consistently and resolutely opposes such actions and demands that relevant states stop their violation of China’s territory.

124. 中國(guó)始終致力于與包括菲律賓在內(nèi)的直接有關(guān)的當(dāng)事國(guó)在尊重歷史事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)國(guó)際法，通過(guò)談判解決有關(guān)爭(zhēng)議。
124. China has spared no efforts to settle, on the basis of respecting historical facts, relevant disputes with the Philippines and other countries directly concerned, through negotiation in accordance with international law.

125. 眾所周知，陸地領(lǐng)土問(wèn)題不屬于《公約》調(diào)整的事項(xiàng)。因此，南沙群島領(lǐng)土問(wèn)題不適用《公約》。
125. It is universally recognized that land territorial issues are not regulated by UNCLOS. Thus, the territorial issue in Nansha Qundao is not subject to UNCLOS.

（二）關(guān)于南海海洋劃界問(wèn)題
ii. On maritime delimitation in the South China Sea

126. 中國(guó)主張，同直接有關(guān)的當(dāng)事國(guó)依據(jù)包括《公約》在內(nèi)的國(guó)際法，通過(guò)談判公平解決南海海洋劃界問(wèn)題。在劃界問(wèn)題最終解決前，各方應(yīng)保持自我克制，不采取使?fàn)幾h復(fù)雜化、擴(kuò)大化和影響和平與穩(wěn)定的行動(dòng)。
126. China maintains that the issue of maritime delimitation in the South China Sea should be settled equitably through negotiation with countries directly concerned in accordance with international law, including UNCLOS. Pending the final settlement of this issue, all relevant parties must exercise self-restraint in the conduct of activities that may complicate or escalate disputes and affect peace and stability.

127. 1996年，中國(guó)在批準(zhǔn)《公約》時(shí)聲明：“中華人民共和國(guó)將與海岸相向或相鄰的國(guó)家，通過(guò)協(xié)商，在國(guó)際法基礎(chǔ)上，按照公平原則劃定各自海洋管轄權(quán)界限。”1998年，《中華人民共和國(guó)專(zhuān)屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架法》進(jìn)一步明確中國(guó)同海洋鄰國(guó)之間解決海洋劃界問(wèn)題的原則立場(chǎng)，即“中華人民共和國(guó)與海岸相鄰或者相向國(guó)家關(guān)于專(zhuān)屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架的主張重疊的，在國(guó)際法的基礎(chǔ)上按照公平原則以協(xié)議劃定界限”，“本法的規(guī)定不影響中華人民共和國(guó)享有的歷史性權(quán)利”。
127. When ratifying UNCLOS in 1996, China stated that, “The People’s Republic of China will effect, through consultations, the delimitation of the boundary of the maritime jurisdiction with the States with coasts opposite or adjacent to China respectively on the basis of international law and in accordance with the principle of equitability.” China’s positions in this regard are further elaborated in the 1998 Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf. This Law provides that, “The People’s Republic of China shall determine the delimitation of its exclusive economic zone and continental shelf in respect of the overlapping claims by agreement with the states with opposite or adjacent coasts, in accordance with the principle of equitability and on the basis of international law”, and that, “The provisions in this law shall not affect the historical rights that the People’s Republic of China has been enjoying ever since the days of the past”.

128. 中國(guó)不接受任何企圖通過(guò)單方面行動(dòng)把海洋管轄權(quán)強(qiáng)加于中國(guó)的做法，也不認(rèn)可任何有損于中國(guó)在南海海洋權(quán)益的行動(dòng)。
128. China does not accept any unilateral action attempting to enforce maritime claims against China. Nor does China recognize any action that may jeopardize its maritime rights and interests in the South China Sea.

（三）關(guān)于爭(zhēng)端解決方式
iii. On the ways and means of dispute settlement

129. 基于對(duì)國(guó)際實(shí)踐的深刻認(rèn)識(shí)和中國(guó)自身豐富的國(guó)家實(shí)踐，中國(guó)堅(jiān)信，要解決任何國(guó)家間爭(zhēng)議，無(wú)論選擇哪種機(jī)制和方式，都不能違背主權(quán)國(guó)家的意志，應(yīng)以國(guó)家同意為基礎(chǔ)。
129. Based on an in-depth understanding of international practice and its own rich practice, China firmly believes that no matter what mechanism or means is chosen for settling disputes between any countries, the consent of states concerned should be the basis of that choice, and the will of sovereign states should not be violated.

130. 在領(lǐng)土和海洋劃界問(wèn)題上，中國(guó)不接受任何強(qiáng)加于中國(guó)的爭(zhēng)端解決方案，不接受任何訴諸第三方的爭(zhēng)端解決方式。2006年8月25日，中國(guó)根據(jù)《公約》第298條的規(guī)定向聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)提交聲明，稱(chēng)“關(guān)于《公約》第二百九十八條第1款（a）、（b）、（c）項(xiàng)所述的任何爭(zhēng)端，中華人民共和國(guó)政府不接受《公約》第十五部分第二節(jié)規(guī)定的任何程序”，明確將涉及海洋劃界、歷史性海灣或所有權(quán)、軍事和執(zhí)法活動(dòng)，以及聯(lián)合國(guó)安全理事會(huì)執(zhí)行《憲章》所賦予的職務(wù)等爭(zhēng)端排除在《公約》強(qiáng)制爭(zhēng)端解決程序之外。
130. On issues concerning territory and maritime delimitation, China does not accept any means of dispute settlement imposed on it, nor does it accept any recourse to third-party settlement. On 25 August 2006, China deposited, pursuant to Article 298 of UNCLOS, with the Secretary-General of the United Nations a declaration, stating that, “The Government of the People’s Republic of China does not accept any of the procedures provided for in Section 2 of Part XV of the Convention with respect to all the categories of disputes referred to in paragraph 1 (a), (b) and (c) of Article 298 of the Convention”. This explicitly excludes from UNCLOS compulsory dispute settlement procedures disputes concerning maritime delimitation, historic bays or titles, military and law enforcement activities, and disputes in respect of which the Security Council of the United Nations is exercising the functions assigned to it by the Charter of the United Nations.

131. 中華人民共和國(guó)成立以來(lái)，已與14個(gè)陸地鄰國(guó)中的12個(gè)國(guó)家，本著平等協(xié)商、相互諒解的精神，通過(guò)雙邊談判，簽訂了邊界條約，劃定和勘定的邊界約占中國(guó)陸地邊界長(zhǎng)度的90%。中國(guó)與越南已通過(guò)談判劃定了兩國(guó)在北部灣的領(lǐng)海、專(zhuān)屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)和大陸架界限。中國(guó)對(duì)通過(guò)談判解決爭(zhēng)議的誠(chéng)意和不懈努力是有目共睹的。不言而喻，談判是國(guó)家意志的直接體現(xiàn)。談判當(dāng)事方直接參與形成最終結(jié)果。實(shí)踐表明，談判取得的成果更容易獲得當(dāng)事國(guó)人民的理解和支持，能夠得到有效實(shí)施，并具有持久生命力。只有當(dāng)事方通過(guò)平等談判達(dá)成協(xié)議，有關(guān)爭(zhēng)議才能獲得根本長(zhǎng)久解決，有關(guān)協(xié)議才能得到全面有效貫徹實(shí)施。
131. Since its founding, the People’s Republic of China has signed boundary treaties with 12 of its 14 land neighbors through bilateral negotiations and consultations in a spirit of equality and mutual understanding, and about 90% of China’s land boundaries have been delimited and demarcated. China and Vietnam have delimited through negotiations the boundary between their territorial seas, exclusive economic zones and continental shelves in the Beibu Bay. China’s sincerity in settling disputes through negotiation and its unremitting efforts made in this respect are known to all. It is self-evident that negotiation directly reflects the will of states. The parties directly participate in the formulation of the result. Practice demonstrates that a negotiated outcome will better gain the understanding and support of the people of countries concerned, will be effectively implemented and will be durable. Only when an agreement is reached by parties concerned through negotiation on an equal footing can a dispute be settled once and for all, and this will ensure the full and effective implementation of the agreement.

（四）關(guān)于在南海管控分歧和開(kāi)展海上務(wù)實(shí)合作
iv. On managing differences and engaging in practical maritime cooperation in the South China Sea

132. 根據(jù)國(guó)際法和國(guó)際實(shí)踐，在海洋爭(zhēng)議最終解決前，當(dāng)事國(guó)應(yīng)保持克制，盡一切努力作出實(shí)際性的臨時(shí)安排，包括建立和完善爭(zhēng)議管控規(guī)則和機(jī)制，開(kāi)展各領(lǐng)域合作，推動(dòng)“擱置爭(zhēng)議，共同開(kāi)發(fā)”，維護(hù)南海地區(qū)的和平穩(wěn)定，為最終解決爭(zhēng)議創(chuàng)造條件。有關(guān)合作和共同開(kāi)發(fā)不妨害最后界限的劃定。
132. In keeping with international law and practice, pending final settlement of maritime disputes, the states concerned should exercise restraint and make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature, including establishing and improving dispute management rules and mechanisms, engaging in cooperation in various sectors, and promoting joint development while shelving differences, so as to uphold peace and stability in the South China Sea region and create conditions for the final settlement of disputes. Relevant cooperation and joint development are without prejudice to the final delimitation.

133. 中國(guó)積極推動(dòng)與有關(guān)國(guó)家建立雙邊海上磋商機(jī)制，探討在漁業(yè)、油氣等領(lǐng)域的共同開(kāi)發(fā)，倡議有關(guān)各國(guó)積極探討根據(jù)《公約》有關(guān)規(guī)定，建立南海沿岸國(guó)合作機(jī)制。
133. China works actively to promote the establishment of bilateral maritime consultation mechanisms with relevant states, explores joint development in areas such as fishery, oil and gas, and champions the active exploration by relevant countries in establishing a cooperation mechanism among the South China Sea coastal states in accordance with relevant provisions of UNCLOS.

134. 中國(guó)始終致力于與東盟國(guó)家一道全面有效落實(shí)《宣言》，積極推動(dòng)海上務(wù)實(shí)合作，已取得了包括建立“中國(guó)－東盟國(guó)家海上聯(lián)合搜救熱線平臺(tái)”、“中國(guó)－東盟國(guó)家應(yīng)對(duì)海上緊急事態(tài)外交高官熱線平臺(tái)”以及“中國(guó)－東盟國(guó)家海上聯(lián)合搜救沙盤(pán)推演”等“早期收獲”成果。
134. China is always dedicated to working with ASEAN Member States to fully and effectively implement the DOC and actively promote practical maritime cooperation. Together the Parties have already achieved “Early Harvest Measures”, including the “Hotline Platform on Search and Rescue among China and ASEAN Member States”, the “Senior Officials’ Hotline Platform in Response to Maritime Emergencies among Ministries of Foreign Affairs of China and ASEAN Member States”, as well as the “Table-top Exercise of Search and Rescue among China and ASEAN Member States”.

135. 中國(guó)始終堅(jiān)持倡導(dǎo)各方在全面有效落實(shí)《宣言》框架下，積極推進(jìn)“南海行為準(zhǔn)則”磋商，爭(zhēng)取在協(xié)商一致基礎(chǔ)上早日達(dá)成“準(zhǔn)則”。為在“準(zhǔn)則”最終達(dá)成前妥善管控海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，中國(guó)提議探討制定“海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管控預(yù)防性措施”，并獲得東盟國(guó)家一致認(rèn)同。
135. China consistently maintains that the Parties should push forward consultations on a “Code of Conduct” (COC) under the framework of full and effective implementation of the DOC, with a view to achieving an early conclusion on the basis of consensus. In order to properly manage risks at sea, pending the final conclusion of a COC, China proposed the adoption of “Preventive Measures to Manage Risks at Sea”. This proposal has been unanimously accepted by all ASEAN Member States.

（五）關(guān)于南海航行自由和安全
v. On freedom and safety of navigation in the South China Sea

136. 中國(guó)一貫致力于維護(hù)各國(guó)根據(jù)國(guó)際法所享有的航行和飛越自由，維護(hù)海上通道的安全。
136. China is committed to upholding the freedom of navigation and overflight enjoyed by all states under international law, and ensuring the safety of sea lanes of communication.

137. 南海擁有眾多重要的航行通道，有關(guān)航道也是中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易和能源進(jìn)口的主要通道之一，保障南海航行和飛越自由，維護(hù)南海海上通道的安全對(duì)中國(guó)十分重要。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，中國(guó)致力于和東盟國(guó)家共同保障南海航道的暢通和安全，并作出重大貢獻(xiàn)。各國(guó)在南海依據(jù)國(guó)際法享有的航行和飛越自由不存在任何問(wèn)題。
137. The South China Sea is home to a number of important sea lanes, which are among the main navigation routes for China’s foreign trade and energy import. Ensuring freedom of navigation and overflight and safety of sea lanes in the South China Sea is crucial to China. Over the years, China has worked with ASEAN Member States to ensure unimpeded access to and safety of the sea lanes in the South China Sea and made important contribution to this collective endeavor. The freedom of navigation and overflight enjoyed by all states in the South China Sea under international law has never been a problem.

138. 中國(guó)積極提供國(guó)際公共產(chǎn)品，通過(guò)各項(xiàng)能力建設(shè)，努力向國(guó)際社會(huì)提供包括導(dǎo)航助航、搜尋救助、海況和氣象預(yù)報(bào)等方面的服務(wù)，以保障和促進(jìn)南海海上航行通道的安全。
138. China has actively provided international public goods and made every effort to provide services, such as navigation and navigational aids, search and rescue, as well as sea conditions and meteorological forecast, through capacity building in various areas, so as to uphold and promote the safety of sea lanes in the South China Sea.

139. 中國(guó)主張，有關(guān)各方在南海行使航行和飛越自由時(shí)，應(yīng)充分尊重沿岸國(guó)的主權(quán)和安全利益，并遵守沿岸國(guó)按照《公約》規(guī)定和其他國(guó)際法規(guī)則制定的法律和規(guī)章。
139. China maintains that, when exercising freedom of navigation and overflight in the South China Sea, relevant parties shall fully respect the sovereignty and security interests of coastal states and abide by the laws and regulations enacted by coastal states in accordance with UNCLOS and other rules of international law.

（六）關(guān)于共同維護(hù)南海和平穩(wěn)定
vi. On jointly upholding peace and stability in the South China Sea

140. 中國(guó)主張，南海和平穩(wěn)定應(yīng)由中國(guó)和東盟國(guó)家共同維護(hù)。
140. China maintains that peace and stability in the South China Sea should be jointly upheld by China and ASEAN Member States.

141. 中國(guó)堅(jiān)持走和平發(fā)展道路，堅(jiān)持防御性的國(guó)防政策，堅(jiān)持互信、互利、平等、協(xié)作的新安全觀，堅(jiān)持與鄰為善、以鄰為伴的周邊外交方針和睦鄰、安鄰、富鄰的周邊外交政策，踐行親、誠(chéng)、惠、容周邊外交理念。中國(guó)是維護(hù)南海和平穩(wěn)定、推動(dòng)南海合作和發(fā)展的堅(jiān)定力量。中國(guó)致力于深化周邊睦鄰友好，積極推動(dòng)與周邊國(guó)家以及東盟等地區(qū)組織的務(wù)實(shí)合作，實(shí)現(xiàn)互利共贏。
141. China pursues peaceful development and adheres to a defense policy that is defensive in nature. China champions a new security vision featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination, and pursues a foreign policy of building friendship and partnership with its neighbors and of fostering an amicable, secure and prosperous neighborhood based on the principle of amity, sincerity, mutual benefit and inclusiveness. China is a staunch force for upholding peace and stability and advancing cooperation and development in the South China Sea. China is committed to strengthening good-neighborliness and promoting practical cooperation with its neighbors and regional organizations including ASEAN to deliver mutual benefit.

142. 南海既是溝通中國(guó)與周邊國(guó)家的橋梁，也是中國(guó)與周邊國(guó)家和平、友好、合作和發(fā)展的紐帶。南海和平穩(wěn)定與地區(qū)國(guó)家的安全、發(fā)展和繁榮息息相關(guān)，與地區(qū)各國(guó)人民的福祉息息相關(guān)。實(shí)現(xiàn)南海地區(qū)的和平穩(wěn)定和繁榮發(fā)展是中國(guó)和東盟國(guó)家的共同愿望和共同責(zé)任，符合各國(guó)的共同利益。
142. The South China Sea is a bridge of communication and a bond of peace, friendship, cooperation and development between China and its neighbors. Peace and stability in the South China Sea is vital to the security, development and prosperity of the countries and the well-being of the people in the region. To realize peace, stability, prosperity and development in the South China Sea region is the shared aspiration and responsibility of China and ASEAN Member States, and serves the common interests of all countries.

143. 中國(guó)愿繼續(xù)為此作出不懈努力。
143. China will continue to make unremitting efforts to achieve this goal.

（來(lái)源：新華社  編輯：Julie）