你問我答
如何判斷應用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞?
內(nèi)容簡介
一位聽眾來信詢問如何判斷在句子中應使用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞。英語中的分詞分為以 -ing 結尾的現(xiàn)在分詞和多以 -ed 結尾的過去分詞。雖然在一些極為特殊的句子中,這兩種分詞可以互換使用,但在大多數(shù)情況下,它們在句中起到的作用是不同的。本期節(jié)目從分詞所在句子的時態(tài)、動作的主動或被動性等多個角度分析現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法。
文字稿
(關于臺詞的備注: 請注意這不是廣播節(jié)目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能沒有體現(xiàn)錄制、編輯過程中對節(jié)目做出的改變。)
Jiaying
大家好,歡迎收聽 BBC 英語教學的 “你問我答” 節(jié)目。I'm Jiaying.
Phil
And I'm Phil. We have a question from one of our listeners:
Question
我想問有關分詞的用法,現(xiàn)在分詞跟過去分詞都看見有人用,不知道如何區(qū)分哪個才是對的。比如:到底是 “I am starving to death.” 還是 “I am starved to death.”?是 “I am heading to London.” 還是 “I am headed to London.”?
Phil
In this programme, we will be looking at participles. We know that regular past participles end in -ed and that present participles end in -ing.
Jiaying
規(guī)則的動詞過去分詞以 “-ed” 結尾,現(xiàn)在分詞以 “-ing” 結尾。
Phil
OK. Participles can be used in many different ways in English.
Jiaying
英語中,分詞的用法多樣,它們常用來構成動詞的完成時態(tài)或進行時態(tài)。部分動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞可以作形容詞使用,甚至是用在一句話中構成分句的一部分。
我們先來看一下問題中提到的第一組句子。
Phil
'I am starving to death' and 'I am starved to death'. Now, these sentences are probably most commonly used as hyperbole, and in that case, they would mean the same. 'Starving' and 'starved' could both be acting as adjectives here.
Jiaying
“I am starving to death. (我快要餓壞了。)” 這里,動詞 “starve(挨餓)” 的現(xiàn)在分詞 “starving” 作形容詞使用,表示 “極餓的,餓壞了的”。作形容詞使用的現(xiàn)在分詞多用來表示主動進行的動作。
“I am starved to death.” 的意思也是 “我快要餓壞了?!?這里,過去分詞 “starved” 也可以理解為作形容詞使用,它可能暗示了我是因為某個人而挨餓的。作形容詞使用的過去分詞多表示被動完成的動作。但要注意,這只是一個常見的模式,并不是絕對的規(guī)律。
Phil
Let's look at the second pair of sentences in the question – "I am heading to London." and "I am headed to London".
Jiaying
“I am heading to London. ” 暗示了說話人正在去倫敦的途中。而 “I am headed to London” 則暗示說話人計劃、打算去倫敦,但可能還沒出發(fā)。
Phil
The present participle is being used in a different way here – rather than as an adjective, 'heading' is part of a sentence in the present continuous. The past participle 'headed' could be acting as an adjective here.
Jiaying
這兩句話中的現(xiàn)在分詞 “heading” 和過去分詞 “headed” 的用法不同。“Heading” 所在的句子是現(xiàn)在進行時,它在這里是動詞 “head” 的進行時;而 “headed” 所在的句子是一般現(xiàn)在時,“headed” 在這里可以理解為動詞 “head” 的被動語態(tài)或者作形容詞使用,表示 “朝…走的”。
Phil
In reality, there may be little difference, and some regional varieties of English may prefer one form to the other.
Jiaying
說完了問題中的兩組句子。我們再來看一類比較難判斷應該使用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞的情況。
Phil
This is when participles are used as adjectives to describe feelings. Feeling adjectives that are formed with the past participle, ending in -ed, are often about how we feel. Feeling adjectives formed with the present participle, that's -ing, are often about what makes us feel that way.
Jiaying
我們稱這類表示感受的形容詞為 “feeling adjectives”。我們通常用以 “-ed” 結尾的過去分詞表示人的內(nèi)在感受,比如:“tired(累的)”、“interested(感興趣的)”。用 “-ing” 結尾的現(xiàn)在分詞強調(diào)是誰或什么事情給人造成了這種感受,比如 “tiring(令人感到累的)”、“interesting(有趣的)”。來聽兩組例句。
Examples
This work is tiring. I need a lie down.
(這工作很累人。我需要躺下歇歇。)
I'm tired. I need a lie down.
(我累了。我需要躺下休息。)
She's so interesting. I could listen to her talk for hours!
(她真有趣。我可以長時間聽她講話!)
I'm really interested in what she has to say.
(我對她說的話很感興趣。)
Jiaying
再來補充一種情況:我們可以用現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞構成一句話中的分句的一部分,以解釋說明事情發(fā)生的原因或方式。來聽兩組例句。
Examples
Panicking, she got her things together and left for the airport.
(她驚慌失措,收拾好東西后就去了機場。)
Panicked at the thought of missing the plane, she left for the airport.
(怕可能趕不上飛機,她就急急忙忙地去了機場。)
Soaked by the rain, he turned and walked home.
(他渾身上下被雨淋得濕透,所以轉身往家走。)
The rain got heavier, soaking everyone in the square.
(雨越下越大,淋濕了廣場上的每個人。)
Phil
In these examples, the present participles 'panicking' and 'soaking' act in a similar way to an active verb, while the past participles 'panicked' and 'soaked' act in a similar way to a passive verb.
Jiaying
好了,希望我們的講解能幫助你更好地判斷什么時候用現(xiàn)在分詞,什么時候用過去分詞。
Phil
If you have a question that you'd like us to answer, you can email us too at: questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk
Jiaying
你也可以通過微博向我們提問。我們的微博賬號是 “BBC英語教學”。Bye.
Phil
Bye.