三、捍衛(wèi)國(guó)家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整

II. Defending National Sovereignty, Security and Territorial Integrity

中國(guó)武裝力量的根本任務(wù)，是鞏固國(guó)防、抵抗侵略、保衛(wèi)祖國(guó)。中國(guó)武裝力量的多樣化運(yùn)用，堅(jiān)持以國(guó)家核心安全需求為導(dǎo)向，著眼維護(hù)和平、遏制危機(jī)和打贏戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，保衛(wèi)邊防、海防、空防安全，加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)備工作和實(shí)戰(zhàn)化演習(xí)演練，隨時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)和堅(jiān)決制止一切危害國(guó)家主權(quán)、安全、領(lǐng)土完整的挑釁行為，堅(jiān)決維護(hù)國(guó)家核心利益。

The fundamental tasks of China's armed forces are consolidating national defense, resisting foreign aggression and defending the motherland. Responding to China's core security needs, the diversified employment of the armed forces aims to maintain peace, contain crises and win wars; safeguard border, coastal and territorial air security; strengthen combat-readiness and warfighting-oriented exercises and drills; readily respond to and resolutely deter any provocative action which undermines China's sovereignty, security and territorial integrity; and firmly safeguard China's core national interests.

保衛(wèi)邊海防安全

Safeguarding Border and Coastal Security

中國(guó)有２．２萬(wàn)多公里陸地邊界和１．８萬(wàn)多公里大陸海岸線，是世界上鄰國(guó)最多、陸地邊界最長(zhǎng)的國(guó)家之一。中國(guó)有５００平方米以上的島嶼６５００多個(gè)，島嶼岸線１．４萬(wàn)多公里。中國(guó)武裝力量對(duì)陸地邊界和管轄海域?qū)嵤┓佬l(wèi)、管轄，維護(hù)邊海防安全的任務(wù)復(fù)雜繁重。

With a borderline of more than 22,000 km and a coastline of more than 18,000 km, China is one of the countries with the most neighbors and the longest land borders. Among all China's islands, more than 6,500 are larger than 500 square meters each. China's island coastline is over 14,000 km long. China's armed forces defend and exercise jurisdiction over China's land borders and sea areas, and the task of safeguarding border and coastal security is arduous and complicated.

陸軍邊海防部隊(duì)駐守在邊境、沿海地區(qū)及海上島嶼，擔(dān)負(fù)著守衛(wèi)國(guó)（邊）界、沿海海岸和島嶼，抵御防范外敵入侵、蠶食、挑釁，以及協(xié)助打擊恐怖破壞、跨境犯罪等防衛(wèi)與管理任務(wù)。邊海防部隊(duì)堅(jiān)持以戰(zhàn)備執(zhí)勤為中心，強(qiáng)化邊境沿海地區(qū)重要方向和敏感地段、水道、海域防衛(wèi)警戒，嚴(yán)密防范各類入侵、蠶食和越境滲透破壞活動(dòng)，及時(shí)制止違反邊海防政策法規(guī)和改變國(guó)界線現(xiàn)狀的行為，適時(shí)開(kāi)展軍地聯(lián)合管控、應(yīng)急處突等行動(dòng)，有效維護(hù)邊境沿海地區(qū)的安全穩(wěn)定。中國(guó)已與周邊７個(gè)國(guó)家簽訂邊防合作協(xié)議，與１２個(gè)國(guó)家建立邊防會(huì)談會(huì)晤機(jī)制。人民解放軍邊防部隊(duì)與俄羅斯、哈薩克斯坦、蒙古、越南等國(guó)邊防部門開(kāi)展聯(lián)合巡邏執(zhí)勤、聯(lián)合管控演練等友好合作活動(dòng)。與哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、俄羅斯、塔吉克斯坦等國(guó)每年組織相互視察活動(dòng)，監(jiān)督和核查邊境地區(qū)信任措施落實(shí)情況。

The border and coastal defense forces of the PLAA are stationed in border and coastal areas, and on islands. They are responsible for defense and administrative tasks such as safeguarding the national borders, coastlines and islands, resisting and guarding against foreign invasions, encroachments and provocations, and assisting in cracking down on terrorist sabotage and cross-border crimes. The border and coastal defense forces focus on combat-readiness duties, strengthen the defense and surveillance of major directions and sensitive areas, watercourses and sea areas in border and coastal regions, maintain a rigorous guard against any invasion, encroachment or cross-border sabotage, prevent in a timely fashion any violation of border and coastal policies, laws and regulations and changes to the current borderlines, carry out civil-military joint control and management, and emergency response missions promptly, and effectively safeguard the security and stability of the borders and coastal areas.

China has signed border cooperation agreements with seven neighboring countries, and established mechanisms with 12 countries for border defense talks and meetings. The border and coastal defense forces of the PLA promote friendly cooperation in joint patrols, guard duties and joint control-management drills with their counterparts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Vietnam, respectively. They also organize annual mutual inspections to supervise and verify the implementation of confidence-building measures in border areas with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.

海軍加強(qiáng)海區(qū)的控制與管理，建立完善體系化巡邏機(jī)制，有效掌握周邊海域情況，嚴(yán)密防范各類竄擾和滲透破壞活動(dòng)，及時(shí)處置各種?？涨闆r和突發(fā)事件。推進(jìn)海上安全合作，維護(hù)海洋和平與穩(wěn)定、海上航行自由與安全。在中美海上軍事安全磋商機(jī)制框架下，定期開(kāi)展海上信息交流，避免發(fā)生海上意外事件。根據(jù)中越簽署的北部灣海域聯(lián)合巡邏協(xié)議，兩國(guó)海軍從２００６年起每年組織兩次聯(lián)合巡邏。

The PLAN strengthens maritime control and management, systematically establishes patrol mechanisms, effectively enhances situational awareness in surrounding sea areas, tightly guards against various types of harassment, infiltration and sabotage activities, and copes promptly with maritime and air incidents and emergencies. It advances maritime security cooperation, and maintains maritime peace and stability, as well as free and safe navigation. Within the framework of the Military Maritime Consultative Agreement (MMCA), the Chinese and US navies regularly exchange maritime information to avoid accidents at sea. According to the Agreement on Joint Patrols by the Navies of China and Vietnam in the Beibu Gulf, the two navies have organized joint patrols twice a year since 2006.

公安邊防部隊(duì)是國(guó)家部署在邊境沿海地區(qū)和開(kāi)放口岸的武裝執(zhí)法力量，擔(dān)負(fù)保衛(wèi)國(guó)家主權(quán)、維護(hù)邊境沿海地區(qū)和海上安全穩(wěn)定、口岸出入境秩序等重要職責(zé)，遂行邊境維穩(wěn)、打擊犯罪、應(yīng)急救援、邊防安保等多樣化任務(wù)。公安邊防部隊(duì)在邊境一線劃定邊防管理區(qū)，在沿海地區(qū)劃定海防工作區(qū)，在毗鄰香港、澳門陸地邊境和沿海一線地區(qū)２０至５０米縱深劃定邊防警戒區(qū)，在國(guó)家開(kāi)放口岸設(shè)立邊防檢查站，在沿海地區(qū)部署海警部隊(duì)。近年來(lái)，對(duì)邊境地區(qū)和口岸實(shí)行常態(tài)化嚴(yán)查嚴(yán)管嚴(yán)控，防范打擊“三股勢(shì)力”、敵對(duì)分子的分裂破壞和暴力恐怖活動(dòng)。集中整治海上越界捕撈活動(dòng)，強(qiáng)化海上治安巡邏執(zhí)法，嚴(yán)厲打擊海上違法犯罪活動(dòng)。２０１１年以來(lái)，共破獲各類案件４７４４５起，繳獲各類毒品１２３５７千克，繳獲非法槍支１２５１１５支，查獲偷渡人員５６０７人次。

The border public security force is an armed law-enforcement body deployed by the state in border and coastal areas, and at ports. It assumes important responsibilities of safeguarding national sovereignty, and maintaining security and stability in border, coastal and sea areas, as well as entry and exit order at ports. It carries out diversified tasks of maintaining stability, combating crimes, conducting emergency rescues and providing security in border areas. The border public security force establishes border control zones along the borderlines, establishes maritime defense zones in the coastal areas, establishes border surveillance areas 20 to 50 meters in depth along land border and coastline areas adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, sets up border inspection stations at open ports, and deploys a marine police force in coastal areas. In recent years, regular strict inspections, management and control in border areas and at ports have been carried out to guard against and subdue separatist, sabotage, violent and terrorist activities by the "three forces" or hostile individuals. The border public security force takes strict and coordinated measures against cross-border fishing activities, strengthens law enforcement by maritime security patrols, and clamps down on maritime offenses and crimes. Since 2011, it has handled 47,445 cases, seized 12,357 kg of drugs, confiscated 125,115 illegal guns, and tracked down 5,607 illegal border-crossers.

民兵積極參加戰(zhàn)備執(zhí)勤、邊海防地區(qū)軍警民聯(lián)防、哨所執(zhí)勤和護(hù)邊控邊等行動(dòng)，常年在邊海防線上巡邏執(zhí)勤。

The militia takes an active part in combat readiness duties, joint military-police-civilian defense efforts, post duties, and border protection and control tasks in the border and coastal areas. Militia members patrol along the borders and coastlines all year round.

保衛(wèi)空防安全

Safeguarding Territorial Air Security

空軍是保衛(wèi)國(guó)家空防安全的主體力量，陸軍、海軍和武警部隊(duì)按照中央軍委的指示擔(dān)負(fù)部分空防任務(wù)。平時(shí)，國(guó)家防空實(shí)行空軍—軍區(qū)空軍—防空部隊(duì)指揮體制，空軍根據(jù)中央軍委意圖對(duì)擔(dān)負(fù)防空任務(wù)的各種防空力量實(shí)施統(tǒng)一指揮。中國(guó)空防體系由偵察監(jiān)視、指揮控制、空中防御、地面防空、綜合保障和人民防空六大系統(tǒng)組成。中國(guó)已建成集偵察預(yù)警、抗擊、反擊和防護(hù)于一體的空防力量體系，具有以各種對(duì)空探測(cè)雷達(dá)和預(yù)警機(jī)為主體，以技術(shù)偵察、電子對(duì)抗偵察為補(bǔ)充的空情獲取手段；以殲擊機(jī)、殲擊轟炸機(jī)、地空導(dǎo)彈、高炮部隊(duì)為主體，以陸軍防空兵、民兵預(yù)備役防空力量和人民防空力量為補(bǔ)充的抗擊手段；以各種防護(hù)工程和防護(hù)力量為主體，以專業(yè)技術(shù)防護(hù)力量為補(bǔ)充的綜合防護(hù)手段。

The PLAAF is the mainstay of national territorial air defense, and in accordance with the instructions of the CMC, the PLAA, PLAN and PAPF all undertake some territorial air defense responsibilities. In peacetime, the chain of command of China's air defense runs from the PLAAF headquarters through the air commands of the military area commands to air defense units. The PLAAF exercises unified command over all air defense components in accordance with the CMC's intent. China's air defense system is composed of six sub-systems of reconnaissance and surveillance, command and control, aerial defense, ground air defense, integrated support and civil air defense. China has established an air defense force system that integrates reconnaissance and early warning, resistance, counterattack and protection. For air situation awareness means, air detection radars and early warning aircraft are the mainstay, supplemented by technical and ECM reconnaissance. For resistance means, fighters, fighter-bombers, ground-to-air missiles and antiaircraft artillery troops are the mainstay, supplemented by the strengths from the PLAA air defense force, militia and reserves, as well as civil air defense. For integrated protection means, various protection works and strengths are the mainstay, supplemented by specialized technical protection forces.

空軍日常防空基本活動(dòng)，主要是組織偵察預(yù)警力量，監(jiān)視國(guó)家領(lǐng)空及周邊地區(qū)空中動(dòng)態(tài)，隨時(shí)掌握各種空中安全威脅；組織各級(jí)指揮機(jī)構(gòu)，保持以首都為核心、以邊境沿海一線為重點(diǎn)的常態(tài)化戰(zhàn)備值班，隨時(shí)指揮各種空防力量行動(dòng)；組織日常防空戰(zhàn)斗值班兵力，進(jìn)行海上空域警巡、邊境反偵察和境內(nèi)查證處置異常不明空情；組織航空管制系統(tǒng)，監(jiān)控飛行活動(dòng)，維護(hù)空中秩序，保障飛行安全。

The PLAAF organizes the following routine air defense tasks: reconnaissance and early warning units are tasked with monitoring air situations in China's territorial air space and surrounding areas and keeping abreast of air security threats. Command organs at all levels are tasked with assuming routine combat readiness duties with the capital as the core, and border and coastal areas as the key, and commanding air defense operations at all times. Routine air defense troops on combat duty are tasked with carrying out air vigilance and patrols at sea, conducting counter-reconnaissance in border areas and verifying abnormal and unidentified air situations within the territory. The air control system is tasked with monitoring, controlling and maintaining air traffic order so as to ensure flight safety.

保持常備不懈的戰(zhàn)備狀態(tài)

Maintaining Constant Combat Readiness

戰(zhàn)備工作是軍隊(duì)為執(zhí)行作戰(zhàn)和非戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)軍事行動(dòng)任務(wù)而進(jìn)行的準(zhǔn)備和戒備活動(dòng)，是軍隊(duì)全局性、綜合性、經(jīng)常性的工作。提高戰(zhàn)備水平，保持常備不懈的戰(zhàn)備狀態(tài)，是有效應(yīng)對(duì)多種安全威脅、完成多樣化軍事任務(wù)的重要保證。人民解放軍建立正規(guī)的戰(zhàn)備秩序，加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)備基礎(chǔ)性建設(shè)，搞好針對(duì)性戰(zhàn)備演練，周密組織戰(zhàn)備值班和邊?？辗姥策増?zhí)勤，隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備執(zhí)行作戰(zhàn)和非戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)軍事行動(dòng)任務(wù)。部隊(duì)根據(jù)執(zhí)行任務(wù)需要進(jìn)入等級(jí)戰(zhàn)備，戰(zhàn)備等級(jí)按照戒備程度由低級(jí)到高級(jí)分為三級(jí)戰(zhàn)備、二級(jí)戰(zhàn)備、一級(jí)戰(zhàn)備。

Combat readiness refers to the preparations and alert activities of the armed forces for undertaking operational tasks and MOOTW, and it is the general, comprehensive and regular work of the armed forces. It is an important guarantee for coping with various security threats and accomplishing diversified military tasks to enhance the capabilities of combat readiness and maintain constant combat readiness. The PLA has a regular system of combat readiness. It improves infrastructure for combat readiness, carries out scenario-oriented drills, and earnestly organizes alert duties, border, coastal and air defense patrols and guard duties. It keeps itself prepared for undertaking operational tasks and MOOTW at all times. Based on different tasks, the troops assume different levels of readiness (Level III, Level II and Level I, from the lowest degree of alertness to the highest).

陸軍部隊(duì)的日常戰(zhàn)備，以維護(hù)邊境正常秩序和鞏固國(guó)家建設(shè)成果為重點(diǎn)，依托作戰(zhàn)指揮機(jī)構(gòu)和指揮信息系統(tǒng)，加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)備值班要素整合，探索戰(zhàn)區(qū)聯(lián)合值班模式，推進(jìn)團(tuán)以上作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)備值班系統(tǒng)綜合整治，以常態(tài)化運(yùn)行的體制機(jī)制保證戰(zhàn)備工作落實(shí)，形成各戰(zhàn)略方向銜接、多兵種聯(lián)合、作戰(zhàn)保障配套的戰(zhàn)備力量體系布局，始終保持迅即能動(dòng)和有效應(yīng)對(duì)的良好狀態(tài)。海軍部隊(duì)的日常戰(zhàn)備，以維護(hù)國(guó)家領(lǐng)土主權(quán)和海洋權(quán)益為重點(diǎn)，按照高效用兵、體系巡邏、全域監(jiān)控的原則，組織和實(shí)施常態(tài)化戰(zhàn)備巡邏，在相關(guān)海域保持軍事存在。各艦隊(duì)常年保持必要數(shù)量艦艇在轄區(qū)內(nèi)巡邏，加強(qiáng)航空兵偵察巡邏，并根據(jù)需要組織機(jī)動(dòng)兵力在相關(guān)海域巡邏警戒?？哲姴筷?duì)的日常戰(zhàn)備，以國(guó)土防空為重點(diǎn)，堅(jiān)持平戰(zhàn)一體、全域反應(yīng)、全疆到達(dá)的原則，保持靈敏高效的戰(zhàn)備狀態(tài)。組織常態(tài)化空中警戒巡邏，及時(shí)查證異常不明空情?？哲娭笓]警戒值班系統(tǒng)以空軍指揮所為核心，部隊(duì)指揮所為基礎(chǔ)，以航空兵、地面防空兵等戰(zhàn)斗值班兵力為支撐。

The routine combat readiness work of the PLAA serves to maintain normal order in border areas and protect national development achievements. Relying on the operational command organs and command information system, it strengthens the integration of combat readiness duty elements, explores joint duty probability within a theater, and optimizes the combat readiness duty system in operational troops at and above the regiment level. It ensures the implementation of combat readiness work through institutionalized systems and mechanisms. It creates a combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined arms and systematized operational support. Thus, the PLAA keeps sound combat readiness with agile maneuvers and effective response. The routine combat readiness work of the PLAN serves to safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests. It carries out diversified patrols and provides whole-area surveillance in a cost-effective way. The PLAN organizes and performs regular combat readiness patrols, and maintains a military presence in relevant sea areas. All fleets maintain the necessary number of ships patrolling in areas under their respective command, beef up naval aviation reconnaissance patrols, and organize mobile forces to conduct patrols and surveillance in relevant sea areas, as required. The PLAAF focuses its daily combat readiness on territorial air defense. It follows the principles of applicability in both peacetime and wartime, all-dimension response and full territorial reach, and maintains a vigilant and efficient combat readiness. It organizes air alert patrols on a regular basis to verify abnormal and unidentified air situations promptly. The PLAAF command alert system takes PLAAF command posts as the core, field command posts as the basis, and aviation and ground air defense forces on combat duty as the pillar.

第二炮兵平時(shí)保持適度戒備狀態(tài)，按照平戰(zhàn)結(jié)合、常備不懈、隨時(shí)能戰(zhàn)的原則，加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)備配套建設(shè)，構(gòu)建要素集成、功能完備、靈敏高效的作戰(zhàn)值班體系，確保部隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)急反應(yīng)迅速，有效應(yīng)對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)威脅和突發(fā)事件。在國(guó)家受到核威脅時(shí)，核導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)根據(jù)中央軍委命令，提升戒備狀態(tài)，做好核反擊準(zhǔn)備，懾止敵人對(duì)中國(guó)使用核武器；在國(guó)家遭受核襲擊時(shí)，使用導(dǎo)彈核武器，獨(dú)立或聯(lián)合其他軍種核力量，對(duì)敵實(shí)施堅(jiān)決反擊。常規(guī)導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)能夠快速完成平戰(zhàn)轉(zhuǎn)換，遂行常規(guī)中遠(yuǎn)程精確打擊任務(wù)。

The routine combat readiness work of the PLAA serves to maintain normal order in border areas and protect national development achievements. Relying on the operational command organs and command information system, it strengthens the integration of combat readiness duty elements, explores joint duty probability within a theater, and optimizes the combat readiness duty system in operational troops at and above the regiment level. It ensures the implementation of combat readiness work through institutionalized systems and mechanisms. It creates a combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined arms and systematized operational support. Thus, the PLAA keeps sound combat readiness with agile maneuvers and effective response. The routine combat readiness work of the PLAN serves to safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests. It carries out diversified patrols and provides whole-area surveillance in a cost-effective way. The PLAN organizes and performs regular combat readiness patrols, and maintains a military presence in relevant sea areas. All fleets maintain the necessary number of ships patrolling in areas under their respective command, beef up naval aviation reconnaissance patrols, and organize mobile forces to conduct patrols and surveillance in relevant sea areas, as required. The PLAAF focuses its daily combat readiness on territorial air defense. It follows the principles of applicability in both peacetime and wartime, all-dimension response and full territorial reach, and maintains a vigilant and efficient combat readiness. It organizes air alert patrols on a regular basis to verify abnormal and unidentified air situations promptly. The PLAAF command alert system takes PLAAF command posts as the core, field command posts as the basis, and aviation and ground air defense forces on combat duty as the pillar.

開(kāi)展實(shí)戰(zhàn)化演習(xí)演練

Carrying out Scenario-based Exercises and Drills

人民解放軍堅(jiān)持把開(kāi)展實(shí)戰(zhàn)化演習(xí)演練作為推進(jìn)軍事訓(xùn)練轉(zhuǎn)變、提高部隊(duì)實(shí)戰(zhàn)能力的重要抓手，注重將信息主導(dǎo)、體系對(duì)抗、精確作戰(zhàn)、融合集成、聯(lián)合制勝等信息化條件下作戰(zhàn)理念廣泛融入訓(xùn)練實(shí)踐，按實(shí)戰(zhàn)要求、戰(zhàn)時(shí)編組和作戰(zhàn)流程組織演練，突出指揮對(duì)抗訓(xùn)練、實(shí)兵自主對(duì)抗訓(xùn)練和復(fù)雜戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)環(huán)境下訓(xùn)練，全面提高部隊(duì)基于信息系統(tǒng)的體系作戰(zhàn)能力。

The PLA takes scenario-based exercises and drills as the basic means to accelerate the transition in military training and raise combat capabilities. It widely practices in training such operational concepts in conditions of informationization as information dominance, confrontation between different systems, precision strike, fusion, integration and jointness. It organizes training based on real combat needs, formations and procedures. It pays special attention to confrontational command training, live independent force-on-force training and training in complex battlefield environments. Thus, the warfighting capabilities based on information systems have been thoroughly improved.

開(kāi)展跨區(qū)訓(xùn)練。為提高部隊(duì)快速反應(yīng)能力和在陌生環(huán)境、復(fù)雜條件下聯(lián)合作戰(zhàn)能力，依托合同戰(zhàn)術(shù)訓(xùn)練基地，組織任務(wù)相近、類型相同和未來(lái)作戰(zhàn)環(huán)境相似的師旅部隊(duì)，以實(shí)兵檢驗(yàn)性演習(xí)的方式開(kāi)展一系列跨區(qū)機(jī)動(dòng)演習(xí)演練。２００９年，組織沈陽(yáng)、蘭州、濟(jì)南和廣州軍區(qū)各１個(gè)師進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程機(jī)動(dòng)和對(duì)抗性演練。２０１０年開(kāi)始，組織“使命行動(dòng)”系列戰(zhàn)役層次跨區(qū)機(jī)動(dòng)演習(xí)演練。其中，２０１０年組織北京、蘭州、成都軍區(qū)各１個(gè)集團(tuán)軍首長(zhǎng)機(jī)關(guān)帶１個(gè)師（旅）以及空軍部分兵力參演，２０１１年組織成都、濟(jì)南軍區(qū)帶有關(guān)部隊(duì)赴高原地區(qū)演練，２０１２年組織成都、濟(jì)南、蘭州軍區(qū)和空軍有關(guān)部隊(duì)赴西南地區(qū)演練。

Carrying out trans-MAC training. To develop rapid-response and joint-operation capabilities in unfamiliar environments and complex conditions, the divisions and brigades of the same specialty with similar tasks and tailored operational environments are organized to carry out a series of trans-MAC live verification-oriented exercises and drills in the combined tactical training bases. In 2009, the Shenyang, Lanzhou, Jinan and Guangzhou MACs each sent one division to join long-distance maneuvers and confrontational drills. Since 2010, a series of campaign-level exercises and drills code-named "Mission Action" for trans-MAC maneuvers have been carried out. Specifically, in 2010 the Beijing, Lanzhou and Chengdu MACs each sent one division (brigade) led by corps headquarters, together with some PLAAF units, to participate in the exercise. In 2011, relevant troops from the Chengdu and Jinan MACs were organized and carried out the exercise in plateau areas. In 2012, the Chengdu, Jinan and Lanzhou MACs and relevant PLAAF troops were organized and carried out the exercise in southwestern China.

突出對(duì)抗訓(xùn)練。各軍兵種強(qiáng)化對(duì)抗性檢驗(yàn)性演習(xí)演練，組織實(shí)兵對(duì)抗、網(wǎng)上對(duì)抗和計(jì)算機(jī)模擬對(duì)抗等演習(xí)，增強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練的針對(duì)性、實(shí)效性?？哲娨劳杏?xùn)練基地構(gòu)設(shè)復(fù)雜戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)環(huán)境，組織軍區(qū)空軍之間、軍區(qū)空軍與合成“藍(lán)軍”部隊(duì)之間，開(kāi)展信息化條件下“紅藍(lán)”體系對(duì)抗演習(xí)。第二炮兵開(kāi)展復(fù)雜戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)環(huán)境下偵察與反偵察、干擾與防干擾、精確打擊與防護(hù)反擊的對(duì)抗性訓(xùn)練，加強(qiáng)核生化武器威脅條件下安全防護(hù)和操作技能訓(xùn)練，每年安排多種型號(hào)導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)執(zhí)行實(shí)彈發(fā)射任務(wù)。

Highlighting force-on-force training. The various services and arms are intensifying confrontational and verification-oriented exercises and drills. Based on different scenarios, they organize live force-on-force exercises, online confrontational exercises and computer-simulation confrontational exercises. The PLAAF creates complex battlefield environments based on its training bases, organizes confrontational exercises on "Red-Blue" war systems under informationized conditions, either between MAC air forces or between a combined "Blue Team" and MAC air force ("Red Team"). The Second Artillery Forces carry out confrontational training of reconnaissance vs. counter-reconnaissance, jamming vs. counter-jamming, and precision strikes vs. protection and counterattack, in complex battlefield environments. They are strengthening safety protection and operational skills training under nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) threats. Units of different missile types are organized to conduct live-firing launching tasks annually.

拓展遠(yuǎn)海訓(xùn)練。海軍探索遠(yuǎn)海作戰(zhàn)任務(wù)編組訓(xùn)練模式，組織由新型驅(qū)護(hù)艦、遠(yuǎn)洋綜合補(bǔ)給艦和艦載直升機(jī)混合編成的遠(yuǎn)海作戰(zhàn)編隊(duì)編組訓(xùn)練，深化復(fù)雜戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)環(huán)境下使命課題研練，突出遠(yuǎn)程預(yù)警及綜合控制、遠(yuǎn)海攔截、遠(yuǎn)程奔襲、大洋反潛、遠(yuǎn)洋護(hù)航等重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容訓(xùn)練。通過(guò)遠(yuǎn)海訓(xùn)練組織帶動(dòng)沿海有關(guān)部隊(duì)進(jìn)行防空、反潛、反水雷、反恐怖、反海盜、近岸防衛(wèi)、島礁破襲等對(duì)抗性實(shí)兵訓(xùn)練。２００７年以來(lái)，在西太平洋共組織遠(yuǎn)海訓(xùn)練近２０批９０多艘次。訓(xùn)練中采取有效措施應(yīng)對(duì)某些國(guó)家軍用艦機(jī)的抵近偵察和非法干擾活動(dòng)。２０１２年４月至９月，“鄭和”號(hào)訓(xùn)練艦進(jìn)行環(huán)球航行訓(xùn)練，先后訪問(wèn)及?？浚保磦€(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)。

Intensifying blue water training. The PLAN is improving the training mode of task force formation in blue water. It organizes the training of different formations of combined task forces composed of new types of destroyers, frigates, ocean-going replenishment ships and shipborne helicopters. It is increasing its research and training on tasks in complex battlefield environments, highlighting the training of remote early warning, comprehensive control, open sea interception, long-range raid, anti-submarine warfare and vessel protection at distant sea. The PLAN organizes relevant coastal forces to carry out live force-on-force training for air defense, anti-submarine, anti-mine, anti-terrorism, anti-piracy, coastal defense, and island and reef sabotage raids. Since 2007, the PLAN has conducted training in the distant sea waters of the Western Pacific involving over 90 ships in nearly 20 batches. During the training, the PLAN took effective measures to respond to foreign close-in reconnaissance and illegal interference activities by military ships and aircraft. From April to September 2012, the training vessel Zhenghe completed global-voyage training, paying port calls to 14 countries and regions.