2021年11月新聞熱詞匯總
中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng) 2021-12-01 10:00
航天功勛獎(jiǎng)?wù)?Space Service Medal
中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院、中央軍委11月23日發(fā)布關(guān)于給聶海勝、劉伯明、湯洪波頒發(fā)航天功勛獎(jiǎng)?wù)碌臎Q定。
The Communist Party of China Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission issued a joint statement saying that the top authorities had conferred a First-class Space Service Medal on Nie Haisheng, a Second-class Space Service Medal on Liu Boming and a Third-class Space Service Medal on Tang Hongbo. Tang was also named a "Heroic Astronaut", an honorary title Nie and Liu have already received.
中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院、中央軍委決定,給聶海勝同志頒發(fā)“一級(jí)航天功勛獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆?,給劉伯明同志頒發(fā)“二級(jí)航天功勛獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆?,授予湯洪波同志“英雄航天員”榮譽(yù)稱(chēng)號(hào)并頒發(fā)“三級(jí)航天功勛獎(jiǎng)?wù)隆?。聶海勝和劉伯明此前已獲得“英雄航天員”榮譽(yù)稱(chēng)號(hào)。
三位航天員均為空軍一級(jí)飛行員出身,聶海勝和劉伯明為少將軍銜,湯洪波為大校軍銜。
【軍銜相關(guān)詞匯】
陸軍、空軍(Army and Air Force):
上將(General), 中將(Lieutenant General), 少將(Major General), 大校(Senior Colonel), 上校(Colonel),中校(Lieutenant Colonel), 少校(Major), 上尉(Captain), 中尉(Lieutenant), 少尉(Second Lieutenant)
海軍(Navy):
上將(Admiral), 中將(Vice-Admiral), 少將(Rear Admiral), 大校(Senior Captain), 上校(Captain), 中校(Commander), 少校(Lieutenant Commander), 上尉(Lieutenant), 中尉(Lieutenant Junior Grade), 少尉(Ensign)
2021年6月17日,我國(guó)航天員聶海勝、劉伯明、湯洪波駕乘神舟十二號(hào)載人飛船成功進(jìn)入太空,順利完成與天和核心艙自主快速交會(huì)對(duì)接(fast autonomous rendezvous and docking with the Tianhe core module),并開(kāi)展了一系列創(chuàng)新性、突破性科學(xué)試驗(yàn)和空間應(yīng)用任務(wù),在軌駐留3個(gè)月,于9月17日順利返回。
The crew made two spacewalks, using a large robotic arm and other equipment to install and adjust devices outside the space station Tiangong.
乘組進(jìn)行了兩次出艙任務(wù),完成了使用大型機(jī)械臂和其他設(shè)備在“天宮”空間站外部安裝和調(diào)試設(shè)備等任務(wù)。
神舟十二號(hào)載人飛行任務(wù)是實(shí)現(xiàn)載人航天工程“三步走”戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)至關(guān)重要的一次任務(wù)。
The astronauts are outstanding representatives of Chinese science and technology professionals, space industry workers and PLA service members, who used their wisdom and devotion to make Shenzhou XII a complete success.
神舟十二號(hào)載人飛行任務(wù)圓滿(mǎn)成功,凝聚著廣大科技工作者、航天員、干部職工、解放軍指戰(zhàn)員的智慧和心血。三位航天員是其中的杰出代表。
他們聽(tīng)令景從、矢志報(bào)國(guó),不畏艱險(xiǎn)、團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作,向世界展示了強(qiáng)大的中國(guó)精神、中國(guó)力量。
母乳喂養(yǎng) breastfeeding
近日,國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委等十五部門(mén)聯(lián)合印發(fā)《母乳喂養(yǎng)促進(jìn)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(2021-2025年)》。
China will promote breastfeeding over the next five years by improving hospitals' consultancy services, public support facilities and protecting women's working rights during lactation.
未來(lái)五年,我國(guó)將通過(guò)強(qiáng)化醫(yī)院咨詢(xún)服務(wù)、公共設(shè)施建設(shè)以及保護(hù)哺乳期女職工權(quán)益等措施促進(jìn)母乳喂養(yǎng)。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
近幾年,不少地方政府陸續(xù)出臺(tái)了有關(guān)女職工“五期”勞動(dòng)保護(hù)的政策法規(guī),“五期”指的是女職工的經(jīng)期(menstrual period)、孕期(pregnancy)、產(chǎn)期(obstetrical period)、哺乳期(lactation)和更年期(menopause)。
計(jì)劃提出:
Companies and administrative units will be required to ensure their female workers have access to maternity leave, and make reasonable schedules for mothers who are breastfeeding.
用人單位要確保女職工享受產(chǎn)假,合理安排哺乳期女職工的哺乳時(shí)間。
【詞匯講解】
母親在生產(chǎn)后按規(guī)定享受的一段假期是maternity/maternal leave(產(chǎn)假),如果是“帶薪產(chǎn)假”則為paid maternity leave。Maternity和maternal這兩個(gè)詞都與mother這個(gè)詞相關(guān),而拉丁語(yǔ)中的“媽媽”一詞為mater,正是maternity和maternal的詞根。我們都知道英語(yǔ)中表達(dá)親戚關(guān)系的詞都是uncle、aunt這樣,而不是像中文那樣“叔叔”、“舅舅”、“姑姑”、“阿姨”分得很清楚,如果在表達(dá)的時(shí)候想要區(qū)分,可以在前面加上maternal或者paternal,比如:my maternal aunt就是“我姨”,而my paternal aunt則是“我姑”。
Mothers should have one hour for breastfeeding during work hours, which will be equivalent to an hour of work. Also, reducing salary or benefits, or laying off female workers due to breastfeeding is not allowed.
用人單位應(yīng)當(dāng)在每天的勞動(dòng)時(shí)間內(nèi)為其安排1小時(shí)哺乳時(shí)間,不得因女職工哺乳降低其工資福利待遇、予以辭退或解除勞動(dòng)(聘用)合同。
Buildings that are over 10,000 square meters and frequented by children, traffic hubs, attractions and shopping malls with more than 10,000 daily visitors should be equipped with individual rooms for mothers.
經(jīng)常有母嬰逗留且建筑面積超過(guò)1萬(wàn)平方米或日客流量超過(guò)1萬(wàn)人的交通樞紐、商業(yè)中心、旅游景區(qū)等公共場(chǎng)所,建立獨(dú)立母嬰室。
Supervision of baby products and medical units will also be enhanced. For example, any advertisement for baby dairy products, drinks or food claiming that it can replace breast milk is prohibited.
加強(qiáng)對(duì)嬰兒產(chǎn)品以及醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)督。禁止發(fā)布聲稱(chēng)可替代母乳的嬰兒乳制品、飲料和其他食品廣告。
自動(dòng)駕駛出行服務(wù)商業(yè)化試點(diǎn) test run of robotaxi paid service
11月25日,北京市高級(jí)別自動(dòng)駕駛示范區(qū)工作辦公室公布北京正式開(kāi)放首個(gè)自動(dòng)駕駛出行服務(wù)商業(yè)化試點(diǎn),并發(fā)布了配套管理政策。
Tech giant Baidu Inc and self-driving startup Pony.ai are the first pair of enterprises granted permission to offer paid services and provide up to 100 self-driving vehicles for commercial pilot services within an area of 60 square kilometers in the Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone.
科技巨頭百度和自動(dòng)駕駛初創(chuàng)企業(yè)小馬智行成為首批獲許開(kāi)展商業(yè)化試點(diǎn)服務(wù)的企業(yè),現(xiàn)階段將在北京經(jīng)開(kāi)區(qū)60平方公里范圍,投入不超過(guò)100輛自動(dòng)駕駛車(chē)輛開(kāi)展商業(yè)化試點(diǎn)服務(wù)。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
“自動(dòng)駕駛車(chē)輛”(autonomous/self-driving/driverless vehicle),又稱(chēng)無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)或電腦駕駛汽車(chē),是通過(guò)電腦系統(tǒng)操控實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)人駕駛的智能汽車(chē)。自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)依靠人工智能(artificial intelligence)、視覺(jué)計(jì)算(visual computing)、雷達(dá)(radar)、監(jiān)控裝置(monitoring devices)和全球定位系統(tǒng)(GPS)協(xié)同合作,讓電腦可以在沒(méi)有任何人類(lèi)主動(dòng)的操作下,自動(dòng)安全地操作機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛。提供出行服務(wù)的自動(dòng)駕駛車(chē)輛則可以簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為robotaxi。
Autonomous driving service providers can adopt market-based pricing mechanisms and charge for their services after clarifying fee policies and payment methods to passengers.
企業(yè)可采取市場(chǎng)化定價(jià)機(jī)制。同時(shí),在向乘客明確收費(fèi)原則、支付方式等信息前提下,方可開(kāi)啟體驗(yàn)收費(fèi)服務(wù)。
據(jù)央視新聞報(bào)道,當(dāng)前試點(diǎn)服務(wù)的上下車(chē)環(huán)節(jié)需由乘客走到固定上下車(chē)站點(diǎn)(pick-up and drop-off points),而非自己隨意設(shè)置。試點(diǎn)服務(wù)的整體定價(jià),參考了專(zhuān)車(chē)和網(wǎng)約車(chē)的定價(jià)機(jī)制(pricing is similar to the level of premium ride-hailing services),并且初期優(yōu)惠力度會(huì)非常大。
截至目前,北京自動(dòng)駕駛累計(jì)安全測(cè)試?yán)锍探咏?00萬(wàn)公里。商業(yè)化試點(diǎn)(pilot run)是自動(dòng)駕駛應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景落地(commercial deployment of autonomous driving service)的最終環(huán)節(jié),進(jìn)而形成產(chǎn)業(yè)閉環(huán)。
安全可控是開(kāi)展商業(yè)化試點(diǎn)活動(dòng)的最重要的基本原則。
此次管理政策要求,
Potential service providers should fully comply with and implement laws and regulations concerning autonomous driving and step up efforts to ensure security of personal information and online data.
申請(qǐng)主體全面遵守和落實(shí)國(guó)家相關(guān)法律法規(guī),加強(qiáng)對(duì)個(gè)人信息和網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)安全保護(hù);
Service providers should set up a fully functional internet security system, carrying out effective management of internet service platforms and dealing with security incidents.
企業(yè)建立完整的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全防護(hù)體系,對(duì)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)平臺(tái)進(jìn)行持續(xù)有效的網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全管理,有效應(yīng)對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全事件。
自動(dòng)駕駛商業(yè)前景廣闊
全球咨詢(xún)機(jī)構(gòu)IHS Markit發(fā)布的一份報(bào)告指出:
The market size of China's self-driving taxi services is expected to surpass 1.3 trillion yuan by 2030, accounting for 60 percent of the country's ride-hailing market by then.
到2030年,中國(guó)自動(dòng)駕駛出行服務(wù)的市場(chǎng)規(guī)模將達(dá)到1.3萬(wàn)億元,占全國(guó)出行市場(chǎng)的60%。
下一步,北京市高級(jí)別自動(dòng)駕駛示范區(qū)(Beijing High-level Automated Driving Demonstration Area)將適時(shí)逐步擴(kuò)大商業(yè)化試點(diǎn)路段或區(qū)域范圍(expand areas covered by robotaxi service),支持企業(yè)從無(wú)人化道路測(cè)試逐步過(guò)渡到無(wú)人商業(yè)化試點(diǎn),持續(xù)為公眾帶來(lái)自動(dòng)駕駛出行服務(wù)體驗(yàn)升級(jí)。
年度彈幕 trending bullet comment of the year
11月29日,嗶哩嗶哩(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)B站)與人民文學(xué)出版社、中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院新聞與傳播研究所聯(lián)合發(fā)布2021年度彈幕“破防了”。
“彈幕”是近幾年興起的一種新的評(píng)論形式,指視頻播放時(shí)觀眾的實(shí)時(shí)評(píng)論像子彈一樣在屏幕上穿梭(real-time comments from viewers fly across the screen like bullets while a video is playing),這樣的“彈幕評(píng)論”在英語(yǔ)中一般用bullet comments表示,如果視頻播放時(shí)彈幕評(píng)論很多,占據(jù)了整個(gè)屏幕,就形成了bullet screen(彈幕)。
The trending bullet comment of the year "Po Fang Le", or "this broke down my defenses" in literal translation, is a phrase used in games when a player's defense is torn down by special moves.
年度彈幕“破防了”本為游戲術(shù)語(yǔ),意為使用特殊物理傷害突破了防御。
在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)語(yǔ)境中,“破防了”一詞有了更豐富的含義,常用于表示心理防線被突破后,產(chǎn)生不可抑制的震動(dòng)。
在“破防了”表達(dá)的情緒中,既有年輕人對(duì)個(gè)人情緒的表達(dá),也有對(duì)社會(huì)事件的共鳴。
moved to tears by a movie line
被影視動(dòng)畫(huà)中某句臺(tái)詞戳中淚點(diǎn),
left emotionally vulnerable watching a food video when one is hungry
在饑腸轆轆時(shí)被一個(gè)美食視頻暴擊,
inspired by athelets competing at the Olympics
被奧運(yùn)健兒的拼搏瞬間所鼓舞,
bidding farewell to the generation of people who used to be part of one's youth memory
與一個(gè)個(gè)承載時(shí)代記憶的名字告別。
只要用戶(hù)產(chǎn)生了情感震動(dòng),都可以發(fā)上一條“破防了”的彈幕來(lái)表達(dá)共鳴。
在英語(yǔ)中,我們可以根據(jù)不同的語(yǔ)境用I was moved to tears, I'm overwhelmed,This really got me或者I'm shook來(lái)表達(dá)“破防了”。
B站2020年度彈幕是“爺青回”(My youth is making a comeback)。
B站2019年度彈幕是“AWSL”(“啊,我死了”的首字母縮寫(xiě),I'm dying)。
年度詞匯 word of the year
“NFT”當(dāng)選《柯林斯詞典》2021年度詞匯。NFT是non-fungible token的縮寫(xiě),中文翻譯為“非同質(zhì)化代幣”,是記錄數(shù)字資產(chǎn)所有權(quán)的唯一數(shù)字標(biāo)識(shí)符。柯林斯表示,NFT在2021年的使用率增長(zhǎng)了110000%。
NFT is an abbreviation for non-fungible token, which according to the dictionary is “a unique digital certificate, registered in a blockchain, that is used to record ownership of an asset such as an artwork or a collectible.”
NFT是non-fungible token的縮寫(xiě),據(jù)《柯林斯詞典》解釋?zhuān)@個(gè)詞指的是“在區(qū)塊鏈中注冊(cè)的唯一數(shù)字證書(shū),用于記錄藝術(shù)品或收藏品等資產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)?!?/p>
《劍橋詞典》日前宣布,2021年度詞匯是perseverance(毅力)。
The word was inspired by Nasa’s mission to Mars, as data showed that users across the globe searched for the word online more than 243,000 times throughout the year.
該詞的當(dāng)選得益于美國(guó)宇航局的火星任務(wù),數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全球用戶(hù)從年初至今對(duì)“毅力”一詞的網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索量超過(guò)了24.3萬(wàn)次。
The dictionary found there was a surge in searches for the meaning of “perseverance” between 18 and 24 February, after Nasa’s Perseverance Rover landed on Mars.
《劍橋詞典》發(fā)現(xiàn),在美國(guó)宇航局的“毅力號(hào)”探測(cè)器登陸火星后,2月18日至24日期間網(wǎng)友對(duì)“毅力”含義的搜索量激增。
"Perseverance” is defined in the Cambridge Dictionary as a “continued effort to do or achieve something, even when this is difficult or takes a long time”.
《劍橋詞典》將“毅力”一詞定義為“不斷努力地做某事或?qū)崿F(xiàn)某個(gè)目標(biāo),無(wú)論有多困難或需要花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”。
2021年與疫苗相關(guān)的詞匯更加頻繁出現(xiàn),而“vax”(疫苗,接種疫苗)也被《牛津英語(yǔ)詞典》評(píng)選為2021年度詞匯。
Words related to vaccines have spiked in frequency in 2021 due to Covid, with double-vaxxed, unvaxxed and anti-vaxxer all seeing a surge in use.
由于新冠肺炎疫情,2021年與疫苗相關(guān)的詞匯更加頻繁出現(xiàn),“接種過(guò)兩劑疫苗的”、“未接種疫苗的”和“反對(duì)疫苗人士”這些詞匯的使用頻率驟增。
OED senior editor Fiona McPherson says vax was an obvious choice as it has made "the most striking impact".
《牛津英語(yǔ)詞典》高級(jí)編輯菲奧娜·麥克弗森稱(chēng),“VAX”是最合適的選擇,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)詞的“影響是最大的”。
編輯:彭娜、馬文英