8月20日，十三屆全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)第三十次會(huì)議審議通過了關(guān)于修改人口與計(jì)劃生育法的決定，這一決定自公布之日起施行。

The revised Population and Family Planning Law allows couples in China to have three children.
修改后的人口計(jì)生法規(guī)定一對(duì)夫妻可以生育三個(gè)子女。

The amended law also stipulates that social maintenance fees imposed on families who have violated family planning law, as well as other rules incompatible with the new third-child policy, will be canceled.
此次修法明確，原來(lái)向違反計(jì)劃生育政策的家庭征收社會(huì)撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)以及其他與實(shí)施三孩生育政策不適應(yīng)的規(guī)定都被刪除。

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

黨的十八大以來(lái)，黨中央根據(jù)我國(guó)人口發(fā)展變化形勢(shì)，先后作出一系列重大決策部署。

2013年，十八屆三中全會(huì)決定啟動(dòng)實(shí)施“單獨(dú)二孩”政策（夫妻中有一方為獨(dú)生子女的可生育兩個(gè)孩子，two-child policy for couples of which one partner is an only child）。

2015年，十八屆五中全會(huì)決定實(shí)施“全面二孩政策”（the universal two-child policy），積極開展應(yīng)對(duì)人口老齡化（aging population）行動(dòng)，促進(jìn)人口均衡發(fā)展（improve the balanced development of population）。

為解決群眾生育、養(yǎng)育、教育的后顧之憂，修改后的人口計(jì)生法作出了以下有針對(duì)性的規(guī)定。

The country will roll out more supportive measures in terms of finance, taxation, insurance, education, housing and employment, to ease the burden on families in terms of childbearing, childcare and education.
國(guó)家采取財(cái)政、稅收、保險(xiǎn)、教育、住房、就業(yè)等支持措施，減輕家庭生育、養(yǎng)育、教育負(fù)擔(dān)。

The revised law stipulates a push for establishing affordable, government-subsidized nursery care service systems, and setting up child care facilities in public spaces and workplaces.
推動(dòng)建立普惠托育服務(wù)體系，支持在公共場(chǎng)所或企事業(yè)單位設(shè)立托育服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)。

It also requires local governments to set up sufficient public facilities to cater for infants and young children when building or revamping communities. Public areas and institutions employing a large number of female workers should also set up nursery services.
規(guī)定縣級(jí)以上地方各級(jí)人民政府應(yīng)當(dāng)在城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)建設(shè)改造中，建設(shè)與常住人口規(guī)模相適應(yīng)的嬰幼兒活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所及配套服務(wù)設(shè)施。公共場(chǎng)所和女職工比較多的用人單位應(yīng)當(dāng)配置母嬰設(shè)施。

The law also includes a provision addressing parental leave, making it clear that support will be given to regions exercising the practice.
此次修法還增加“國(guó)家支持有條件的地方設(shè)立父母育兒假”的規(guī)定。

【詞匯講解】

這里的parental leave指父母雙方在孩子出生后均可以享受的假期，即“育兒假”，而母親在生產(chǎn)后按規(guī)定享受的一段假期是maternity/maternal leave（產(chǎn)假），如果是“帶薪產(chǎn)假”則為paid maternity leave。Maternity和maternal這兩個(gè)詞都與mother這個(gè)詞相關(guān)，而拉丁語(yǔ)中的“媽媽”一詞為mater，正是maternity和maternal的詞根。我們都知道英語(yǔ)中表達(dá)親戚關(guān)系的詞都是uncle、aunt這樣，而不是像中文那樣“叔叔”、“舅舅”、“姑姑”、“阿姨”分的很清楚，如果在表達(dá)的時(shí)候想要區(qū)分，可以在前面加上maternal或者paternal，比如：my maternal aunt就是“我姨”，而my paternal aunt則是“我姑”。

It adds that medical facilities nationwide should launch awareness campaigns on promoting reproductive health and providing services in this respect.
此次修法規(guī)定醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)開展優(yōu)生優(yōu)育知識(shí)宣傳教育并提供相關(guān)服務(wù)。

對(duì)于“三孩”政策實(shí)施后，女性可能面臨的職場(chǎng)歧視，此次修法也做出了規(guī)定：

The revised law states that a women's right to employment will be guaranteed and employment services will be provided for those whose job prospects are affected due to pregnancies.
修法規(guī)定，國(guó)家保障婦女就業(yè)合法權(quán)益，為因生育影響就業(yè)的婦女提供就業(yè)服務(wù)。

在保障計(jì)劃生育家庭的合法權(quán)益方面，此次修法也做出了規(guī)定。

China will continue to implement its current reward and assistance system and preferential policies for one-child families. The elderly in such families will be given preferential treatment in terms of welfare benefits and elderly care services, according to the amendment.
我國(guó)將繼續(xù)對(duì)獨(dú)生子女家庭執(zhí)行現(xiàn)有的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)扶助措施，并在老年人福利、養(yǎng)老服務(wù)等方面給予必要的優(yōu)先和照顧。

Couples whose only child has died or is disabled should receive comprehensive care provided by local governments.
獲得《獨(dú)生子女父母光榮證》的夫妻，獨(dú)生子女發(fā)生意外傷殘、死亡的，按照規(guī)定獲得全方位幫扶。

【相關(guān)詞匯】

獨(dú)生子女 the only child

生育津貼 childbirth subsidy

生育保險(xiǎn) maternity insurance

勞動(dòng)年齡人口 working-age population

生育率 fertility rate

出生率 birth rate

人口老齡化 population aging

延遲退休 raise the retirement age

參考來(lái)源：新華網(wǎng)、中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)

（中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津 Helen）