Research by Andrei Soldatov and Irina Borogan, two Russian investigative journalists who specialise in covering the security services, reveals a picture of near-total surveillance, Soldatov said. The Russian authorities have gone to great lengths to lay on the best communications support any Olympic event has seen at the February games, including 4G coverage and free WiFi throughout the city of Sochi. But Soldatov and Borogan's research indicates that the internet, telephone and other communications providers involved are obliged to build networks in such a way that the security services have full and unimpeded access. “There is an element of meta-data gathering, but Russian security services are not so interested in meta-data. This is about content,” Soldatov told The Telegraph, citing an “information security concept” document laying out these measures. “The idea seems to be to make communications in Sochi totally transparent for the Russian authorities.” The monitoring programme, which is run by the Federal Security Service, Russia’s internal security agency and the main successor to the KGB, is aided by software that helps identify key words and phrases of interest being used in electronic communications. “It is a very useful way of knowing who in a given region is talking about Navalny, for example,” said Soldatov, referring to a Russian opposition leader. An FSB statement and other documents also revealed that the FSB and the Russian interior ministry have both acquired two kinds of drones for surveillance during the games, he added, as well as a vast network of closed circuit television in the city. While the measures bear some resemblance to security at the Beijing Olympics, Soldatov said that taken together it is probably the most comprehensive surveillance in Olympic history. Drones had been considered for surveillance at the London Olympics, but were not used in the event. Soldatov said the depth of surveillance was so comprehensive that the US State Department has advised its citizens “that it would be better to forget your laptop or smart phone in your home country, because it will be intercepted.” The measures are ostensibly aimed at securing Sochi against possible terrorist attacks during the games. Sochi neighbours Russia’s turbulent North Caucasus, where federal forces are fighting a long-running Islamist separatist insurgency. Doku Umarov, a rebel leader who has claimed responsibility for a number of suicide bombings in Moscow in recent years, has called on his followers to attack the games. In August Vladimir Putin signed a decree establishing restricted zones around the city and banning public demonstrations for the duration of the game. Earlier this week an FSB spokesman told reporters that security would be unintrusive compared to the London Olympics. But Soldatov said the nature of the measures and key personnel appointments suggested other priorities. The chief of Olympic Security, for example, is Oleg Syromolotov, the head of FSB Counter Intelligence – a spy catcher rather than a counter terrorism expert. “Taken together, it looks to me like these people still see the main threat to the Olympics coming not from the North Caucasus, but from outside the country,” said Soldatov. The research, part of a joint investigation with the Guardian newspaper, is part of a wider project looking at Russian surveillance practices. The research is not yet complete and the full report has yet to be published, Soldatov said. No one at the FSB was immediately available to comment on Sunday evening. |
10月6日,2014年索契冬奧會(huì)圣火由雅典抵達(dá)莫斯科。當(dāng)天下午,伴隨著俄羅斯國(guó)歌,俄總統(tǒng)普京手持火炬點(diǎn)燃紅場(chǎng)火炬臺(tái)后致辭:“俄羅斯和俄羅斯人民一直秉承開放、友好的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì),索契是舉辦奧運(yùn)會(huì)的理想地點(diǎn)?!?/p> 然而種種跡象顯示,俄羅斯尤其是索契,并沒(méi)有普京口中所說(shuō)的如此開放:冬奧會(huì)期間,在索契這個(gè)黑海海濱城市,將建立起奧運(yùn)史上最全面的監(jiān)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),以至于美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院建議國(guó)民前往索契觀看冬奧會(huì)時(shí),把智能手機(jī)和筆記本電腦留在家中,防止個(gè)人信息外泄。 ***監(jiān)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)“幾乎完全覆蓋” 俄羅斯調(diào)查記者安德烈?索爾達(dá)托夫和伊琳娜?博羅甘專攻安全服務(wù)領(lǐng)域報(bào)道。兩人查閱多份政府采購(gòu)文件、采訪參與索契冬奧會(huì)項(xiàng)目招標(biāo)的通信公司后發(fā)現(xiàn),俄羅斯政府正在索契構(gòu)筑一張“幾乎完全覆蓋”的監(jiān)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 自獲得2014年冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)舉辦權(quán)后,俄羅斯當(dāng)局一直不遺余力地向舉辦城市索契提供最好的通信支持,其中包括在當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)現(xiàn)4G通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)和免費(fèi)無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)全覆蓋。但是,索爾達(dá)托夫和博羅甘的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,參與索契冬奧會(huì)項(xiàng)目的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電話和其他通訊提供商不得不采取一種特別的方式,即保證俄羅斯安全機(jī)構(gòu)享有充分的、暢通無(wú)阻的訪問(wèn)權(quán)限,來(lái)構(gòu)建其通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 “其中包括元數(shù)據(jù)收集,但俄羅斯安全機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)元數(shù)據(jù)并不是特別感興趣,他們感興趣的是內(nèi)容?!彼鳡栠_(dá)托夫引用一份“信息安全概念”文件向英國(guó)《每日電訊報(bào)》闡述俄羅斯安全機(jī)構(gòu)采取的措施,“他們的想法似乎是,令索契的通訊對(duì)俄羅斯當(dāng)局完全透明?!?/p> 據(jù)悉,這個(gè)監(jiān)控項(xiàng)目是由俄羅斯聯(lián)邦安全局(FSB)負(fù)責(zé)運(yùn)營(yíng),使用一種軟件幫助識(shí)別他們關(guān)注的、在電子通訊中使用的關(guān)鍵字和短語(yǔ)。索爾達(dá)托夫舉例說(shuō):“如果想要在某個(gè)特定區(qū)域,知道誰(shuí)在談?wù)摷{瓦爾尼(俄羅斯反對(duì)派領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人),這是一種非常有效的方法?!彼€補(bǔ)充道,俄羅斯聯(lián)邦安全局發(fā)布的一份聲明和其他文件顯示,該局和俄羅斯內(nèi)政部均要求部署兩種類型的無(wú)人機(jī)在冬奧會(huì)期間執(zhí)行監(jiān)控任務(wù),并且還會(huì)在索契市內(nèi)安裝一個(gè)龐大的閉路電視網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 “這些措施全部加在一起,就可能成為奧運(yùn)會(huì)歷史上最全面的監(jiān)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)了?!彼鳡栠_(dá)托夫說(shuō),由于深度監(jiān)控如此廣泛,致使美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院建議國(guó)民“(前往索契觀看冬奧會(huì)時(shí))最好把你的智能手機(jī)或者筆記本電腦放在家里,因?yàn)槠渲械臄?shù)據(jù)將會(huì)遭到攔截?!?/p> ***目的是防范恐怖襲擊? 表面上,俄羅斯當(dāng)局在索契構(gòu)建如此嚴(yán)密的監(jiān)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),其目的是保護(hù)索契在冬奧會(huì)期間免遭恐怖襲擊。索契毗鄰俄羅斯北高加索地區(qū),那里沖突不斷,活躍著不少伊斯蘭分裂主義叛亂分子。其中,一個(gè)名為多庫(kù)?烏馬羅夫的叛軍首領(lǐng)近年來(lái)在莫斯科制造了多起自殺式爆炸襲擊事件,他呼吁其支持者攻擊索契冬奧會(huì)。今年8月,俄羅斯總統(tǒng)普京簽署一項(xiàng)法令,在索契市內(nèi)設(shè)立多個(gè)禁區(qū),禁止人們冬奧會(huì)期間在這些區(qū)域內(nèi)舉行公共示威。 本周早些時(shí)候,俄羅斯聯(lián)邦安全局一名發(fā)言人告訴媒體,與2012年倫敦夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)相比,2014年索契冬奧會(huì)的安全措施“不具侵入性”。然而,索爾達(dá)托夫指出,俄羅斯當(dāng)局采取安全措施的本質(zhì),以及關(guān)鍵人員任命,透露出截然不同的意思。 索爾達(dá)托夫和博羅甘發(fā)現(xiàn),俄羅斯聯(lián)邦安全局自2010年起開始升級(jí)SORM系統(tǒng),以確保其能夠應(yīng)付冬奧會(huì)期間觀賽游客帶來(lái)的額外通訊流量。SORM系統(tǒng)是俄羅斯官方對(duì)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息進(jìn)行監(jiān)控的網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng),要求所有電話和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)供應(yīng)商必須強(qiáng)制安裝。安裝之后,俄羅斯聯(lián)邦安全局能夠在服務(wù)商不知情的情況下獲取數(shù)據(jù),這意味著所有電話和網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊數(shù)據(jù)都可被記錄在案。 此外,索契冬奧會(huì)的安全保衛(wèi)工作主管由奧列格?索羅莫洛托夫擔(dān)任,此人是一名頂尖的間諜捕手而非反恐專家?!熬C上所述,在我看來(lái),這些人(俄羅斯當(dāng)局)仍舊認(rèn)為,索契冬奧會(huì)面臨的主要威脅不是來(lái)自北高加索,而是來(lái)自境外,”索爾達(dá)托夫說(shuō)。 截至目前,俄羅斯聯(lián)邦安全局尚未對(duì)上述報(bào)道作出回應(yīng)。 (譯者 肉肉融 編輯 Julie) |