8月熱詞有：中國疾控中心專家解釋“突破病例”，中國空間站航天員完成第二次出艙活動，全球累計新冠確診病例超2億，梅西離開巴薩、加盟巴黎圣日耳曼，云南北移亞洲象群平安回歸棲息地，聯合國政府間氣候變化專門委員會發(fā)布氣候變化報告，多個河段水位超警，市場監(jiān)管總局發(fā)文禁止“大數據殺熟”等行為，八部門發(fā)文保護靈活就業(yè)人員權益，利用奧運健兒姓名申請注冊商標被駁回，“三孩”政策正式入法，北京市新學期實行干部教師輪崗交流，東京殘奧會中國代表團表現亮眼，國家新聞出版署發(fā)通知限制未成年人玩網絡游戲時間。

奧運會男子百米決賽 the men's 100m final in Tokyo 2020

8月1日晚，東京奧運會男子100米比賽中，中國“飛人”蘇炳添在半決賽和決賽中均突破10秒大關，創(chuàng)造了中國田徑新的歷史。

Dashing across the track like a bolt of red lightning, the 31-year-old burned himself out by clocking a personal best of 9.83 seconds - the fastest among all semifinalists and a new Asian record - to become the first Chinese to qualify for the men's 100m finals on Sunday.
8月1日，31歲的蘇炳添像一束紅色的閃電一樣飛速沖過跑道，拼盡全力達到了9秒83的個人最好成績，以半決賽第一晉級決賽，同時創(chuàng)造了新的亞洲紀錄。他是第一個沖進奧運會男子百米決賽的中國人。

【詞匯講解】

這里的dash是動詞，表示“快跑，猛沖”，比如：I must dash - I've got to be home by seven.（我得趕快跑了，7點之前必須到家）。這個例句中的dash也可以用sprint替換，用作名詞的時候，dash和sprint都可以表示體育比賽中的“短跑”項目，比如：100-meter dash/sprint，蘇炳添就是一名sprinter（短跑運動員）。此外，dash還有“猛烈拍打”的意思，比如：Waves dashed against the cliffs（波濤拍打著懸崖）。而短語dash one's hope表示“使某人的希望破滅”，比如：Saturday's 2–0 defeat dashed their hopes of reaching the final（上周六的比賽0比2告負，讓他們進入決賽的希望泡湯了）。

決賽目標：突破10秒

In the final two hours later, Su crossed the finishing line sixth in 9.98 seconds.
在2小時之后的決賽中，蘇炳添以9秒98的成績名列第六。

蘇炳添在賽后表示：

"After the semifinals, my strength had dropped significantly, I just wanted to try my best in the final," said Su.
半決賽后，我體能下降得非常厲害，決賽盡可能發(fā)揮出自己的水平就勝利了。

But Su set a "small" target to finish the final race within 10 seconds regardless of the ranking.
我給自己定了目標，不管第幾名，我的目標就是突破10秒。

"If I made it, it would mean I could run two consecutive races both within 10 seconds, that's big progress for myself," Su said of his plan on the final.
如果能做到，這么短的時間內還能兩度跑進10秒，對我來說是一個非常大的進步。

劉翔是我的幸運之神

Expressing appreciation to the constant encouragement he received from fellow Olympian Liu Xiang, who made history to win the 110m hurdles at the 2004 Athens Games, Su said he hoped his achievement could inspire future Chinese athletes.
蘇炳添表示，2004年雅典奧運會男子110米欄冠軍劉翔不斷地鼓勵和支持他，希望自己的成績也能激勵之后的中國選手。

"Liu Xiang was indeed an inspiration for Chinese athletics, we wouldn't even think of trying to make it to an Olympic final or win Olympic medals if not for him," said Su.
劉翔是我們中國田徑隊的開路人。如果沒有他的話，我們可能很多人沒有想法——要站在奧運會的決賽場上，我們亞洲人也能夠拿到奧運會冠軍。

"I hope my performance today could serve as an inspiration for younger athletes in their sporting careers. When I was their age, my speed was no match for them. With the techniques and ideas we have, they could achieve much more than I do."
希望我今天的成績，也能激勵更多的年輕運動員。我在他們的這個年齡，根本跑不出這樣的成績。我相信，把現在的技術、理念用到他們身上，肯定會事半功倍。

突破病例 breakthrough infections

中國疾控中心研究員、科研攻關組疫苗研發(fā)專班專家組成員邵一鳴表示，

It is not surprising to see breakthrough infections－people who contract the virus at least 14 days after being fully vaccinated－because no vaccine is capable of totally preventing people from catching the virus.
完成疫苗接種至少14天后又被感染的病例被稱為“突破病例”，這并不是例外，因為沒有疫苗能夠百分之百防止人們感染病毒。

【知識點】

“突破病例”在英文報道中一般用breakthrough infections或者breakthrough cases表示，breakthrough做名詞的時候，我們最熟悉的意思是“（某個方面的）突破，重大進展”，比如：breakthrough in core technology（核心技術方面的突破），而在“突破病例”這個語境下，breakthrough其實是動詞短語break through的名詞形式，表示“the virus breaks through the protective barrier the vaccine provides”，即“病毒突破了疫苗產生的防護屏障”。

至于新冠疫苗對變異毒株的有效性，邵一鳴介紹：

"All COVID-19 vaccines around the world are evaluated based on their efficacy in preventing clinical disease, as well as their role in reducing serious cases and deaths," he said, adding that against these barometers, no marked difference has been found in domestic vaccines' effects on key mutations.
全球各條技術路線的疫苗有效性評估都是基于其在防止入院及減少重癥和死亡病例方面的效果，在這個評判標準下，國內疫苗對幾個主要變異毒株的有效性并沒有顯著變化。

He added that an irrefutable benefit of vaccination lies in that it can always trigger robust "basic immunity" and protective memory cells in human bodies.
疫苗接種一個不可否認的益處在于，疫苗可以觸發(fā)強有力的“基礎免疫”并喚起人體內的保護記憶細胞。

If immunity against the virus wanes in the long run, these memory cells can be "reawakened effectively" by delivering a booster shot and this will "produce very good protective effects", Shao said.
如果在比較長的時間后，身體對病毒的免疫能力逐漸下降，可以通過注射加強針重新喚起體內的這些記憶細胞，并產生非常好的保護效果。

暫無全人群加強針接種必要

國際上有部分國家明確為民眾提供新冠疫苗加強針的接種，我國是否有考慮？對此，邵一鳴回應稱：

"For the general population who have been vaccinated within a year, there is no need to obtain a booster shot for now," he said.
對已完成免疫接種一年以內的普通人群，暫無必要進行加強針接種。

【詞匯講解】

所謂疫苗加強針（booster shot/booster dose），是指在常規(guī)使用疫苗劑型、劑量注射后，額外增加的疫苗接種。這里的核心詞booster，來源于動詞boost，主要表示“加強、促進、推動”等意思，比如boost production（促生產），boost morale（提振士氣）等，在這里表示“increase or renew the effect of the vaccine”，即“增強疫苗產生的效果”。

Whether or not people with weak immune systems, such as the elderly and those suffering chronic illnesses, as well as workers at higher risk of contracting the virus or people planning to travel to high-risk areas need a booster dose six to 12 months after initial immunization, and when a booster shot should be rolled out are being researched.
對完成免疫超過6—12個月且免疫功能較弱的老年人和有基礎性疾病的患者，以及因工作需要去往高風險地區(qū)工作的人員等人群，是否有必要開展加強針，以及什么時間開展加強針的接種，正在進行研究。

疫苗接種必須和嚴格的防控措施并用

邵一鳴表示，

Many countries, despite their high vaccination coverage rates, are grappling with a resurgence of outbreaks due to a rush to relax anti-virus policies, such as wearing masks and maintaining social distancing.
雖然很多國家疫苗接種率已經很高了，但是在放寬戴口罩和保持社交距離等疫情控制措施之后，仍然出現了大幅度的疫情反彈。

"This shows that inoculation must be used in conjunction with strict disease control measures," he said, calling on the public to continue practicing personal protective protocols.
這說明，疫苗接種必須和嚴格的防控措施并用，請大家繼續(xù)維持個人的防護措施。

航天員的日常 daily routines of astronauts

一轉眼，三位航天員的太空出差之旅已經過半，他們的日常生活是什么樣的呢？

The astronauts have been exercising, maintaining healthy diets and undergoing regular check-ups to reduce the effects of living in a microgravity environment.
航天員們一直在鍛煉身體，保持健康飲食，并定期進行身體檢查，以減少微重力環(huán)境下生活產生的影響。

每天鍛煉身體

In Tianhe's exercise area, the three astronauts can use a treadmill, spin bike and resistance bands to burn calories and practice strength training.
在“天和”核心艙的鍛煉區(qū)，三位航天員可以使用跑步機、健身車以及阻力帶等健身設備來消耗熱量，并進行力量訓練。

中國航天員科研訓練中心、航天員系統(tǒng)副總設計師李瑩輝介紹：

The three astronauts have personalized daily exercise schedules according to their physical conditions.
他們現在的鍛煉是家常飯，每天都有的，每個人都有每個人的“處方”。

They currently undertake moderate-intensity exercises every day, at levels requiring approximately 60 to 80 percent of the astronauts' maximum strength.
目前，他們每天的鍛煉強度應該說達到每個人最大能力的60%到80%，強度屬于中上。

The intensity will gradually increase as their time in space progresses. It is only in this way that they can resist the physiological effects of microgravity.
飛行時間越長，這個強度要逐漸增大，只有這樣才能夠維持他們對抗失重的生理效應。

定期體檢

航天員系統(tǒng)副總設計師劉偉波介紹，

Dozens of pieces of medical equipment are available in a checkup cabinet. The astronauts have regular physical checkups every four to five weeks, including ultrasound examinations and complete blood counts.
檢查柜里有十幾件醫(yī)療設備，航天員們每四到五周進行定期體檢，包括超聲檢查和全血細胞計數。

中國航天員科研訓練中心航天員醫(yī)監(jiān)醫(yī)保室主任徐沖表示，常規(guī)的檢查功能對他們來說“小菜一碟了?！?/p>

航天員在空間站喝水如何保證？

8月3日，話題#航天員在空間站喝水如何保證#沖上熱搜。

對于這個問題，專家是這樣回答的：

Chinese scientists have devised a system to recycle water from the urine, breath and sweat produced by astronauts in space, which could save up to 100 million yuan in a period of six months with three astronauts in orbit.
我國科學家研制了一個水循環(huán)系統(tǒng)，可以將航天員在太空期間產生的尿液、呼氣以及汗液回收利用，按3名航天員在軌6個月計算，可以節(jié)省高達1億元人民幣的經費。

More than 80% of water produced in space can be recycled and changed into drinkable water in the system.
該系統(tǒng)能夠回收循環(huán)利用空間站中80%以上的水，并能達到飲用級標準。

航天員們在太空洗衣服嗎？

航天員中心航天員系統(tǒng)副總設計師劉偉波介紹：

The three astronauts don't do laundry in space and use disposable clothing instead.
三位航天員在太空不洗衣服，他們穿的是一次性衣服。

這樣安排的原因是：

Water, which is contaminated with detergent as well as skin debris and dirt washed from the body, will be challenging to recycle.
被洗滌劑、脫落的皮膚組織以及身上洗下來的污垢污染的水很難回收利用。

而且，

Disposable clothing that is regularly changed and discarded costs much less than doing laundry with water.
定期更換和丟棄一次性衣服比用水洗衣服的成本更低。

8月20日，航天員在機械臂的配合下圓滿完成第二次出艙活動（the second extravehicular activity）。

全球累計新冠確診病例 Global COVID-19 cases

美國約翰斯·霍普金斯大學發(fā)布的新冠疫情最新統(tǒng)計數據顯示，

Global COVID-19 cases surpassed 200 million on Wednesday, according to data from Johns Hopkins University.The global case count amounted to 200,014,602, with 4,252,873 deaths worldwide, as of 3:21 pm local time, showed the data.
截至美國東部時間8月4日15時21分（北京時間8月5日3時21分），全球累計新冠確診病例超過2億例，達200014602例，累計死亡病例4252873例。

數據顯示，美國是累計確診病例和死亡病例最多的國家。

The United States reported 35,292,721 cases and 614,666 deaths, both the highest counts around the world, accounting for nearly 18 percent of the global cases and nearly 15 percent of the global deaths.
美國累計確診病例35292721例，累計死亡病例614666例，在全球確診病例和死亡病例總數中分別占比近18%和15%，均為全球最高。

The United States accounts for one in every seven infections reported worldwide.
全世界每七個感染病例中就有一例來自于美國。

US states with low vaccination rates such as Florida and Louisiana are seeing record numbers of COVID patients hospitalized, despite the nation giving 70% of adults at least one vaccine shot.
雖然美國有70%的成年人已經至少接種了一劑疫苗，但是在佛羅里達和路易斯安那等接種率偏低的州，新冠患者住院人數仍在不斷創(chuàng)紀錄。

Unvaccinated people represent nearly 97% of severe cases, according to the White House COVID-19 Response Team.
據白宮新冠疫情應對小組稱，重癥病例中有近97%的人沒有接種疫苗。

約翰斯·霍普金斯大學統(tǒng)計數據顯示，

The global caseload reached the grim milestone of 100 million on Jan 26, and doubled in just over six months.
全球累計確診病例今年1月26日超過1億例，從1億例升至2億例僅用了6個多月。

新冠變異病毒德爾塔毒株在全球蔓延

US COVID-19 cases driven by the Delta variant may double to 200,000 a day in the fall, said Anthony Fauci, head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, on Wednesday.
8月4日，美國國家過敏和傳染病研究所院長福奇表示，今年秋季，德爾塔毒株在美國引發(fā)的新冠肺炎病例可能會暴增到每天20萬例。

"What we're seeing, because of this increase in transmissibility, and because we have about 93 million people in this country who are eligible to get vaccinated who don't get vaccinated - that you have a significant pool of vulnerable people," said Fauci.
福奇說：“我們現在的情況是，因為這個毒株的傳染性更強，而且我們有9300萬符合疫苗接種條件卻沒有打疫苗的人，導致有很大的一個易感染群體?！?/p>

Countries in Southeast Asia are also reporting rising cases. With just 8% of the world's population, the region is reporting almost 15% of all global cases each day.
東南亞國家報告的病例數也在不斷增加。該地區(qū)人口占全球人口總數僅8%，但是每天報告的病例數卻在全球病例總數中占比近15%。

世衛(wèi)組織呼吁暫緩接種加強針 將疫苗提供給低收入國家

The World Health Organization is calling for a halt on COVID-19 vaccine boosters until at least the end of September, its head Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said on Wednesday, as the gap between vaccinations in wealthy and poor countries widens.
隨著貧富國家之間的疫苗接種鴻溝不斷擴大，世衛(wèi)組織總干事譚德賽呼吁將新冠疫苗加強針的接種暫緩至9月底以后。

High-income countries administered around 50 doses for every 100 people in May, and that number has since doubled, according to WHO. Low-income countries have only been able to administer 1.5 doses for every 100 people, due to lack of supply.
世衛(wèi)組織表示，今年5月，高收入國家每100人約接種了50劑，后來這個數字又增加了一倍；而低收入國家由于疫苗供應短缺，每100人僅接種了1.5劑。

"We need an urgent reversal from the majority of vaccines going to high-income countries to the majority going to low-income countries," Tedros said.
譚德賽表示：“我們需要將多數疫苗流向高收入國家的形勢緊急扭轉為多數疫苗流向低收入國家?！?/p>

中國新冠疫苗接種超17億劑次 積極推動新冠疫苗可及性和可負擔性

The Chinese mainland has administered more than 1.7 billion doses of novel coronavirus vaccines as of Tuesday, according to the National Health Commission.
國家衛(wèi)健委表示，截至8月3日，中國大陸新冠疫苗接種劑次已超17億。

China is working relentlessly to make COVID-19 vaccines an accessible and affordable public good in developing economies, including those in Africa, to push forward the equal distribution of vaccines.
中國一直致力于促進疫苗公平分配，確保新冠疫苗在非洲等發(fā)展中國家的可及性和可負擔性，讓疫苗成為全球公共產品。

China has so far provided more than 750 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines overseas and, over the next four months, will provide 110 million doses to COVAX, the Foreign Ministry said on Tuesday.
8月3日，外交部表示，截至目前，我國已經向海外提供了7.5億劑新冠疫苗，接下來的4個月，還將向“新冠肺炎疫苗實施計劃”提供1.1億劑疫苗。

【知識點】

2020年10月8日，中國同全球疫苗免疫聯盟簽署協(xié)議，正式加入“新冠肺炎疫苗實施計劃（COVAX）”。這是中國秉持人類衛(wèi)生健康共同體理念（uphold the concept of a shared community of health for all）、履行自身承諾推動疫苗成為全球公共產品（turn COVID-19 vaccines into a global public good）的一個重要舉措。

“新冠肺炎疫苗實施計劃”由世界衛(wèi)生組織和全球疫苗免疫聯盟、流行病防范創(chuàng)新聯盟共同牽頭成立，擬于2021年底前向全球提供20億劑新冠肺炎疫苗（the initial aim is to have 2 billion doses available by the end of 2021），供應給“自費經濟體（higher-income self-financing countries）”和“受資助經濟體（lower-income funded nations）”。包括我國在內的“自費經濟體”需向該計劃承諾為本經濟體一定比例人口購買疫苗并繳納預付款，而“受資助經濟體”無須繳納預付款，同時享受該計劃補貼。

China has shown its kindness to the world by donating 26 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines overseas and had provided more than 500 million doses, as well as bulk vaccine, to over 100 countries, regions and international organizations by the end of July－roughly one-sixth of the world's total COVID-19 vaccine output.
截至2021年7月，我國已對外捐贈疫苗超2600萬劑，向100多個國家、地區(qū)和國際組織提供了超過5億劑疫苗和原液，相當于全球新冠疫苗總產量的六分之一。

梅西離開巴薩 Lionel Messi parted with Barca

北京時間8月6日凌晨，西甲巴塞羅那俱樂部發(fā)布公告稱，梅西將不會繼續(xù)為巴薩效力。

Six-time Ballon d'Or winner Lionel Messi will leave Barcelona despite both parties having reached an agreement over a new contract, the La Liga club said, citing economic and structural obstacles to the renewal of the deal.
西甲巴塞羅那俱樂部表示，盡管雙方已就簽訂新合同達成協(xié)議，但由于經濟和制度因素的制約，梅西將不再效力巴薩。梅西曾六次獲得金球獎。

34歲的梅西在巴薩創(chuàng)造了多項紀錄，被認為是巴薩歷史上最偉大的球員之一。

Messi, who joined Barca's youth set-up aged 13, is the club's all-time top scorer and appearance maker with 672 goals in 778 games in all competitions.
梅西13歲加入巴薩青訓營，他已為這支球隊在正式比賽中出戰(zhàn)778場，打入672個進球，是該俱樂部史上出場次數最多、進球最多的隊員。

The Argentine helped Barcelona claim 10 league titles, four Champions Leagues and three Club World Cups among his haul of 35 trophies.
梅西為巴薩贏得了35座冠軍獎杯，其中包括10個西甲聯賽冠軍、4個歐洲冠軍聯賽冠軍和3個國際足聯俱樂部世界杯冠軍。

【知識點】

體育類報道中經?？吹降囊恍┳闱驀H賽事有：

世界杯（FIFA World Cup），由國際足球聯合會（FIFA）每四年舉辦一次，是世界足壇規(guī)模最大、水平最高的賽事。2022年世界杯將在卡塔爾舉行。

歐洲足球錦標賽（UEFA European Championship），即“歐洲杯”，是由歐洲足聯（the Union of European Football Associations）成員國參加的最高級別國家級足球賽事，于1960年舉行第一屆，其后每四年舉行一屆。賽事創(chuàng)辦時名稱為European Nations Cup，其后于1968年改名為European Football Championship。

歐洲冠軍聯賽（UEFA Champions League），是歐足聯最有聲望的一項俱樂部賽事，前身是1955/56賽季創(chuàng)建的歐洲俱樂部冠軍杯賽，1992年歐洲足聯對這項杯賽的賽制和名稱進行了修改。

國際足聯俱樂部世界杯（FIFA Club World Cup），簡稱“世俱杯”，是由國際足聯主辦、來自六大洲最頂級的球隊參與的國際性足球錦標賽。

亞洲杯足球賽（AFC Asian Cup），簡稱“亞洲杯”，是由亞洲足球聯合會（Asian Football Confederation）舉辦的每四年一屆的國際性足球錦標賽，屬于亞洲區(qū)內最高級別的國家級賽事，參賽球隊必須是亞足聯成員。

巴薩在聲明中表示：

"Despite FC Barcelona and Lionel Messi having reached an agreement and the clear intention of both parties to sign a new contract today, this cannot happen because of financial and structural obstacles (Spanish La Liga regulations)," Barca said in a statement.
俱樂部和梅西之間原本已達成了一項協(xié)議，且雙方均有在當日簽署新合同的明確意向，但由于經濟上和西甲相關規(guī)定方面的障礙，最終雙方未能成功簽訂合同。

"As a result of this situation, Messi shall not be staying on at FC Barcelona. Both parties deeply regret that the wishes of the player and the club will ultimately not be fulfilled.
鑒于這一情況，梅西將不會繼續(xù)留在巴塞羅那足球俱樂部效力，俱樂部和球員本人的愿望最終未能達成，雙方對此都深表遺憾。

"FC Barcelona wholeheartedly expresses its gratitude to the player for his contribution to the aggrandisement of the club and wishes him all the very best for the future in his personal and professional life."
巴薩衷心感謝梅西為球隊發(fā)展壯大所做的貢獻，并祝愿他在未來的個人生活和職業(yè)生涯中一切順利。

【詞匯講解】

這里的aggrandisement的意思是“an increase in power or importance”，即“影響力或地位的提升”，比如：He gives a lot of money to charity, but personal aggrandizement is his motive.（他花了很多錢做慈善，但他的目的其實是提升個人影響力。）