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As Daniel Jones, author of Love Illuminated, explains: we spend our youth asking "How do I find love?" and midlife asking "How do I get it back?"
Anyone in a relationship or who plans on being in one needs to know how to keep love alive over the long term. But how do you learn the secret to this? Everyone is happy to explain "how they met" but few give the details on "how they stayed together."
So let's look at what science has to say.
"Happily ever after" ain't easy
Aside from being the epitome of lazy writing, "happily ever after" is not simple.
Ty Tashiro explains that couples in their first year of marriages score 86 percent for marriage satisfaction. By the seventh year, it's under 50 percent.
Yes, about 50 percent of couples get divorced. Another 10-15 percent separate but do not file paperwork. And 7 more percent are chronically unhappy.
So the real stat is two-thirds of marriages do not live "happily ever after."
The divorce rate often reported by the media is 50 percent, which is based on Census Bureau data. However, census data does not capture the 10 to 15 percent of couples who permanently separate but do not file formal paperwork for a legal divorce. This means that a conservative estimate of the divorce and permanent separation rate is 60 percent. Add the additional 7 percent of chronically unhappy couples who do not divorce or permanently separate but are consistently unhappy in their marriage, and this means that two-thirds of all married couples do not live happily ever after.
Why is marriage so hard over the long term?
One of the main reasons is what science calls it "habituation." Which is a fancy way of saying we get bored.
Early on, when a couple can finish each other's sentences it's romantic. But over time "predictable" is a huge negative.
Chris Rock gets the point across humorously in this video (NSFW):
Robert Greene, author of The Art of Seduction, explains that surprise is key to romantic feelings:
Seduction involves a degree of surprise, which is generally the first thing that disappears after you've been in a relationship, and why there's no more seducing that goes on. Everything is familiar and you're no longer surprised by the other person. [The Art of Seduction]
So is there any way to bring those tingles back?
Yes. Here's how.
What you can learn from arranged marriages
"Arranged marriage! AGH! Weird!"
Hold on a sec. We can learn something here. What do researchers find when they compare at 50 arranged marriages and 50 "love" marriages?
Love marriages start out happier — but that declines quickly.
Arranged marriages start out less happy, but after 10 years, they're happier than love marriages. And stay that way.
The couples who had married for love and been together less than a year averaged a score of 70 points out of a possible 91 on the love scale, but these numbers steadily fell over time. The love couples who had been married ten years or longer had an average score of only 40 points. In contrast, the couples in arranged marriages were less in love at the outset, averaging 58 points, but their feelings increased over time to an average score of 68 at the ten or more years mark.
What's the secret behind the long term success of arranged marriages?
They have to work at it.
They don't passively rely on "magic" and intense emotion. They have to spend a lot of time thinking about how to make it work.
That process of discovery is ostensibly the fun of courtship, too, except that in arranged marriage the goal is to figure out how to be married, not whether to marry.
Research shows expecting a fairy tale relationship is a prescription for disappointment.
Elements of fairy tales such as Cinderella were present in 78 percent of people's beliefs about romantic love. Those people were more likely to have experienced disillusionment, devastation, and angst in their relationships than were those who gave less credence to fairy tales.
Feeling like it's all magic means it's out of your control — and that without that initial magic, it's hopeless.
The happiness of arranged marriages means a couple can make magic if they try.
So you need to actively keep the marriage happy. How do you do that?
Don't fix the bad. Increase the good.
Look at your spouse as something you purchased "as-is." Research shows trying to change themdoesn't work:
When participants focused their relationship improvement attempts on changing the partner, individuals reported more negative improvement strategies, lower improvement success, and, in turn, more negative relationship evaluations. Results suggest that targeting the partner may do more harm than good despite that relationship evaluations pivot on whether the partner produces change.
John Gottman, researcher and author of The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work, says 69 percent of a couple's problems are perpetual. These problems don't go away yet many couples keep arguing about them year after year.
Most marital arguments cannot be resolved. Couples spend year after year trying to change each other's mind – but it can't be done. This is because most of their disagreements are rooted in fundamental differences of lifestyle, personality, or values. By fighting over these differences, all they succeed in doing is wasting their time and harming their marriage. [The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work]
So if you can't change them and they won't change you, how can you reduce the bad stuff?
You can't. But you don't need to.
The best relationships are more about increasing the good than reducing the bad.
Divorce may have less to do with an increase in conflict and more to do with a decrease in positive feelings.
Shelly Gable, professor of psychology at the University of California at Santa Barbara, has demonstrated that how you celebrate is more predictive of strong relations than how you fight.
Okay, so you need to increase the good times. What's the best way to do that?
(This part is exciting. I mean, literally.)
Forget romance. Think excitement.
Think a pleasant date night is all it takes to keep love alive?
Researchers did a 10 week study comparing couples that engaged in "pleasant" activities vs "exciting" activities. Pleasant lost.
Those who had undertaken the "exciting" date nights showed a significantly greater increase in marital satisfaction than the "pleasant" date night group…
Why would doing anything exciting have such a big effect on a relationship?
Because we're lousy about realizing where our feelings are coming from.
Excitement from any source will be associated with the person you're with, even if they're not the cause of it.
As happiness researcher Sonja Lyubomirsky explains, excitement experienced mutually brings the tingles back.
Whether the couples were only dating or long-married, the ones who did the shared novel activity were more likely than the ones who did the shared neutral activity to agree to statements like "I feel happy when I am doing something to make my partner happy" and "I feel 'tingling' and 'an increased heartbeat' when I think of my partner" after the activity than before.
So no boring, lame date nights. Go do something exciting. Go dancing together or anything else you can both participate in as a couple.
Sum up
Keeping love alive can be tricky. You need to actively work at it and it's more important to increase the good then to reduce the bad.
And the best way to do that is by increasing excitement.
So you're hopping on roller coasters and going white water rafting — but what do you need to do when you're there?
Pretend you're on your first date.
Studies show pretending time with a romantic partner was a first date makes it more enjoyable for you and for your partner:
Across a series of studies, participants underestimated how good they would feel in situations that required them to put their best face forward… participants who were instructed to engage in self-presentation felt happier after interacting with their romantic partner than participants who were not given this instruction…
Why? On first dates we make an effort to impress. And we're full of hope.
Love means being a little delusional (Some researchers even think love might qualify as a mental illness.)
Thinking your partner is better than they really are makes for longer, better relationships.
Sandra Murray and her colleagues have been studying romantic relationships now for several decades, and have found that idealising one's partner is a sure recipe for marital success; moreover, the higher one's ideals are and the more one idealises one's partner, the more satisfied one is with the relationship – and the longer it is likely to last.
Letting yourself be a little crazy — crazy for your partner — pays off.
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《啟蒙的愛(ài)》的作者丹尼爾·瓊斯(Daniel Jones)說(shuō):“年輕的時(shí)候,我們總是在問(wèn)‘我怎樣才能找到真愛(ài)’?到了中年,我們又會(huì)問(wèn)‘我怎樣才能找回愛(ài)’?”
戀愛(ài)中或者準(zhǔn)備戀愛(ài)的人需要了解怎樣才能讓愛(ài)長(zhǎng)期保持鮮活。但你又怎么知道其中的奧妙呢?人人都樂(lè)于講述“和愛(ài)人相遇的過(guò)程”,但卻幾乎沒(méi)人會(huì)細(xì)致地描述“兩人是怎樣在一起”的。
那么我們來(lái)看看科學(xué)的解釋。
“快樂(lè)廝守到老”并非易事
除非是隨口說(shuō)說(shuō),否則“快樂(lè)廝守到老”并不容易。
泰·田代(Ty Tashiro)解釋說(shuō),夫妻在結(jié)婚的第一年對(duì)婚姻的滿意度是86%。而到了第七年,滿意度便不超過(guò)50%。
的確如此,有半數(shù)的夫妻最終都以離婚收?qǐng)觥A碛?0%—15%的夫妻會(huì)采取分居的方式,但卻不愿意簽署離婚協(xié)議。而有7%的夫妻長(zhǎng)期過(guò)著不幸福的生活。
因此,真實(shí)的情況是有三分之二的婚姻都不會(huì)“快樂(lè)到老”。
根據(jù)人口統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù),媒體經(jīng)常報(bào)道的離婚率是50%。但事實(shí)上,統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù)并沒(méi)有將分居而始終因未簽署正式的協(xié)議而合法離婚的10%—15%計(jì)算在內(nèi)。這就意味著,保守來(lái)講,離婚及永久分居率是60%。而額外7%的夫妻既沒(méi)有離婚,也沒(méi)有長(zhǎng)期分居,而是長(zhǎng)期處于不幸福狀態(tài)。也就是說(shuō),有三分之二的夫妻都沒(méi)有快樂(lè)地生活到老。
為什么想要長(zhǎng)久地維持婚姻如此之難?
原因之一就是科學(xué)家所謂的“習(xí)慣化”。也就是我們常說(shuō)的“對(duì)彼此感到疲倦了”。
從前,如果一個(gè)人能夠說(shuō)出伴侶沒(méi)說(shuō)完的話,那便是一件浪漫的事。但隨著時(shí)間的推移,這種“預(yù)測(cè)”變成了極大的否定。
基思·洛克(Chris Rock)詼諧地在他的節(jié)目中解釋了這一點(diǎn)。
《誘惑的藝術(shù)》一書(shū)的作者羅伯特·格林(Robert Greene)說(shuō),驚喜是制造浪漫的關(guān)鍵。
誘惑也含有驚喜的味道,通常情況下,這是戀愛(ài)后第一個(gè)消失的東西,也是不會(huì)再有誘惑的感覺(jué)的原因。一切都變得如此熟悉,你也再不會(huì)從對(duì)方那里得到驚喜。
那么是否有辦法可以找回那些東西呢?
是的,這樣做。
從包辦婚姻中學(xué)到的東西
“包辦婚姻!真是不可理喻!”
等一下。我們可以從中學(xué)到些什么。研究人員對(duì)比了50對(duì)包辦婚姻的夫妻和50對(duì)自由戀愛(ài)的夫妻,那么他們有什么發(fā)現(xiàn)呢?
自由戀愛(ài)的婚姻在開(kāi)始的時(shí)候都是快樂(lè)的——但是這種快樂(lè)很快就會(huì)過(guò)去。
包辦婚姻的夫妻開(kāi)始的時(shí)候不是很幸福,但十年以后,他們會(huì)比自由戀愛(ài)的夫妻還要快樂(lè),并會(huì)一直持續(xù)這種狀態(tài)。
因愛(ài)情結(jié)婚,在一起不到一年時(shí)間的夫妻平均得分是70分,但這些數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)逐年遞減。那些以愛(ài)之名結(jié)婚,并在一起十年甚至更久的夫妻得到40分。相比之下,包辦婚姻的比例在起初時(shí)間里較少,平均58分,但他們之間的感情隨著時(shí)間逐漸變濃,十年或超過(guò)十年之時(shí),平均得到68分。
從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看,包辦婚姻之所以能夠成功的秘訣又是什么呢?
他們需要經(jīng)營(yíng)婚姻。
他們不會(huì)被動(dòng)地相信“奇跡”或者激情。他們需要花費(fèi)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間思考怎么樣讓自己的婚姻持續(xù)下去。
發(fā)現(xiàn)其中奧妙的過(guò)程從表面上看也是一種求愛(ài)的過(guò)程。除了在包辦婚姻中,主要的目的是弄清楚怎樣經(jīng)營(yíng)婚姻,而不是要不要結(jié)婚。
研究顯示對(duì)童話故事般戀愛(ài)的向往會(huì)導(dǎo)致失望。
有78%的人在樹(shù)立戀愛(ài)的信仰中都會(huì)出現(xiàn)像灰姑娘這樣的童話故事元素。這些人比不相信童話故事的人更容易在戀愛(ài)中經(jīng)歷醒悟、荒廢以及焦慮。
如果把愛(ài)情完全看成是奇跡,意味著它是不可控的——但如果起初就沒(méi)有奇跡可言,那也就不抱希望了。
包辦婚姻的幸福意味著夫妻二人可以努力去創(chuàng)造奇跡。
也就是說(shuō)你需要積極地讓婚姻保持鮮活。怎么做呢?
別去糾正缺陷,去創(chuàng)造美好。
將你的伴侶視為“就是這樣的人”。研究顯示試著改變他們根本無(wú)濟(jì)于事。
當(dāng)參與者試著用改變對(duì)方的方法來(lái)增進(jìn)感情時(shí),每個(gè)人都表示這是種消極的方法,成功率很低。結(jié)果,這種消極的方法導(dǎo)致對(duì)方更容易做出傷害自己的事情,盡管評(píng)估報(bào)告是隨著其中一方改變而改變的。
《婚姻七定律》的作者及研究人員約翰·高特曼(John Gottman)稱,夫妻間69%的問(wèn)題都是永久性的。這些問(wèn)題不會(huì)消失,所以很多夫妻都會(huì)不停地為其爭(zhēng)論下去。
大多數(shù)夫妻間的爭(zhēng)論都是沒(méi)法解決。夫妻二人年復(fù)一年地試著改變對(duì)方的想法——但這是不可能的。這是因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)爭(zhēng)論都植根于各自基本生活方式、人格或者價(jià)值觀的不同。為這些不同之處爭(zhēng)論不休,他們只能浪費(fèi)各自的時(shí)間并傷害他們的婚姻。
如果你們不能彼此改變,又怎樣減少爭(zhēng)論呢?
答案是沒(méi)法減少爭(zhēng)論。因?yàn)槟愀静恍枰@樣做。
最棒的婚姻是多去創(chuàng)造美好的事,而不是試著解決爭(zhēng)論。
離婚跟相互間爭(zhēng)執(zhí)的增多沒(méi)太大關(guān)系,但卻與減少積極的情感關(guān)系密切。
圣巴巴拉市加利福尼亞大學(xué)的心理學(xué)教授謝莉·蓋布爾(Shelly Gable)對(duì)此發(fā)表了自己的看法:慶祝比吵架更有助于加強(qiáng)兩人的感情。
好了,你需要多去做些美好的事情。那么要怎樣做才好呢?
(這部分令人興奮)
別再想什么浪漫了,想象興奮的事情。
一個(gè)美好的約會(huì)夜晚是否就能讓愛(ài)保持鮮活呢?
研究人員進(jìn)行了10周的研究以對(duì)比“美好的”約會(huì)和“興奮的”約會(huì),“美好”沒(méi)能戰(zhàn)勝“興奮”。
相比之下,經(jīng)歷過(guò)“令人興奮的”約會(huì)之夜的人對(duì)夫妻關(guān)系表現(xiàn)出了更大的滿意度。
為什么“保持興奮”會(huì)對(duì)戀愛(ài)關(guān)系產(chǎn)生如此大的影響呢?
因?yàn)槲覀儾⒉簧朴趯ふ遗d奮感的來(lái)源。
即使興奮感并非由我們的伴侶引起,我們也會(huì)這樣認(rèn)為。
正如幸福感研究院索尼婭·柳波米爾斯基(Sonja Lyubomirsky)所說(shuō),共同感覺(jué)到的興奮會(huì)讓愛(ài)人們找回戀愛(ài)的感覺(jué)。
不論是正在約會(huì)還是結(jié)婚多年的情侶,那些一起做新奇的事情的情侶比那些做平淡的事情的情侶更認(rèn)同這樣的說(shuō)法:“當(dāng)我做一些讓對(duì)方快樂(lè)的事時(shí),我也感到很快樂(lè)”以及“我想到對(duì)方時(shí)會(huì)感到‘悸動(dòng)’,‘心跳加快’”。
所以別讓約會(huì)變得枯燥乏味。去做一些刺激的事情。一起跳舞或者任何你們可以作為情侶共同參與的事。
總結(jié)
讓愛(ài)保持新鮮也是需要花心思的。你需要積極地去應(yīng)對(duì),而且比起消除缺陷,創(chuàng)造美好更為重要。
最好的方式就是增加興奮感。
所以你在想過(guò)山車或者去坐冰筏子——但你到了那之后需要做什么呢?
假裝自己正在進(jìn)行第一次約會(huì)。
研究顯示,無(wú)論是對(duì)你還是你的伴侶來(lái)說(shuō),同一個(gè)浪漫的人共度時(shí)光都是一種享受。
一系列研究表明,參與者們低估了自我展示能給自己帶來(lái)的快樂(lè)。展現(xiàn)自己最好的一面并與浪漫伴侶互動(dòng)的參與者比缺少自我展示的參與者更快樂(lè)。
為什么?因?yàn)槿绻谝淮渭s會(huì)就印象深刻,人們就會(huì)對(duì)此充滿希望。
愛(ài)需要一些妄想(一些研究人員甚至認(rèn)為愛(ài)也許是一種精神疾?。?。
相信你的伴侶比實(shí)際上更好有助于讓你們的關(guān)系更長(zhǎng)久。更美好。
桑德拉·莫里(Sandra Murray)和他的同事已對(duì)婚姻問(wèn)題研究了數(shù)年,發(fā)現(xiàn)將伴侶理想化的確是經(jīng)營(yíng)一個(gè)成功婚姻的良方。此外,一個(gè)人心目中的理想情人越完美,就越是會(huì)將伴侶理想化,對(duì)自己的感情也會(huì)感到越滿意——持續(xù)的時(shí)間也就越長(zhǎng)。
讓自己瘋狂一下——為你的另一半——會(huì)有回報(bào)的。
(譯者 wangxiaoxueemma 編輯 丹妮)
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