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中共中央關于黨的百年奮斗重大成就和歷史經驗的決議
Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century

（2021年11月11日中國共產黨第十九屆中央委員會第六次全體會議通過）
Adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on November 11, 2021

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序言
Preamble

中國共產黨自一九二一年成立以來，始終把為中國人民謀幸福、為中華民族謀復興作為自己的初心使命，始終堅持共產主義理想和社會主義信念，團結帶領全國各族人民為爭取民族獨立、人民解放和實現國家富強、人民幸福而不懈奮斗，已經走過一百年光輝歷程。
Since its founding in 1921, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has remained true to its original aspiration and mission of seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation. Staying committed to communist ideals and socialist convictions, it has united and led Chinese people of all ethnic groups in working tirelessly to achieve national independence and liberation, and then to make our country prosperous and strong and pursue a better life. The past century has been a glorious journey.

一百年來，黨領導人民浴血奮戰(zhàn)、百折不撓，創(chuàng)造了新民主主義革命的偉大成就；自力更生、發(fā)憤圖強，創(chuàng)造了社會主義革命和建設的偉大成就；解放思想、銳意進取，創(chuàng)造了改革開放和社會主義現代化建設的偉大成就；自信自強、守正創(chuàng)新，創(chuàng)造了新時代中國特色社會主義的偉大成就。黨和人民百年奮斗，書寫了中華民族幾千年歷史上最恢宏的史詩。
Over the past hundred years, the Party has led the people to a number of important milestones: achieving great success in the new-democratic revolution through bloody battles and unyielding struggles; achieving great success in socialist revolution and construction through a spirit of self-reliance and a desire to build a stronger China; achieving great success in reform, opening up, and socialist modernization by freeing minds and forging ahead; and achieving great success for socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era through a spirit of self-confidence, self-reliance, and innovating on the basis of what has worked in the past. The endeavors of the Party and the people over the past century represent the most magnificent chapter in the millennia-long history of the Chinese nation.

總結黨的百年奮斗重大成就和歷史經驗，是在建黨百年歷史條件下開啟全面建設社會主義現代化國家新征程、在新時代堅持和發(fā)展中國特色社會主義的需要；是增強政治意識、大局意識、核心意識、看齊意識，堅定道路自信、理論自信、制度自信、文化自信，做到堅決維護習近平同志黨中央的核心、全黨的核心地位，堅決維護黨中央權威和集中統(tǒng)一領導，確保全黨步調一致向前進的需要；是推進黨的自我革命、提高全黨斗爭本領和應對風險挑戰(zhàn)能力、永葆黨的生機活力、團結帶領全國各族人民為實現中華民族偉大復興的中國夢而繼續(xù)奮斗的需要。全黨要堅持唯物史觀和正確黨史觀，從黨的百年奮斗中看清楚過去我們?yōu)槭裁茨軌虺晒Α⑴靼孜磥砦覀冊鯓硬拍芾^續(xù)成功，從而更加堅定、更加自覺地踐行初心使命，在新時代更好堅持和發(fā)展中國特色社會主義。
A review of the Party’s major achievements and historical experience over the past century is necessary for the following purposes:

--starting a new journey to build China into a modern socialist country in all respects in the historical context of the Party’s centenary;

--upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era;

--strengthening our consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment with the central Party leadership;

--enhancing our confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics;

--resolutely upholding Comrade Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole and upholding the Central Committee’s authority and its centralized, unified leadership to ensure that all Party members act in unison;

--advancing the Party’s self-reform, building all Party members’ fighting capacity, strengthening their ability to respond to risks and challenges, and maintaining the Party’s vigor and vitality; and

--uniting and leading all Chinese people in making continued efforts to realize the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

All Party members should uphold historical materialism and adopt a rational outlook on the Party’s history. Looking back on the Party’s endeavors over the past century, we can see why we were successful in the past and how we can continue to succeed in the future. This will ensure that we act with greater resolve and a stronger sense of purpose in staying true to our Party’s founding mission, and that we more effectively uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

一九四五年黨的六屆七中全會通過的《關于若干歷史問題的決議》、一九八一年黨的十一屆六中全會通過的《關于建國以來黨的若干歷史問題的決議》，實事求是總結黨的重大歷史事件和重要經驗教訓，在重大歷史關頭統(tǒng)一了全黨思想和行動，對推進黨和人民事業(yè)發(fā)揮了重要引領作用，其基本論述和結論至今仍然適用。
The Party adopted the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party at the seventh plenary session of its Sixth Central Committee in 1945 and the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China at the sixth plenary session of its 11th Central Committee in 1981.

These two resolutions embody a facts-based review of major events in the Party’s history, as well as important experience gained and lessons learned. These documents unified the whole Party in thinking and action at key historical junctures and played a vital guiding role in advancing the cause of the Party and the people. Their basic points and conclusions remain valid to this day.

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一、奪取新民主主義革命偉大勝利
I. A Great Victory in the New-Democratic Revolution

新民主主義革命時期，黨面臨的主要任務是，反對帝國主義、封建主義、官僚資本主義，爭取民族獨立、人民解放，為實現中華民族偉大復興創(chuàng)造根本社會條件。
In the period of the new-democratic revolution, the main tasks of the Party were to oppose imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucrat-capitalism, seek national independence and the people’s liberation, and create the fundamental social conditions necessary for realizing national rejuvenation.

中華民族是世界上古老而偉大的民族，創(chuàng)造了綿延五千多年的燦爛文明，為人類文明進步作出了不可磨滅的貢獻。一八四〇年鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以后，由于西方列強入侵和封建統(tǒng)治腐敗，中國逐步成為半殖民地半封建社會，國家蒙辱、人民蒙難、文明蒙塵，中華民族遭受了前所未有的劫難。為了拯救民族危亡，中國人民奮起反抗，仁人志士奔走吶喊，進行了可歌可泣的斗爭。太平天國運動、洋務運動、戊戌變法、義和團運動接連而起，各種救國方案輪番出臺，但都以失敗告終。孫中山先生領導的辛亥革命推翻了統(tǒng)治中國幾千年的君主專制制度，但未能改變中國半殖民地半封建的社會性質和中國人民的悲慘命運。中國迫切需要新的思想引領救亡運動，迫切需要新的組織凝聚革命力量。
With a history stretching back more than 5,000 years, the Chinese nation is a great and ancient nation that has fostered a splendid civilization and made indelible contributions to the progress of human civilization. After the Opium War of 1840, however, China was gradually reduced to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society due to the aggression of Western powers and the corruption of feudal rulers. The country endured intense humiliation, the people were subjected to untold misery, and the Chinese civilization was plunged into darkness. The Chinese nation suffered greater ravages than ever before.

To save the nation from peril, the Chinese people rose to fight back, and patriots of high ideals sought to pull the nation together, putting up a heroic and moving struggle. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the Westernization Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898, and the Yihetuan Movement rose one after the other, and a variety of plans were devised to ensure national survival, but all of these ended in failure. The Revolution of 1911 led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen brought down the absolute monarchy that had reigned over China for thousands of years, but it failed to change the semi-colonial and semi-feudal nature of Chinese society and to alter the bitter fate of the Chinese people. China was in urgent need of new ideas to lead the movement to save the nation and a new organization to rally forces of revolution.

十月革命一聲炮響，給中國送來了馬克思列寧主義。五四運動促進了馬克思主義在中國的傳播。在中國人民和中華民族的偉大覺醒中，在馬克思列寧主義同中國工人運動的緊密結合中，一九二一年七月中國共產黨應運而生。中國產生了共產黨，這是開天辟地的大事變，中國革命的面貌從此煥然一新。
With the salvoes of Russia’s October Revolution in 1917, Marxism-Leninism was brought to China. The May 4th Movement of 1919 spurred the spread of Marxism throughout the country. Then in July 1921, as the Chinese people and the Chinese nation were undergoing a great awakening and Marxism-Leninism was becoming closely integrated with the Chinese workers’ movement, the Communist Party of China was born. The founding of a communist party in China was an epoch-making event, and from then on the Chinese revolution took on an entirely new look.

黨深刻認識到，近代中國社會主要矛盾是帝國主義和中華民族的矛盾、封建主義和人民大眾的矛盾。實現中華民族偉大復興，必須進行反帝反封建斗爭。
The Party was keenly aware that the conflicts between imperialism and the Chinese nation, and those between feudalism and the people constituted the principal contradiction in modern Chinese society. To realize national rejuvenation, it would be essential to initiate an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle.

建黨之初和大革命時期，黨制定民主革命綱領，發(fā)動工人運動、青年運動、農民運動、婦女運動，推進并幫助國民黨改組和國民革命軍建立，領導全國反帝反封建偉大斗爭，掀起大革命高潮。一九二七年國民黨內反動集團叛變革命，殘酷屠殺共產黨人和革命人民，由于黨內以陳獨秀為代表的右傾思想發(fā)展為右傾機會主義錯誤并在黨的領導機關中占了統(tǒng)治地位，黨和人民不能組織有效抵抗，致使大革命在強大的敵人突然襲擊下遭到慘重失敗。
In the early days of the Party and during the Great Revolution, the Party formulated the program of the democratic revolution, launched movements of workers, youths, peasants, and women, promoted and supported the reorganization of the Chinese Kuomintang (KMT) and the founding of the National Revolutionary Army, and led the great anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle across the country, bringing about a surge in the Great Revolution.

In 1927, the reactionary clique within the KMT betrayed the revolution, brutally massacring communists and other revolutionaries. Meanwhile, the Right deviationist ideas within the Party represented by Chen Duxiu grew into Right opportunist errors and came to dominate the Party’s leadership. The Party and the people were unable to mount an effective resistance, resulting in a disastrous defeat for the Great Revolution under the surprise attack of a powerful enemy.

土地革命戰(zhàn)爭時期，黨從殘酷的現實中認識到，沒有革命的武裝就無法戰(zhàn)勝武裝的反革命，就無法奪取中國革命勝利，就無法改變中國人民和中華民族的命運，必須以武裝的革命反對武裝的反革命。南昌起義打響武裝反抗國民黨反動派的第一槍，標志著中國共產黨獨立領導革命戰(zhàn)爭、創(chuàng)建人民軍隊和武裝奪取政權的開端。八七會議確定實行土地革命和武裝起義的方針。黨領導舉行秋收起義、廣州起義和其他許多地區(qū)起義，但由于敵我力量懸殊，這些起義大多數失敗了。事實證明，在當時的客觀條件下，中國共產黨人不可能像俄國十月革命那樣通過首先占領中心城市來取得革命在全國的勝利，黨迫切需要找到適合中國國情的革命道路。
During the Agrarian Revolutionary War, the Party realized in light of harsh realities that without revolutionary armed forces, it would be impossible to defeat armed counter-revolutionaries, win the Chinese revolution, and thus change the fate of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. The Party would need to fight armed counter-revolution with armed revolution.

The Nanchang Uprising of 1927 fired the opening shot of armed resistance against KMT reactionaries. This marked the start of the Communist Party of China’s journey to lead the revolutionary struggle independently, build the people’s armed forces, and seize state power by force. Soon afterwards, the policy of carrying out agrarian revolution and organizing armed uprisings was established at the August 7th Meeting. The Party led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, the Guangzhou Uprising, and uprisings in many other areas. Due to the great disparity in strength between the enemy forces and our own, most of these uprisings ended in failure. The fact of the matter was that in view of objective conditions at the time, the Chinese communists could not follow the example of Russia’s October Revolution and win nationwide revolutionary victory by taking key cities first. The Party urgently needed to find a revolutionary path compatible with China’s actual conditions.

從進攻大城市轉為向農村進軍，是中國革命具有決定意義的新起點。毛澤東同志領導軍民在井岡山建立第一個農村革命根據地，黨領導人民打土豪、分田地。古田會議確立思想建黨、政治建軍原則。隨著斗爭發(fā)展，黨創(chuàng)建了中央革命根據地和湘鄂西、海陸豐、鄂豫皖、瓊崖、閩浙贛、湘鄂贛、湘贛、左右江、川陜、陜甘、湘鄂川黔等根據地。黨在國民黨統(tǒng)治下的白區(qū)也發(fā)展了黨和其他革命組織，開展了群眾革命斗爭。然而，由于王明“左”傾教條主義在黨內的錯誤領導，中央革命根據地第五次反“圍剿”失敗，紅軍不得不進行戰(zhàn)略轉移，經過艱苦卓絕的長征轉戰(zhàn)到陜北?！白蟆眱A路線的錯誤給革命根據地和白區(qū)革命力量造成極大損失。
The shift from attacking big cities to advancing into rural areas was a new starting point of decisive importance in the Chinese revolution. Led by Comrade Mao Zedong, soldiers and civilians established the first rural revolutionary base in the Jinggang Mountains, where the Party led the people in overthrowing local despots and redistributing the land. The Gutian Meeting of 1929 established the principles of strengthening the Party ideologically and the military politically. As progress was made in the struggle, the Party established the Central Revolutionary Base as well as the Western Hunan-Hubei, Haifeng-Lufeng, Hubei-Henan-Anhui, Qiongya, Fujian-Zhejiang-Jiangxi, Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi, Hunan-Jiangxi, Zuojiang-Youjiang, Sichuan-Shaanxi, Shaanxi-Gansu, and Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou bases. In addition, the Party also set up Party organizations and other revolutionary organizations in KMT-controlled areas and launched revolutionary mass struggles.

However, the fifth counter-encirclement and suppression campaign in the Central Revolutionary Base ended in failure as a result of the misguided leadership of Wang Ming’s “Left” dogmatism within the Party. The Red Army was forced to make a strategic shift, and arrived in northern Shaanxi Province after enduring the extraordinarily bitter and arduous journey of the Long March. The errors of the “Left” line caused enormous losses to revolutionary bases as well as revolutionary forces in KMT-controlled areas.

一九三五年一月，中央政治局在長征途中舉行遵義會議，事實上確立了毛澤東同志在黨中央和紅軍的領導地位，開始確立以毛澤東同志為主要代表的馬克思主義正確路線在黨中央的領導地位，開始形成以毛澤東同志為核心的黨的第一代中央領導集體，開啟了黨獨立自主解決中國革命實際問題新階段，在最危急關頭挽救了黨、挽救了紅軍、挽救了中國革命，并且在這以后使黨能夠戰(zhàn)勝張國燾的分裂主義，勝利完成長征，打開中國革命新局面。這在黨的歷史上是一個生死攸關的轉折點。
In January 1935, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee convened a meeting in Zunyi on the Long March, at which Comrade Mao Zedong was confirmed as the de facto leader of the Central Committee and the Red Army. The meeting laid the groundwork for establishing the leading position within the Central Committee of the correct Marxist line chiefly represented by Comrade Mao Zedong, as well as for the formation of the first generation of the central collective leadership with Comrade Mao Zedong at its core. The meeting opened a new stage in which the Party would act on its own initiative to address practical problems concerning the Chinese revolution, and saved the Party, the Red Army, and the Chinese revolution at a moment of greatest peril. It also subsequently enabled the Party to defeat Zhang Guotao’s separatism, bring the Long March to a triumphant conclusion, and open up new horizons for the Chinese revolution. The Zunyi Meeting is therefore considered a pivotal turning point in the Party’s history.

抗日戰(zhàn)爭時期，九一八事變后，中日民族矛盾逐漸超越國內階級矛盾上升為主要矛盾。在日本帝國主義加緊侵略我國、民族危機空前嚴重的關頭，黨率先高舉武裝抗日旗幟，廣泛開展抗日救亡運動，促成西安事變和平解決，對推動國共再次合作、團結抗日起了重大歷史作用。七七事變后，黨實行正確的抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線政策，堅持全面抗戰(zhàn)路線，提出和實施持久戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)略總方針和一整套人民戰(zhàn)爭的戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術，開辟廣大敵后戰(zhàn)場和抗日根據地，領導八路軍、新四軍、東北抗日聯(lián)軍和其他人民抗日武裝英勇作戰(zhàn)，成為全民族抗戰(zhàn)的中流砥柱，直到取得中國人民抗日戰(zhàn)爭最后勝利。這是近代以來中國人民反抗外敵入侵第一次取得完全勝利的民族解放斗爭，也是世界反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭勝利的重要組成部分。
After the September 18th Incident in 1931 during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the conflict between China and Japan gradually overtook domestic class conflict as the issue of primary importance. As Japanese imperialists intensified their aggression against China, the country was plunged into an unprecedented national crisis. The Party was the first to propose that China should fight Japanese aggression with armed resistance, and launched extensive resistance movements. It also facilitated a peaceful settlement of the Xi’an Incident, thus playing a historic role in promoting a second period of cooperation between the KMT and the CPC and the united resistance against Japanese aggression.

Following the July 7th Incident in 1937, the Party implemented the right policy on the Chinese united front against Japanese aggression, and adhered to the line of all-out resistance. It devised and executed the strategic guidelines for a protracted war as well as a whole set of strategies and tactics for a people’s war, opened up vast battlefronts behind enemy lines, and developed bases for the resistance. The Party led the Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army, the Northeast United Resistance Army, and other forces of the people’s armed resistance in brave fighting, and they were the pillar of the entire nation’s resistance until the Chinese people finally prevailed. This marked the first time in modern history that the Chinese people had won a complete victory against foreign aggressors in the war of national liberation, and was an important part of the global war against fascism.

解放戰(zhàn)爭時期，面對國民黨反動派悍然發(fā)動的全面內戰(zhàn)，黨領導廣大軍民逐步由積極防御轉向戰(zhàn)略進攻，打贏遼沈、淮海、平津三大戰(zhàn)役和渡江戰(zhàn)役，向中南、西北、西南勝利進軍，消滅國民黨反動派八百萬軍隊，推翻國民黨反動政府，推翻帝國主義、封建主義、官僚資本主義三座大山。黨領導的人民軍隊在人民支持下，以一往無前的英雄氣概同窮兇極惡的敵人進行殊死斗爭，為奪取新民主主義革命勝利建立了歷史功勛。
During the War of Liberation, as the KMT reactionaries flagrantly launched an all-out civil war, the Party led soldiers and civilians in gradually shifting from active defense to strategic offensive. It secured victories in the Liaoxi-Shenyang, Huai-Hai, and Beiping-Tianjin campaigns as well as the Crossing-the-Yangtze Campaign, advanced triumphantly into the central-south, northwest, and southwest, and wiped out eight million KMT troops, thus overthrowing the reactionary KMT government and the three mountains of imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucrat-capitalism. With the support of the people, the Party-led people’s army demonstrated heroic mettle and unyielding resolve as they fought to the last against these fierce enemies, making a historic contribution to the victory of the new-democratic revolution.

在革命斗爭中，以毛澤東同志為主要代表的中國共產黨人，把馬克思列寧主義基本原理同中國具體實際相結合，對經過艱苦探索、付出巨大犧牲積累的一系列獨創(chuàng)性經驗作了理論概括，開辟了農村包圍城市、武裝奪取政權的正確革命道路，創(chuàng)立了毛澤東思想，為奪取新民主主義革命勝利指明了正確方向。
In the course of the revolutionary struggle, Chinese communists, with Comrade Mao Zedong as their chief representative, adapted the basic tenets of Marxism-Leninism to China’s specific realities and developed a theoretical synthesis of China’s unique experience which came from painstaking trials and great sacrifices. They blazed the right revolutionary path of encircling cities from the countryside and seizing state power with military force. They established Mao Zedong Thought, which charted the correct course for securing victory in the new-democratic revolution.

在革命斗爭中，黨弘揚堅持真理、堅守理想，踐行初心、擔當使命，不怕犧牲、英勇斗爭，對黨忠誠、不負人民的偉大建黨精神，實施和推進黨的建設偉大工程，提出著重從思想上建黨的原則，堅持民主集中制，堅持理論聯(lián)系實際、密切聯(lián)系群眾、批評和自我批評三大優(yōu)良作風，形成統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線、武裝斗爭、黨的建設三大法寶，努力建設全國范圍的、廣大群眾性的、思想上政治上組織上完全鞏固的馬克思主義政黨。黨從一九四二年開始在全黨進行整風，這場馬克思主義思想教育運動收到巨大成效。黨制定《關于若干歷史問題的決議》，使全黨對中國革命基本問題的認識達到一致。黨的七大為建立新民主主義的新中國制定了正確路線方針政策，使全黨在思想上政治上組織上達到空前統(tǒng)一和團結。
In the course of the revolutionary struggle, the Party carried forward its great founding spirit comprised of the following principles: upholding truth and ideals, staying true to its original aspiration and founding mission, fighting bravely without fear of sacrifice, and remaining loyal to the Party and faithful to the people. The Party initiated and advanced the great project of Party building, introduced the principle of focusing on strengthening the Party in ideological terms, and upheld democratic centralism. It stuck to the three fine styles of conduct, namely combining theory with practice, maintaining close ties with the people, and conducting criticism and self-criticism; it developed the three important tools of the united front, armed struggle, and Party building, as it strived to build a national Marxist party of the people, which was fully consolidated in ideological, political, and organizational terms. The rectification movement—a Party-wide Marxist ideological education movement—was launched in 1942 and yielded tremendous results. The Party formulated the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party, which helped the entire Party reach a common understanding of the basic questions regarding the Chinese revolution. At the Seventh National Congress, the correct line, principles, and policies were formulated for building a new-democratic China, and as a result the Party became united as never before in ideological, political, and organizational terms.

經過二十八年浴血奮斗，黨領導人民，在各民主黨派和無黨派民主人士積極合作下，于一九四九年十月一日宣告成立中華人民共和國，實現民族獨立、人民解放，徹底結束了舊中國半殖民地半封建社會的歷史，徹底結束了極少數剝削者統(tǒng)治廣大勞動人民的歷史，徹底結束了舊中國一盤散沙的局面，徹底廢除了列強強加給中國的不平等條約和帝國主義在中國的一切特權，實現了中國從幾千年封建專制政治向人民民主的偉大飛躍，也極大改變了世界政治格局，鼓舞了全世界被壓迫民族和被壓迫人民爭取解放的斗爭。
On October 1, 1949, the founding of the People’s Republic of China was proclaimed after 28 years of bitter and courageous struggle carried out by the people under the leadership of the Party and with the active support of other political parties and democrats without party affiliation, thus realizing the independence of the Chinese nation and the liberation of the Chinese people. This put an end to China’s history as a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society, to the rule of a handful of exploiters over the working people, to the state of total disunity that plagued the old China, and to all the unequal treaties imposed on our country by foreign powers and all the privileges that imperialist powers enjoyed on our land, marking the country’s great transformation from a millennia-old feudal autocracy to a people’s democracy. This also reshaped the world political landscape and offered enormous inspiration for oppressed nations and peoples struggling for liberation around the world.

實踐充分說明，歷史和人民選擇了中國共產黨，沒有中國共產黨領導，民族獨立、人民解放是不可能實現的。中國共產黨和中國人民以英勇頑強的奮斗向世界莊嚴宣告，中國人民從此站起來了，中華民族任人宰割、飽受欺凌的時代一去不復返了，中國發(fā)展從此開啟了新紀元。
It has been proven through practice that history and the people have chosen the Communist Party of China, and that without its leadership, it would not have been possible to realize national independence and the people’s liberation. Through tenacious struggle, the Party and the people showed the world that the Chinese people had stood up and the time in which the Chinese nation could be bullied and abused was gone and would never return. This marked the beginning of a new epoch in China’s development.