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BBC Learning English 英語(yǔ)教學(xué)

你問(wèn)我答

 

區(qū)分及物和不及物動(dòng)詞

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內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介

一位網(wǎng)友想知道如何區(qū)分及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞以及謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。要想?yún)^(qū)分及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞,首先要判斷動(dòng)詞后是否需要接直接賓語(yǔ)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主要區(qū)別則在于動(dòng)詞在句中的成分以及它是否會(huì)因人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。聽(tīng)節(jié)目中兩位主持人的講解。

歡迎你加入并和我們一起討論英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的方方面面。請(qǐng)通過(guò)微博 “BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)” 或郵件與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。我們的郵箱地址是 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk

文字稿

(關(guān)于臺(tái)詞的備注: 請(qǐng)注意這不是廣播節(jié)目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)錄制、編輯過(guò)程中對(duì)節(jié)目做出的改變。)

Jiaying 
大家好,歡迎收聽(tīng) BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的 “你問(wèn)我答” 節(jié)目,我是佳瑩。

Phil
And I'm Phil. Welcome!

Jiaying
本期節(jié)目的問(wèn)題來(lái)自一位網(wǎng)友,問(wèn)題由我來(lái)代讀:

Question
您好,請(qǐng)問(wèn)及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別以及謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別是什么?謝謝!

Phil
OK, there are two parts to this question, so I think we should start by looking at the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs.

Jiaying
好的,我們先來(lái)回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題的第一部分,也就是及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別。在區(qū)分這兩類動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候,大家要記住這個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):及物動(dòng)詞需要接直接賓語(yǔ),而不及物動(dòng)詞可以不接賓語(yǔ)。

Phil
Sometimes that difference is really clear – look at the words 'say' and 'talk'. If we use the word 'say', then we have to mention what's being said – that's the direct object. It's transitive – listen to these examples.

Examples
Can I say a few words?
(我能說(shuō)幾句話嗎?)

He just said his name. Didn't you hear?
(他剛剛說(shuō)了他的名字。你沒(méi)聽(tīng)到嗎?)

Jiaying
在上面的兩個(gè)例句中,“say(說(shuō))” 和 “said(說(shuō)了)” 的后面分別接賓語(yǔ) “a few words(幾句話)” 和 “his name(他的名字)”。這兩句話的賓語(yǔ)都是所說(shuō)的具體內(nèi)容。這里我們不能省略及物動(dòng)詞 “say” 或 “said” 后面的直接賓語(yǔ)。

Phil
So, now let's look at 'talk'. It has a similar meaning to 'say', but don't use a direct object with it – it's intransitive. Listen to these examples.

Examples
We talked for hours. I'm really tired now!
(我們聊了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。我現(xiàn)在真的很累!)

He talks too much. I usually get bored.
(他太能說(shuō)了。我通常會(huì)感到無(wú)聊。)

Jiaying
雖然動(dòng)詞 “talk” 和 “say” 都表示 “說(shuō)”,但 “talk” 的具體含義是 “講話,談話”,它是不及物動(dòng)詞,所以不接直接賓語(yǔ)。

Phil
Now, an important thing to notice is that many verbs in English can be used as either transitive or intransitive.

Jiaying
沒(méi)錯(cuò),英語(yǔ)中有很多動(dòng)詞既可以作及物動(dòng)詞,也可以作不及物動(dòng)詞。來(lái)聽(tīng)兩個(gè)例句,例句中都使用了動(dòng)詞 “drink”。

Examples
I drink whenever I exercise.
(我每次鍛煉時(shí)都會(huì)喝水。)

I drink coffee with my breakfast every day.
(我每天早餐都喝咖啡。)

Jiaying
這兩個(gè)例句都用了動(dòng)詞 “drink(喝)”。在第一個(gè)例句中,“drink” 是不及物動(dòng)詞,不接直接賓語(yǔ),這里 “drink” 可以理解為 “喝水”;在第二個(gè)例句中,“drink” 則是及物動(dòng)詞,后面接賓語(yǔ) “coffee(咖啡)”。

Phil
OK, hopefully we've managed to answer your question about transitive and intransitive verbs. Now let's look at predicate and non-predicate verbs – also called 'finite' and 'non-finite' verbs.

Jiaying
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也分別被稱作 “限定動(dòng)詞” 和 “非限定動(dòng)詞”。

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常會(huì)根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化,而且它通常是句子中的主動(dòng)詞。

Examples
I drank some milk.
(我喝了一些牛奶。)

She drinks eight glasses of water a day.
(她每天喝八杯水。)

Jiaying
第一個(gè)例句是一般過(guò)去時(shí),所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式 “drank(喝了)”;第二個(gè)例句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù),所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 “drinks(喝)”。

Phil
Now, non-predicate or non-finite verbs don't change for tense or person. They can be infinitives, some -ing forms or some -ed forms like the past participle.

Jiaying
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞并不會(huì)因?yàn)槿朔Q或時(shí)態(tài)的變化而發(fā)生變化。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可能是不定式 “to do”、現(xiàn)在分詞等一些動(dòng)詞的 -ing 形式或者過(guò)去分詞等一些動(dòng)詞的 -ed 形式。聽(tīng)三個(gè)例句,例句中使用了 “drink” 的不同形式,邊聽(tīng)邊思考每句話中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞起到的作用。

Examples
I really need something to drink.
(我真得喝點(diǎn)什么。)

Drinking coffee makes me more alert.
(喝咖啡讓我更清醒。)

I have drunk all the water in the bottle.
(我把瓶子里的水都喝光了。)

Jiaying
在第一個(gè)例句中,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 “to drink” 用來(lái)修飾 “something(東西)”,所以 “to drink” 起到了形容詞的作用:“something to drink” 的意思就是 “用來(lái)喝的東西”。

Phil
The second example has the gerund 'drinking', which is acting like a noun.

Jiaying
是的,第二個(gè)例句中的動(dòng)名詞 “drinking” 是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,它在句子中起到了名詞的作用。第三個(gè)例句中的過(guò)去分詞 “drunk” 是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,它是構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一部分。

Phil
In this programme, we've looked at different ways of using verbs – we've looked at transitive and intransitive uses and predicate and non-predicate ways of using verbs.

Jiaying
希望通過(guò)我們的講解,大家對(duì)英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞的一些新用法有了更深的理解。

Phil
Remember that if you have a question that you'd like us to answer, you can email us too at: questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk

Jiaying
你也可以把問(wèn)題發(fā)送到我們的微博,微博賬號(hào)是 “BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)”。Bye, everyone!

Phil
Bye!

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