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掃碼打賞 tipping via QR code
A growing trend in China's first-tier cities now gives customers the option to tip the waiters/waitresses in restaurants by scanning a QR code on their uniforms. The tip ranges between 3 and 5 yuan each time.
國內(nèi)一線城市的餐廳現(xiàn)在流行讓顧客“掃碼打賞”,顧客可以掃碼服務(wù)員制服上的二維碼來支付小費(fèi),每次的金額為3元或5元。
“掃碼打賞”(tipping via QR code)是二維碼等數(shù)字支付方式(digital payment)走入日常生活的又一個(gè)體現(xiàn)。在北上廣深等一線城市,一些中大型餐飲機(jī)構(gòu)早已嘗試用數(shù)字化的方式推動(dòng)服務(wù)升級,比如,網(wǎng)上提前點(diǎn)餐(online ordering)、支付寶或微信買單等。
上海的和廣州的一些餐館早在去年就推出了“掃碼打賞”,不過,消費(fèi)者對此舉卻褒貶不一。
有的消費(fèi)者表示,服務(wù)員跑前跑后確實(shí)很辛苦,打賞一下也能促使服務(wù)員提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量(tipping can encourage waiters to provide better service);有的則擔(dān)心,如果打賞行為成為餐飲界常態(tài),服務(wù)人員習(xí)慣于接受打賞,則打賞行為將會(huì)慢慢失去鼓勵(lì)提供更優(yōu)服務(wù)的驅(qū)動(dòng)性,一旦有顧客拒絕打賞,就可能遭遇“擺臭臉”的情況(customers who refuse to tip might be treated differently)。
二維碼的普及似乎為不少人提供了便利。此前,山東省濟(jì)南市的一名乞丐就把二維碼打印出來掛在胸前“掃碼行乞”(begging via QR code),一時(shí)間成為人們議論的熱點(diǎn)。
類腦智能 brain-inspired intelligence
China National Engineering Laboratory was recently set up by the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in Hefei, Anhui Province to develop AI technology by learning human brain mechanisms.
中國科技大學(xué)日前在安徽省合肥市成立國家工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室,將借鑒人腦機(jī)制攻關(guān)人工智能技術(shù)。
類腦(brain-inspired intelligence)是人工智能(AI technology)發(fā)展的重要途徑,通過發(fā)展類腦智能可以揭示人腦信息處理的途徑(ways of information processing in the human brain),有利于完備智能技術(shù)體系,推動(dòng)我國智能產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。
由中國科技大學(xué)牽頭,復(fù)旦大學(xué)、中科院沈陽自動(dòng)化所、中科院微電子所和百度公司共同建設(shè)的該研究平臺將支撐開展類腦認(rèn)知與神經(jīng)計(jì)算(brain-inspired cognitive and neural computing)、類腦芯片與系統(tǒng)(brain-inspired chips and system)、類腦智能機(jī)器人(brain-inspired intelligent robots)等技術(shù)的研發(fā)與工程化。
類腦實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任、中國科技大學(xué)信息學(xué)院執(zhí)行院長吳楓介紹,目前類腦智能的發(fā)展面臨三大瓶頸,即腦機(jī)理認(rèn)知不清楚(brain mechanism cognition is not clear)、類腦計(jì)算模型和算法不精確(the brain-inspired computing model and algorithm is not accurate)、計(jì)算架構(gòu)和能力受制約(the calculation structure and capacity is constrained),類腦實(shí)驗(yàn)室將圍繞這三大瓶頸展開攻關(guān)。
債券通 Bond Connect
The trading platform, called Bond Connect, would operate alongside the two existing cross-border Stock Connect programs between the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong, in a sign of the nation's determination to make its capital market more global.
該交易平臺正式名稱為“債券通”,將與已經(jīng)開通的內(nèi)地和香港之間的“滬港通”和“深港通”股票互聯(lián)互通交易平臺并行,彰顯了我國將資本市場全球化的決心。
“債券通”(Bond Connect)是指境內(nèi)外投資者通過香港與內(nèi)地債券市場基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施機(jī)構(gòu)連接,買賣兩個(gè)市場交易流通債券的機(jī)制安排。
初期先開通“北向通”(northbound trading),即香港及其他國家與地區(qū)的境外投資者經(jīng)由香港與內(nèi)地基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施機(jī)構(gòu)之間在交易、托管、結(jié)算等方面互聯(lián)互通的機(jī)制安排,投資于內(nèi)地銀行間債券市場(allowing Hong Kong and other overseas investors to invest in the China Interbank Bond Market through mutual access between the financial infrastructure institutions in Hong Kong and the mainland with regard to trading, custody, and settlement)。
未來將適時(shí)研究擴(kuò)展至“南向通”(southbound trading),即境內(nèi)投資者經(jīng)由兩地基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施機(jī)構(gòu)之間的互聯(lián)互通機(jī)制安排,投資于香港債券市場(allowing mainland investors to invest in Hong Kong's bond market through mutual access between the financial infrastructure institutions of the two places)。
聯(lián)合公告指出,“債券通”是中央政府支持香港發(fā)展、推動(dòng)內(nèi)地和香港合作的重要舉措,有利于鞏固與提升香港國際金融中心地位(cementing the city's position as a world-renowned financial center),有利于穩(wěn)步推動(dòng)我國金融市場對外開放(further opening up the financial market),有利于香港的長期繁榮穩(wěn)定(ensuring its long-term prosperity and stability)。
臭氧污染 ozone pollution
Beijing, Tianjin, and parts of Hebei Province will suffer from moderate to heavy levels of air pollution on May 18 and 19, with O3 as the primary pollutant, the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) said Thursday.
環(huán)保部18日表示,18日至19日,北京、天津及河北部分地區(qū)空氣質(zhì)量可能達(dá)到中度污染,首要污染物為臭氧。
臭氧(ozone)是地球大氣中一種微量氣體,大氣中90%以上的臭氧存在于大氣層的上部或平流層(stratosphere),離地面有10~50千米,可以吸收太陽釋放出來的絕大部分紫外線(ultra-violet ray),使動(dòng)植物免遭這種射線的危害。但是,近地面大氣中的臭氧,主要由人類活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的污染物經(jīng)過一系列復(fù)雜的光化學(xué)反應(yīng)(photochemical reaction)而產(chǎn)生,一旦超標(biāo),對環(huán)境以及人體健康的危害都很大。
地面臭氧(ground-level ozone)的形成主要有兩大要素,一是由發(fā)電廠、燃煤鍋爐、涂料油漆和機(jī)動(dòng)車尾氣排放出的“氮氧化物”(nitrogen oxides)和“揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物”(volatile organic compounds);二是高溫和光照。每當(dāng)夏季來臨,氣溫升高(rising temperature),光照增強(qiáng),加之污染物排放,臭氧極易發(fā)生超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象。
按照空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),當(dāng)臭氧1小時(shí)平均濃度超過200微克/立方米時(shí),意味著開始造成污染。環(huán)境專家表示,臭氧能夠?qū)θ梭w產(chǎn)生較大危害:臭氧會(huì)損害肺功能(harm lung function)、刺激呼吸道(irritate the respiratory system),引起氣道反應(yīng)和氣道炎癥增加、哮喘加重等。高濃度持續(xù)性的臭氧污染可能導(dǎo)致人流淚(watering eyes)、眼睛疼(sore eyes)、頭痛(headache)等癥狀出現(xiàn),更嚴(yán)重的會(huì)影響到呼吸道、心血管系統(tǒng),尤其對心臟本身不好的人群,有比較嚴(yán)重的影響。
臭氧污染對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(ecosystem)也會(huì)起到破壞作用。臭氧是一種強(qiáng)氧化劑(strong oxidant),其在植物表面,通過氣孔擴(kuò)散入理,會(huì)導(dǎo)致植物葉片枯黃,影響光合作用(photosynthesis),不僅表觀上造成影響,如果是農(nóng)作物還會(huì)影響產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)(having impact on yield and quality)。
慢就業(yè) delayed employment
With the job market becoming increasingly competitive every year, a growing number of fresh university graduates are opting for "delayed employment".
近年來,隨著就業(yè)市場競爭愈發(fā)激烈,越來越多的應(yīng)屆大學(xué)畢業(yè)生選擇“慢就業(yè)”。
According to a survey released by online recruiter Zhaopin on Tuesday, about 9.8 percent of the 93,420 graduates who participated in a written survey said they would not begin working right after graduation.智聯(lián)招聘發(fā)布的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)顯示,在接受問卷調(diào)查的93420名畢業(yè)生當(dāng)中,約有9.8%表示畢業(yè)以后不會(huì)立即開始工作。
慢就業(yè),也叫延遲就業(yè),英文可用delayed employment表示,指一些大學(xué)生畢業(yè)后既不打算馬上就業(yè)也不打算繼續(xù)深造,而是暫時(shí)選擇游學(xué)(go on a study tour)、支教(participate in a volunteer teaching program)、在家陪父母或者等待機(jī)會(huì)自主創(chuàng)業(yè),慢慢考慮人生道路的現(xiàn)象。
調(diào)查報(bào)告分析,隨著越來越多的95后走出校園,他們對就業(yè)的選擇更加多元化,也更加青睞工作與興趣相結(jié)合。同時(shí),有些畢業(yè)生選擇延遲就業(yè)也是為了躲過應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生求職高峰期的激烈競爭(delay job hunting to avoid the competition)。
廢舊手機(jī) discarded phones
The rapid development of technology leads to frequent personal turnover of mobile phones. About 50 percent of users in China change to a new phone every 18 months, according to Chinanews.
技術(shù)快速發(fā)展導(dǎo)致個(gè)人手機(jī)更新迭代愈發(fā)頻繁。據(jù)中新網(wǎng)報(bào)道,約50%的用戶每18 個(gè)月就會(huì)換部新手機(jī)。
However, alongside the high replacement rate is a low recycling rate. China now has about one billion unused mobile phones, but only two percent have been recycled with most of the rejected devices improperly handled.
然而,伴隨高迭代率的是低回收率。國內(nèi)現(xiàn)在有約10億部廢舊手機(jī)的存量,回收率只有2%左右,大量更換下來的舊手機(jī)都沒有得到妥善處理。
“廢舊手機(jī)”指被廢棄的、老舊的手機(jī),所以英文可以用old and discarded cellphones表示,也可簡稱為discarded phones。
廢舊手機(jī)回收后,一般有三種去向:較新、損壞程度較小的手機(jī)經(jīng)過分類處理、翻新后流入二手市場(refurbished and resold to users on second-hand market);有一定損壞不能直接使用的手機(jī),可用零部件會(huì)被拆解再利用(recycled for components that can be reused);完全無法使用的,經(jīng)過原材料提煉后,作為垃圾焚燒處理(units that cannot be reused are incinerated after extracting their precious metals)。
但是目前,我國廢舊手機(jī)回收面臨回收價(jià)格偏低(low recycling price)、存在個(gè)人隱私泄露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(risk of privacy disclosure),以及相關(guān)行業(yè)政策不完善(lack of sound policies)等問題。
業(yè)內(nèi)人士建議,未來,在發(fā)展新機(jī)銷售市場的同時(shí),市場應(yīng)該培育消費(fèi)者“以舊換新”的習(xí)慣(develop the habit of part-trading their old devices for a replacement),同時(shí)建立暢通、可靠的回收渠道(establish smooth and reliable recycling channel),來提高廢舊手機(jī)回收率。
共享單車 shared bikes
On Monday, the Ministry of Transport released a draft guideline to encourage and regulate the development of shared bikes, soliciting public opinions for two weeks.
22日,交通運(yùn)輸部發(fā)布關(guān)于鼓勵(lì)和規(guī)范共享單車發(fā)展的指導(dǎo)意見(征求意見稿),進(jìn)行為期兩周的公開征求意見。
互聯(lián)網(wǎng)租賃自行車(internet bike rental),俗稱“共享單車”(shared bikes),是分時(shí)租賃營運(yùn)非機(jī)動(dòng)車,是移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和租賃自行車融合(integration of mobile internet and bike rental)發(fā)展的新型服務(wù)模式,是城市綠色交通系統(tǒng)(green transportation system)的組成部分,是方便公眾短距離出行和公共交通接駁換乘的重要方式。
意見稿要求共享單車實(shí)行實(shí)名制注冊(real name registration)、使用,要求共享單車企業(yè)為用戶購買人身意外傷害險(xiǎn)(personal accident insurance)和第三者責(zé)任險(xiǎn)(third-party liability insurance),鼓勵(lì)其采用為用戶提供免押金租車服務(wù),并要求推廣運(yùn)用電子圍欄(electronic fence)等技術(shù)。
意見稿稱,不鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展共享電動(dòng)自行車(shared e-bikes are discouraged)。根據(jù)意見稿,各城市政府要合理布局自行車交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)和停車設(shè)施(reasonably plan share-bike networks and parking facilities),建設(shè)自行車道和自行車停車點(diǎn)位(designated bike parking areas)。共享單車企業(yè)不得向未滿12歲的兒童提供服務(wù)。
意見稿指出,要加強(qiáng)信用管理,建立企業(yè)和用戶信用基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)庫(establish a user and enterprise credit database),對企業(yè)和用戶不文明行為和違法違規(guī)行為記入信用記錄(violations by enterprises and users will be written into their credit record),建立守信激勵(lì)和失信懲戒機(jī)制。
逆周期因子 countercyclical factor
China is considering introducing a "countercyclical factor" to adjust the way it calculates the yuan's daily reference rate against the dollar, according to a statement by the country's foreign exchange trading system on Friday.
中國外匯交易中心26日表示,我國正在考慮在人民幣對美元匯率中間價(jià)報(bào)價(jià)模型中引入逆周期因子。
當(dāng)前我國外匯市場(foreign exchange market)可能仍存在一定的順周期性,容易受到非理性預(yù)期的慣性驅(qū)使(prone to the habitual influences of irrational expectations),放大單邊市場預(yù)期(one-way market expectations can sometimes be exaggerated),進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致市場供求出現(xiàn)一定程度的“失真”,增大市場匯率超調(diào)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
匯率根本上應(yīng)由經(jīng)濟(jì)基本面( economic fundamentals)決定,但在美元指數(shù)出現(xiàn)較大幅度回落、我國主要經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)總體向好(China's economic fundamentals have improved in general)的情況下,人民幣對美元市場匯率多數(shù)時(shí)間都在按照“收盤價(jià)+一籃子貨幣匯率變化”機(jī)制確定的中間價(jià)的貶值方向運(yùn)行。
人民幣對美元匯率中間價(jià)報(bào)價(jià)模型中引入逆周期因子(countercyclical factor),有助于適度對沖市場情緒的順周期波動(dòng)(procyclical fluctuation),合理引導(dǎo)市場預(yù)期,遏制市場非理性炒作行為,緩解外匯市場可能存在的“羊群效應(yīng)”(lessen possible "herd effects"),從而避免人民幣匯率劇烈波動(dòng)(prevent excessive fluctuation of the yuan)。
“羊群效應(yīng)”(head effect)也稱“從眾心理”,在資本市場上,“羊群效應(yīng)”是指在一個(gè)投資群體中,單個(gè)投資者總是根據(jù)其他同類投資者的行動(dòng)而行動(dòng),在他人買入時(shí)買入,在他人賣出時(shí)賣出。
招商證券首席宏觀分析師謝亞軒表示,加入逆周期調(diào)節(jié)因子,一定程度上會(huì)削弱上日收盤價(jià)對中間價(jià)的影響(diminish the impact of the previous day's closing price on the central parity rate),并減少外部市場過度波動(dòng)帶來的沖擊,保持人民幣匯率總體基本穩(wěn)定。
單一窗口 single window/single-window system
The State Council's executive meeting on May 24 announced that a "single-window system" will be adopted at all ports nationwide by the end of the year, according to a statement released on Wednesday after the meeting, which was presided over by Premier Li Keqiang.
5月24日,由李克強(qiáng)總理主持的國務(wù)院常務(wù)會(huì)議指出,“單一窗口”要在年底前覆蓋所有口岸。
今年的《政府工作報(bào)告》提出“推廣國際貿(mào)易‘單一窗口’,實(shí)現(xiàn)全國通關(guān)一體化”(extend the practice of processing international trade through a single window, and achieve nationwide integration of customs clearance procedures)。
“單一窗口”(single-window system)指的是指參與國際貿(mào)易和運(yùn)輸?shù)母鞣剑╝ll parties involved in international trade and transport),通過單一的平臺提交標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的信息和單證以滿足相關(guān)法律法規(guī)及管理的要求,也就是說,所有的進(jìn)出口手續(xù)可以一站式辦理(all export and import procedures can be done at one stop),貨物清關(guān)流程更加便捷、順暢。
國務(wù)院常務(wù)會(huì)議指出,建立進(jìn)出境申報(bào)(customs declaration)、物流監(jiān)控(logistics monitoring)、企業(yè)資信(enterprise credit standing)等數(shù)據(jù)共享平臺(information sharing platform),凡可通過口岸部門間聯(lián)網(wǎng)查驗(yàn)的證件、資料不再要求企業(yè)提供,最大限度實(shí)現(xiàn)申報(bào)、查驗(yàn)、稅費(fèi)支付等各環(huán)節(jié)無紙化。
(中國日報(bào)網(wǎng)英語點(diǎn)津 馬文英)
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