10月熱詞有：視頻網(wǎng)站宣布取消超前點播，美團因濫用市場支配地位被處罰，山西遭遇強降雨，聯(lián)合國《生物多樣性公約》第十五次締約方大會在昆明舉行，我國設(shè)立第一批國家公園，神舟十三號載人飛船成功發(fā)射，北京2022年冬奧會火種到達中國、防疫手冊及獎牌公布，我國將在部分地區(qū)試點房產(chǎn)稅改革。

視頻網(wǎng)站 video streaming platforms

Major Chinese video streaming platforms iQiyi, Youku and Tencent Video announced that they were canceling the practice of charging fees for early access to TV show episodes before they are available to other members and the general public.
國內(nèi)主要視頻平臺愛奇藝、優(yōu)酷、騰訊視頻宣布取消劇集超前付費點播服務(wù)。

【知識點】

所謂超前點播，是視頻網(wǎng)站推出的一項增值服務(wù)（value-added service），用戶需要在VIP會員的基礎(chǔ)上額外付費才能提前解鎖未播出的內(nèi)容（VIP members have to pay extra to unlock the yet-to-be-broadcast content in advance），且用戶只能按順序逐集購買（on an episode by episode basis），不能自由選擇。

超前點播最早始于2019年，當時《陳情令》在騰訊視頻成為超級爆款，騰訊視頻試行“超前點播”功能，大獲成功。據(jù)片方在慶功宴上透露，該劇付費點播人數(shù)達520萬人次，超前付費總金額達1.56億元。

就在同年底《慶余年》播出時，作為拼播劇，騰訊視頻和愛奇藝同時運用了這一模式，VIP 用戶再支付 50 元即可提前觀看 6 集，引起輿論熱議。

今年《掃黑風暴》熱播時，平臺方再次推出超前點播升級版——逐集解鎖，這一模式被官方點名批評。

On Aug 30, the Shanghai Consumer Protection Committee issued a document saying that consumers have the right to choose which episode they want to watch and that the so-called “unlocking in sequence” is an unfair sales tactic.
8月30日，上海消費者保護委員會發(fā)文稱，消費者有權(quán)選擇看哪一集，所謂的“逐集解鎖”行為是一種不公平的銷售策略。

9月9日，中國消費者協(xié)會也就此發(fā)聲。

The China Consumers Association expressed its view that VIP services on video platforms should be in compliance with laws and regulations.
中國消費者協(xié)會表示，視頻平臺的VIP服務(wù)應(yīng)該依法合規(guī)。

Consumers pay membership fees to have early access to TV series on video platforms, while the new practice of pay-per-view in advance is suspected to be an infringement of members' rights.
消費者花錢購買VIP會員就可以享受提前觀看劇集的權(quán)利，而“超前點播”行為涉嫌損害會員權(quán)益。

濫用市場支配地位 abuse dominant market position

China's top market watchdog on Friday fined the internet giant Meituan 3.442 billion yuan for abusing its dominant market position in the country's online food delivery platform market and ordered the company to "comprehensively rectify" its operations. The fine is equal to about 3 percent of the Meituan's total domestic sales revenue of 114.748 billion yuan in 2020, according to China's State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) in an online statement.
10月8日，市場監(jiān)管總局宣布，認定美團濫用在中國境內(nèi)網(wǎng)絡(luò)餐飲外賣平臺服務(wù)市場的支配地位，決定處以其2020年中國境內(nèi)銷售額1147.48億元3%的罰款，計34.42億元，并要求其進行全面整改。

【詞匯講解】

“濫用市場支配地位”除了上文中的abuse dominant market position以外，也可以用abuse market dominance表示。Abuse這個詞可以用作動詞或名詞，均表示“濫用，虐待”等意思，比如：power abuse/to abuse power（濫用職權(quán)）、child abuse/to abuse a child（虐待兒童）、drug abuse/abuse drugs（藥物濫用）、verbal abuse/verbally abuse someone（語言暴力）等。

《國務(wù)院反壟斷委員會關(guān)于平臺經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域的反壟斷指南》中列出的濫用市場支配地位行為表現(xiàn)形式包括：不公平價格行為、低于成本銷售、拒絕交易、限定交易、搭售或者附加不合理交易條件差別待遇等（unfair pricing, sales below cost, refusal-to-deal, restricted trading, tie-in sales, attaching unreasonable trading conditions and differential treatment）。

市場監(jiān)管總局成立專案組，依法扎實高效推進案件查辦，廣泛開展調(diào)查取證，獲取大量證據(jù)材料并全面深入分析，查明案件事實；組織專家反復深入開展研究論證；多次聽取美團陳述意見，保障其合法權(quán)利；確保本案事實清楚、證據(jù)確鑿、定性準確、處理恰當、手續(xù)完備、程序合法。

China's market watchdog found that, since 2018, Meituan had abused its market position in domestic food delivery services, forcing merchants to sign exclusive cooperation agreements.
經(jīng)查，2018年以來，美團濫用在中國境內(nèi)網(wǎng)絡(luò)餐飲外賣平臺服務(wù)市場的支配地位，促使平臺內(nèi)商家與其簽訂獨家合作協(xié)議。

The company was also found to have taken multiple punitive measures, including charging merchant deposits and employing technological tactics involving data and algorithms, pressuring those merchants to "pick one out of two" to exclude competitors and limit market competition.
該公司通過收取獨家合作保證金和數(shù)據(jù)、算法等技術(shù)手段，采取多種懲罰性措施，保障“二選一”行為實施，排除、限制了相關(guān)市場競爭。

Those behaviors have weakened the innovative dynamics and vitality of the platform, and harmed the interests of the platform merchants and consumers, said the SAMR.
上述行為削弱平臺創(chuàng)新動力和發(fā)展活力，損害平臺內(nèi)商家和消費者的合法權(quán)益。

The market watchdog has ordered Meituan to stop illegal activities, return nearly 1.289 billion yuan in deposits paid by merchants to cooperate exclusively with the company's food ordering and delivery platform.
市場監(jiān)管總局責令美團停止違法行為，全額退還獨家合作保證金12.89億元。

Meituan has also been ordered to comprehensively rectify its misconduct, including improving the commission charging mechanism and algorithm rules, safeguarding the legitimate interests of small and medium-sized catering businesses on the platform, and strengthening the protection of the lawful rights and interests of the delivery personnel.
同時，要求其圍繞完善平臺傭金收費機制和算法規(guī)則、維護平臺內(nèi)中小餐飲商家合法利益、加強外賣騎手合法權(quán)益保護等進行全面整改。

【詞匯講解】

Commission這個詞，常見的意思是“委員會”，比如：中央全面依法治國委員會（the Commission for Law-based Governance under the CPC Central Committee），中央紀律檢查委員會（the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection），國家衛(wèi)生健康委員會（National Health Commission）等，但是在本文的語境中，commission指的是“a fee paid to an agent or employee for transacting a piece of business or performing a service，especially a percentage of the money received from a total paid to the agent responsible for the business”（代理人或員工完成一項交易或服務(wù)后收取的費用，尤指從整個交易費用中劃出的一定比例的金錢收入），也就是“傭金，提成，抽成”等，比如：He gets a commission for each car he sells（他每賣掉一輛車就有一份提成收入）。

The company should submit reports on the improvements in its practices over the next three years and accomplish regulated, innovative, healthy and sustainable development, according to the SAMR.
美團應(yīng)連續(xù)三年向市場監(jiān)管總局提交自查合規(guī)報告，確保整改到位，實現(xiàn)規(guī)范創(chuàng)新健康持續(xù)發(fā)展。

山西暴雨 heavy downpour in Shanxi

10月2日至7日，山西省多地遭遇強降雨。

More than 120,000 people have been temporarily evacuated after continuous downpours triggered floods in north China's Shanxi province, authorities said Sunday.The floods have disrupted the lives of 1.76 million residents from 76 counties, cities and districts, according to the provincial department of emergency management.Some 190,000 hectares of crops were damaged and more than 17,000 houses collapsed, the department said.
山西省應(yīng)急管理廳表示，連續(xù)強降雨引發(fā)的洪澇災(zāi)害已導致山西76個縣（市、區(qū)）約176萬人受災(zāi)，12萬多人轉(zhuǎn)移安置，約19萬公頃農(nóng)作物受災(zāi)，1.7萬余間房屋倒塌。

【知識點】

從氣象上來說，24小時降水量（24-hour precipitation）為50毫米或以上的雨稱為“暴雨”（rainstorm/ downpour/ torrential rain）。特大暴雨是一種災(zāi)害性天氣（disastrous weather），往往造成“洪澇災(zāi)害”（flood），在山區(qū)還會引發(fā)“山體滑坡”（landslide）和“泥石流”（debris flow）。Landslide（山體滑坡）是暴雨使山體不堪重負，由山體薄弱地帶斷開整體下滑，而debris flow（泥石流）是暴雨使沙土石達到水飽和，在重力的作用下液化的泥沙石向低洼處流動。

Heavy rains hav damaged a 25-meter wall section of the ancient town of Pingyao, a UNESCO world heritage site famous for its well-preserved ancient architecture.
受強降雨影響，平遙古城墻發(fā)生局部坍塌，坍塌長度約25米。平遙古城是聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)，是保存完好的知名古建筑。

Meanwhile, 60 coal mines have suspended operations after heavy rain lashed the coal-rich province, local authorities said on Friday.
當?shù)卣?0月8日表示，受強降雨影響，該省60個煤礦暫停生產(chǎn)。

Operations at 372 non-coal mines, 14 hazardous-chemical enterprises, over 1,000 construction projects and 166 scenic spots have also been suspended.
同時，暫時關(guān)閉非煤礦山372座、?；髽I(yè)14家，在建工程1000多個，景區(qū)166個。

山西此輪降水極端異常，導致汾河、沁河、濁漳河等多條河流發(fā)生漲水過程及險情。

The dyke of the Fenhe River, a major tributary of the Yellow River, near Qiaodong village in Xinjiang county was breached at about 5 pm Thursday, said the municipal publicity department of Yuncheng. The Xinjiang section in the lower reaches of the river is facing the largest flood crest in nearly four decades.
運城市宣傳部表示，10月7日17點，汾河下游新絳段遭遇近40年來最大洪峰，新絳縣橋東村附近的汾河部分堤壩發(fā)生決口。汾河是黃河的一條主要支流。

【知識點】

在水文學上，支流（tributary）指匯入另一條河流（或其他水體）而不直接入海的河流。支流所匯入的河流稱為干流或主流（mainstream），兩河或多河交匯之處稱為合流或合流處（confluence）。與支流相反的情況稱為分流（distributary）。

The nearly 20-meter-long dyke breach was closed on Friday.
10月8日，這個近20米長的堤壩決口完成封堵。

搶險救災(zāi)進展

Local authorities have heightened and consolidated 13.7 km of the river dykes and evacuated 17,631 residents.
當?shù)卣咽枭?7631名群眾，加高加固堤壩13.7公里。

The provincial authorities have earmarked 50 million yuan to support the flood control and relief work, 20 million will be used for disaster relief work for people severely impacted by flooding.
山西省已緊急下達省級雨澇災(zāi)害救災(zāi)資金5000萬元，其中2000萬元用于支持受災(zāi)嚴重的群眾。

On Saturday, the China National Commission for Disaster Reduction and the Ministry of Emergency Management jointly activated a Level-IV emergency response to floods in Shanxi and dispatched a working team to the affected area. The province has also issued a Level-III emergency response for natural disasters.
10月9日，國家減災(zāi)委、應(yīng)急管理部啟動國家Ⅳ級救災(zāi)應(yīng)急響應(yīng)并派出工作組趕赴災(zāi)區(qū)。山西省同時啟動自然災(zāi)害III級應(yīng)急響應(yīng)。

山西究竟下了多少雨？

中央氣象局的一位專家表示：

The heavy rain in Shanxi lasted from Oct 2 to 6, and it was accompanied by thunderstorms and a significant drop in temperature.
強降雨從10月2日持續(xù)到6日，同時伴有雷暴和明顯降溫。

The average rainfall in Shanxi for the month of October is 31.1 millimeters, but from 8 pm on Oct 2 to 8 am of Oct 7, it saw precipitation averaging 119.5 mm. Eighteen counties in the province had more than 200 mm of rain during the period, with a maximum recording of 285.2 mm, the expert said.
山西全省10月份月平均降水量為31.1毫米。但是從10月2日20時至7日8時，山西省平均降水量達119.5毫米。全省有18個縣（市、區(qū)）降水超過200毫米，累計降水量最大為285.2毫米。

A total of 63 national weather monitoring stations in the province saw the accumulated precipitation figures reach record highs.
全省63個國家氣象觀測站過程累計降水量超過同期歷史極值。

《生物多樣性公約》第十五次締約方大會 COP 15

10月11日，2020年聯(lián)合國《生物多樣性公約》第十五次締約方大會在云南昆明正式開幕。

先來簡單科普一下：

In 1993, the Convention on Biological Diversity came into effect, which set three objectives – the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, ushering in a new era for the protection of global biodiversity.
1993年，《生物多樣性公約》正式生效，公約確立了保護生物多樣性、可持續(xù)利用其組成部分以及公平合理分享由利用遺傳資源而產(chǎn)生的惠益三大目標，全球生物多樣性保護開啟了新紀元。

《生物多樣性公約》是一項保護地球生物資源的國際性公約，由聯(lián)合國環(huán)境和發(fā)展大會于1992年6月5日通過并開放給各國簽字、批準和加入，目前共有196個締約方。中國是批準加入該公約最早的國家之一（the first countries to become a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity）。

締約方大會（the Conference of the Parties，COP）是《生物多樣性公約》的最高議事和決策機制（the highest mechanism for discussing and making decisions），每兩年召開一次。締約方大會采取協(xié)商一致的原則，決議的通過需要經(jīng)過所有締約方的同意。

“聯(lián)合國《生物多樣性公約》第十五次締約方大會”英文全稱為 the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity，簡稱為COP15。

COP15原本應(yīng)于2020年10月召開。受疫情影響，會議召開時間經(jīng)歷兩次變更。聯(lián)合國《生物多樣性公約》秘書處于今年8月正式對外公告，會議將于2021年10月11日至15日和2022年上半年分兩階段在昆明召開。

本次大會的主題是：生態(tài)文明：共建地球生命共同體（Ecological Civilization: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth），以線上和線下相結(jié)合的方式舉辦。

More than 1,800 participants will gather at a forum on ecological civilization on Thursday and Friday at a sideline event. The forum will cover a wide range of topics, including coping with climate change and nature-based ecological protection and restoration.
10月14日至15日，1800多名嘉賓將參加大會期間的平行活動——生態(tài)文明論壇，探討應(yīng)對氣候變化、基于自然的生態(tài)保護和修復等話題。

COP15為何不同尋常？

締約方大會每10年要制定未來10年的生物多樣性保護目標。2010年，COP10制定了2011至2020年全球生物多樣性保護目標，即“愛知目標”（Aichi biodiversity targets）。

COP 15, the largest UN gathering on biodiversity in a decade, is tasked with elaborating on the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and identifying new protection goals through 2030.
第15次締約方大會是十年來最大規(guī)模的聯(lián)合國生物多樣性大會，要審議“2020年后全球生物多樣性框架”，制定2020年至2030年新的生物多樣性保護目標。

會議地點為何選在云南昆明？

云南以極其豐富的生物多樣性而聞名于世，被譽為“動物王國”“植物王國”“世界花園”“物種基因庫”。

Yunnan province, home to more than a half of China's plant species and more than 6,000 animal species, has set up multiple initiatives to protect biodiversity in the past decades.
云南省植物種數(shù)占我國的半數(shù)以上，擁有6000多種動物種類，過去幾十年間，該省建立了多個生物多樣性保護項目。

More than 120 rescue and protection projects targeting plant species with extremely small populations have been implemented in Yunnan in the past five years, with 30 protection zones marked out.
過去五年間，云南省執(zhí)行了120多個救助保護項目，劃定了30個保護區(qū)，主要針對數(shù)量及其稀少的植物種類。