美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)4月26日發(fā)布了一份關(guān)于哈佛大學(xué)與奴隸制歷史聯(lián)系的報(bào)告，報(bào)告稱，從1636年哈佛大學(xué)成立到1783年美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州禁止奴隸制，奴隸制曾是哈佛大學(xué)生活中不可或缺的一部分，哈佛大學(xué)的教師和負(fù)責(zé)人在此期間奴役了70名黑人和原住民。另外，奴隸制在美國(guó)盛行時(shí)期，不少為哈佛大學(xué)提供資金的捐助者都曾利用美國(guó)南部和加勒比地區(qū)的奴隸貿(mào)易和奴隸勞作的種植園獲利。

An internal committee commissioned by Harvard University has published an exhaustive inquiry into the prestigious school’s history and ties to slavery and the study of eugenics, university president Lawrence Bacow announced on Tuesday, adding that the school was setting aside $100 million to “make amends” for its past transgressions.
哈佛大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)勞倫斯·巴科4月26日宣布，哈佛大學(xué)委托的一個(gè)內(nèi)部委員會(huì)公布了一份詳盡的調(diào)查報(bào)告，調(diào)查這所名校歷史上與奴隸制和優(yōu)生學(xué)研究的聯(lián)系。他還表示，該校將撥出1億美元用于“彌補(bǔ)”其曾經(jīng)的過(guò)錯(cuò)。

Harvard profited from “the beneficence of donors who accumulated their wealth through slave trading; from the labor of enslaved people on plantations in the Caribbean islands and in the American South; and from the Northern textile manufacturing industry, supplied with cotton grown by enslaved people held in bondage,” the report, published on Tuesday by the Presidential Committee on Harvard and the Legacy of Slavery, revealed.
哈佛大學(xué)奴隸制遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)4月26日發(fā)布的報(bào)告稱，哈佛從“通過(guò)奴隸貿(mào)易積累財(cái)富的捐贈(zèng)者的慈善行為中獲利；從加勒比島嶼和美國(guó)南部種植園中的奴隸的勞動(dòng)中獲利；從奴役奴隸種植棉花的北方紡織制造業(yè)中獲利?！?/p>

Indeed, “more than a third of the money donated to or promised to Harvard by private individuals came from just five men who made their fortunes from slavery and slave-produced commodities,” including cotton, the report found.
報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，事實(shí)上，“私人捐贈(zèng)或承諾捐贈(zèng)給哈佛大學(xué)的資金超過(guò)三分之一來(lái)自五個(gè)人，他們通過(guò)奴隸制和奴隸生產(chǎn)的棉花等商品發(fā)家致富”。

Bacow initially formed the committee in 2019 in order to probe the school’s “historic ties to slavery - direct, financial, and intellectual.” Its report found that from 1636 to 1783, the school enslaved 70 people, some of whom were responsible for caring for the university’s presidents, professors and students.
該委員會(huì)成立于2019年，目的是調(diào)查哈佛大學(xué)“與奴隸制的歷史聯(lián)系——包括直接的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的和知識(shí)層面的聯(lián)系”。報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，從1636年到1783年，學(xué)校奴役了70人，其中一些人負(fù)責(zé)照顧學(xué)校校長(zhǎng)、教授和學(xué)生。

Harvard didn’t just benefit from slavery - it took concrete steps to quash abolitionist sentiment on campus, according to the committee, which made a point of countering the popular narrative that places New England at the center of the “antislavery moment” and in particular casts Harvard’s home state of Massachusetts as a “hotbed of opposition to slavery.”
據(jù)該委員會(huì)稱，哈佛不僅從奴隸制中受益，還采取了具體措施壓制校園里的廢奴主義情緒。該委員會(huì)特別反駁了將新英格蘭視為"反奴隸制"中心的流行說(shuō)法，尤其是將哈佛大學(xué)所在的馬薩諸塞州視為 "廢奴制的溫床"。

Harvard’s medical school admitted three black students in 1850 but subsequently expelled them following complaints from white students and alumni, and only admitted an average of three black students per year as late as 1940, according to the report, which noted that Harvard was still promoting the study of eugenics - central to World War II-era “race sciences” - at the time. Harvard’s women’s college, Radcliffe, denied housing to its few black students.
哈佛大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院在1850年錄取了三名黑人學(xué)生，但隨后在白人學(xué)生和校友的投訴下將他們開除，據(jù)該報(bào)告稱，截至1940年，哈佛大學(xué)平均每年只錄取三名黑人學(xué)生。報(bào)告指出，哈佛當(dāng)時(shí)仍在推動(dòng)優(yōu)生學(xué)研究（二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期“種族科學(xué)”的核心）。哈佛女子學(xué)院拉德克利夫?qū)W院拒絕為少數(shù)黑人學(xué)生提供住房。

Additionally, Harvard Law School’s first professorship was established with the profits of the slave trade in the form of a bequest from Isaac Royall Jr., a rich slave merchant who left the school a hefty sum in his will in 1781. The university incorporated elements of the family’s coat of arms into its law school seal, an issue which became controversial in 2016, leading to the retirement of the seal and Royall’s denunciation as “the son of an Antiguan slaveholder known to have treated his slaves with extreme cruelty.”
此外，哈佛大學(xué)法學(xué)院的第一個(gè)教授職位是用奴隸貿(mào)易賺取的財(cái)富——來(lái)自富有的奴隸商人小艾薩克·羅亞爾的一筆遺贈(zèng)——設(shè)立的，羅亞爾在1781年的遺囑中贈(zèng)予哈佛一筆巨款。哈佛大學(xué)將該家族的徽章元素納入其法學(xué)院的印章，這在2016年引發(fā)爭(zhēng)議，導(dǎo)致法學(xué)院印章被棄用。羅亞爾因是“一個(gè)安提瓜奴隸主的兒子”而被抨擊，這個(gè)臭名昭著的奴隸主“以極端殘忍的方式對(duì)待他的奴隸”。

Many such problematic “early benefactors” left their names on buildings and professorships and their images in statues sprinkled throughout campus, according to the report, which found that “the color line held at Harvard” despite the official collapse of slavery following the Civil War. Harvard’s longest-serving president and other prominent academics were key figures in the study of eugenics, a pseudoscience used to justify racial segregation in the US and abroad.
報(bào)告稱，許多有問(wèn)題的“早期贊助者”在哈佛大學(xué)的建筑和教授職位上留名，而他們的雕塑也遍布校園。報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后奴隸制正式瓦解，但“哈佛的膚色線”依然存在。哈佛大學(xué)任期最長(zhǎng)的校長(zhǎng)和其他著名學(xué)者是優(yōu)生學(xué)研究的關(guān)鍵人物。優(yōu)生學(xué)是一門偽科學(xué)，用于為美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家的種族隔離辯護(hù)。

The report calls on the university to "identify, engage, and support" direct descendants of enslaved workers early in the university's history, which included Black and Native American slaves. The primary recommendation was to offer increased access to educational opportunities, while also attempting to reach broader groups that have largely been excluded from attending Harvard.
該報(bào)告呼吁，大學(xué)應(yīng)該“識(shí)別、雇傭并資助”其歷史早期奴工的直系后裔，包括黑人與原住民，并建議提供更多教育機(jī)會(huì)，以及嘗試觸及一般情況下無(wú)法就讀于哈佛大學(xué)的更大群體。

The report recommends a closer partnership between Harvard and historically Black colleges and universities, in part through the creation of a new “Du Bois Scholars Program," to subsidize semester, summer or yearlong visits from HBCU students to Harvard.
報(bào)告建議，哈佛大學(xué)要與傳統(tǒng)的黑人學(xué)院和大學(xué)（HBCU）建立更緊密的合作。其部分目標(biāo)將通過(guò)創(chuàng)建新的“杜波依斯學(xué)者計(jì)劃”實(shí)現(xiàn)，后者對(duì)HBCU學(xué)生在哈佛的學(xué)期、暑假或全年訪學(xué)提供補(bǔ)貼。

“Harvard benefited from and in some ways perpetuated practices that were profoundly immoral,” Bacow wrote in his letter accompanying the report, arguing the school bears “a moral responsibility to do what we can to address the persistent corrosive effects of those historical practices on individuals, on Harvard, and on our society.”
巴科在報(bào)告隨附信件中寫道：“哈佛從極其不道德的做法中受益，并在某種程度上延續(xù)了這些做法?！彼J(rèn)為，哈佛“有道德責(zé)任盡我們所能解決這些歷史做法對(duì)個(gè)人、哈佛和社會(huì)的持續(xù)腐蝕性影響”。

來(lái)源：今日俄羅斯，福布斯新聞網(wǎng)
編輯：董靜