“Mathematical formula shows that why Hipsters trying to look different ultimately look the SAME.”
喬納森?塔布爾(Jonathan Touboul),巴黎綜合理工學(xué)院數(shù)學(xué)家、神經(jīng)科學(xué)家,曾發(fā)表過(guò)有關(guān)如何刺激大腦神經(jīng)元的獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)撐?。不過(guò)最近,塔布爾開始對(duì)“嬉普士”感興趣了?!版移帐俊保╤ipster)有別于幾十年前的“嬉皮士”(hippies),是一種當(dāng)代的西方亞文化。這些人追求非主流的生活方式,刻意選擇和“潮流”不同的審美,他們?nèi)粘I钪袩o(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻不在反抗“主流”,然而事實(shí)卻是他們的打扮卻總是大同小異,走在街上一眼就能看出來(lái)。塔布爾在他構(gòu)建的數(shù)學(xué)模型中引入了時(shí)間延遲,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)人們(神經(jīng)元)并不能馬上察覺(jué)到什么才是主流,人們?cè)谶@個(gè)過(guò)程中存在延遲,而當(dāng)延遲足夠長(zhǎng)時(shí),這些非主流個(gè)體就在無(wú)意間趨于同步了。塔布爾表示:“為了反抗主流,這些人中產(chǎn)生了某種‘嬉普士回路’(hipster loop)?!?塔布爾這樣描述他的結(jié)果:“一段時(shí)間后,會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)隨機(jī)的主流,而所有的嬉普士都會(huì)避開這個(gè)主流,隨著回避的人越來(lái)越多,產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)明顯的反主流,而這個(gè)反主流又會(huì)在一段時(shí)間后才被發(fā)現(xiàn),進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致兩者互換。這樣的搖擺會(huì)周期性地出現(xiàn)。所以不論嬉普士們?nèi)绾闻Ψ纯怪髁髭厔?shì),總是會(huì)失敗,反而形成了另一種主流”。這就是所謂的“嬉普士悖論(hipster paradox)?!?strong>
“The world’s population is growing so fast that we are on the brink of a food crisis, and bugs represent the way out.”
隨著世界人口持續(xù)的增長(zhǎng),食品匱乏越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重,吃蟲子或許是個(gè)解決問(wèn)題的辦法。這并不是異想天開,荷蘭的昆蟲學(xué)家(entomologist)馬塞爾?迪克(Marcel Dicke)在其著作The Insect Cookbook: Food for a Sustainable Planet中認(rèn)為,我們對(duì)昆蟲的厭惡不僅沒(méi)有根據(jù),而且也很過(guò)時(shí)(Our aversion to insects is senseless and outdated.)。為了證明昆蟲可以吃,馬塞爾甚至還找來(lái)了前聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)安南(former UN Secretary-General Annan)為其宣傳。安南認(rèn)為,應(yīng)該開始圈養(yǎng)昆蟲了,就像我們?cè)谵r(nóng)場(chǎng)里養(yǎng)羊一樣(He suggests that we should start raising insects on farms, like we do sheep.)。其實(shí)吃蟲子不是什么新鮮事,幾百萬(wàn)年來(lái)人們一直這么吃,現(xiàn)在世界上還有部分地區(qū)的人們保留了這個(gè)習(xí)慣(Eating bugs is nothing new. People have been doing it for millions of years, and still do in many parts of the world.)。對(duì)于西方國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō),蟲子不過(guò)是一道新奇的小吃(novelty snack)罷了。那么現(xiàn)在問(wèn)題來(lái)了,巧克力味的螞蟻,誰(shuí)要來(lái)一份?
“You might want to think twice about curling up with your cellphone, iPad, or laptop at bedtime. Screen time wrong prelude to bedtime, study says.”
世界上最著名的生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究機(jī)構(gòu)布萊根婦女醫(yī)院(Brigham and Women’s Hospital )研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與睡前閱讀紙質(zhì)書籍相比,在發(fā)光屏幕上的閱讀會(huì)使得人們更難入睡,第二天的警惕性也會(huì)降低(less alert)。實(shí)驗(yàn)中,研究人員要求實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象閱讀四小時(shí),有時(shí)是紙質(zhì)書籍,有時(shí)是在ipad上閱讀。結(jié)果表明,在發(fā)光屏幕上閱讀會(huì)抑制褪黑激素(melatonin)并改變身體的醒睡周期(sleep-wake cycle)。事實(shí)上,在這個(gè)睡眠缺失的社會(huì)(sleep-deprived society)里,發(fā)光屏幕只是問(wèn)題的一部分而已(part of the problem)。研究人員建議人們?cè)谒皽p少使用發(fā)光設(shè)備并且調(diào)低其亮度(reduce the use and brightness of screen),當(dāng)然,這個(gè)建議說(shuō)說(shuō)容易,做起來(lái)可不簡(jiǎn)單(much easier said than done)。
“I think emoticons have to count as language,” he argues. “This is what the 21st Century is showing us, it’s expanding what counts as language and also what counts as writing. All of this is writing.”
說(shuō)起表情符號(hào),你一定不陌生,其實(shí),它起源于20世紀(jì)80年代早期的一個(gè)偶然事件。當(dāng)時(shí),電腦科學(xué)家斯科特?法爾曼(computer scientist Scott Fahlman)在論壇上與人聊天時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),他說(shuō)笑話時(shí),卻沒(méi)人能看出他是想說(shuō)一個(gè)笑話。一天,他將一個(gè)冒號(hào)(colon)、破折號(hào)(dash)和括號(hào)(bracket)連在一起,就形成了今天這個(gè)辨識(shí)度極高的符號(hào):-)。從那以后,涌現(xiàn)出了成百上千的表情符號(hào)(thousands of emoticons like this have emerged)。從文化層面來(lái)說(shuō),我們已經(jīng)非常習(xí)慣于表情符號(hào)的表達(dá)。它們的確能夠傳達(dá)一些復(fù)雜且含義豐富的情感,這是普通字詞(standard words)無(wú)法做到的。甚至有人認(rèn)為,人們使用的表情符號(hào)越多,就會(huì)越喜歡與他人溝通交流(The more individuals use emoticons, the more they’re likely to communicate with each other.)。
(來(lái)源:英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)雜志 編輯:許晶晶)