二、消除絕對貧困實(shí)現(xiàn)基本生活水準(zhǔn)權(quán)
II. Ending Extreme Poverty and Securing the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living

貧困是實(shí)現(xiàn)人權(quán)的最大障礙。中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府高度關(guān)注農(nóng)村貧困問題，持續(xù)推進(jìn)扶貧開發(fā)事業(yè)，在消除貧困道路上不斷取得新突破。中共十八大以來，中國政府把貧困人口全部脫貧作為全面建成小康社會的底線任務(wù)和標(biāo)志性指標(biāo)，組織實(shí)施了人類歷史上規(guī)?？涨啊⒘Χ茸畲?、惠及人口最多的脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)，完成了消除絕對貧困的艱巨任務(wù)。
Poverty is the biggest obstacle to human rights. The CPC and the Chinese government have directed extra attention to rural poverty, furthering development-driven poverty alleviation, and achieving a series of important breakthroughs. The 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 made ending extreme poverty China’s benchmark task in achieving moderate prosperity in all respects. By eliminating extreme poverty China has won the biggest and toughest battle against poverty in human history, to the benefit of the largest number of people.

根據(jù)中國農(nóng)村居民每人每年生活水平在2300元以下（2010年不變價(jià)）的現(xiàn)行貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，經(jīng)過中共十八大以來8年持續(xù)奮斗，到2020年底，中國現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下9899萬農(nóng)村貧困人口全部脫貧，832個(gè)貧困縣全部摘帽，12.8萬個(gè)貧困村全部出列，區(qū)域性整體貧困得到解決。改革開放以來，按照現(xiàn)行貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)算，中國7.7億農(nóng)村貧困人口擺脫貧困；按照世界銀行國際貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，中國減貧人口占同期全球減貧人口70%以上。中國提前10年實(shí)現(xiàn)《聯(lián)合國2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程》減貧目標(biāo)，為全球減貧事業(yè)發(fā)展和人類發(fā)展進(jìn)步作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。
By the end of 2020, by China’s current poverty threshold of RMB2,300 per person per year (based on the 2010 price index), all of the 99 million rural poor, as well as the 832 counties and 128,000 villages classified as poor, had emerged from poverty, and regional poverty was eliminated.
Since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, 770 million rural poor living below China’s poverty line have been raised from poverty; against the World Bank’s international poverty line, the number of people lifted out of poverty in China accounts for more than 70 percent of the world total during the same period. China realized its poverty reduction goal from the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 10 years ahead of schedule, representing a significant contribution to global poverty reduction and human progress.

1.貧困人口食物權(quán)得到穩(wěn)定保障
1. Securing the Right to Food for the Poor

中國政府通過發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)奠定免于饑餓的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系，提升農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力，實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定增長，解決食物匱乏和營養(yǎng)不良問題。全國糧食總產(chǎn)量由1949年的11318萬噸提高到2020年的66949萬噸。目前，全國人均糧食占有量超過474.4公斤，高于人均400公斤的國際糧食安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)線。通過增加收入保障貧困人口糧食獲取。建立精準(zhǔn)扶貧、精準(zhǔn)脫貧機(jī)制。貧困地區(qū)農(nóng)村居民人均可支配收入，從2013年的6079元增長到2020年的12588元，2013年至2020年年均增長11.6%。貧困人口糧谷類食物攝入量穩(wěn)定增加，“不愁吃”問題基本解決，重點(diǎn)貧困群體健康營養(yǎng)狀況明顯改善，免于饑餓的基本權(quán)利得以切實(shí)保障。通過營養(yǎng)改善計(jì)劃保障貧困兒童食物供給。實(shí)施貧困地區(qū)兒童營養(yǎng)改善項(xiàng)目，為集中連片特殊困難地區(qū)6－24月齡嬰幼兒每天免費(fèi)提供1包輔食營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充品，截至2020年累計(jì)1120萬兒童受益。實(shí)施農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育學(xué)生營養(yǎng)改善計(jì)劃，為學(xué)生提供營養(yǎng)膳食補(bǔ)助，覆蓋農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)校13.2萬所，每年惠及3800余萬名學(xué)生。
China bases its food security on solid agricultural foundations. It has built a modern agrotechnology system, improved comprehensive agricultural productivity, maintained the steady growth of agricultural output, and resolved the problems of insufficient food and undernutrition. China’s total grain output increased from 113 million tons in 1949 to 669 million tons in 2020. China’s per capita share of grain now exceeds 474 kg, which is comfortably above the international food security threshold of 400 kg.
China has ensured that all the poor have access to food by increasing their incomes through targeted poverty alleviation. The per capita disposable income of rural residents in poor areas increased from RMB6,079 in 2013 to RMB12,588 in 2020, an average annual increase of 11.6 percent. The amount of grain they consumed increased steadily. Now, the problem of food shortages has been resolved. Key impoverished groups have much better nutrition, and the right to be free from hunger is guaranteed.
China ensures a proper food supply for poor children through nutrition programs. The Chinese government has implemented the Nutrition Improvement Program for Children in Poor Areas, providing children aged six months to two years in contiguous poverty-stricken areas with free food supplements – one pack per child per day. By 2020, this program had benefited 11.2 million children. There is also a Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Students in Compulsory Education, providing them with nutrition allowances. This program covers 132,000 schools and benefits over 38 million students every year.

2.貧困人口飲水安全得到有力保障
2. Ensuring Safe Drinking Water for the Poor

2005年以來，中國政府投入大量財(cái)政資金實(shí)施農(nóng)村飲水安全工程，到2015年末共解決了5.2億農(nóng)村居民和4700多萬農(nóng)村學(xué)校師生的飲水安全問題。農(nóng)村飲水安全問題基本得到解決?！笆濉币?guī)劃期間，又實(shí)施農(nóng)村飲水安全鞏固提升工程，累計(jì)解決2889萬貧困人口飲水安全問題，3.82億農(nóng)村人口受益。貧困地區(qū)自來水普及率從2015年的70%提高到2020年的83%。各地通過實(shí)施水源置換、凈化處理、易地搬遷等措施，累計(jì)解決952萬農(nóng)村人口飲水型氟超標(biāo)問題。
Since 2005, the Chinese government has made an enormous investment in its Safe Drinking Water Program for Rural Areas. By the end of 2015, the program had benefited 520 million rural residents, including 47 million teachers and students. During the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020), it launched an upgraded program, which improved access to safe drinking water for 382 million rural people, including 28.9 million rural poor. Tap water coverage in poor areas increased from 70 percent in 2015 to 83 percent in 2020. Through replacement of water sources, water purification, and population resettlement, China has resolved the problem of excess fluoride in drinking water for 9.52 million rural people.

3.貧困地區(qū)義務(wù)教育得到充分保障
3. Providing Compulsory Education in Poor Areas

深入實(shí)施《教育脫貧攻堅(jiān)“十三五”規(guī)劃》和《深度貧困地區(qū)教育脫貧攻堅(jiān)實(shí)施方案（2018－2020年）》，實(shí)現(xiàn)義務(wù)教育有保障，阻斷貧困代際傳遞。大力改善貧困地區(qū)義務(wù)教育學(xué)校辦學(xué)條件，持續(xù)提升義務(wù)教育學(xué)校辦學(xué)水平和教育質(zhì)量。全國中小學(xué)（含教學(xué)點(diǎn)）互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入率達(dá)到100%，擁有多媒體教室的學(xué)校比例達(dá)到95.3%。實(shí)施農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育學(xué)校教師特設(shè)崗位計(jì)劃，吸引更多優(yōu)秀高校畢業(yè)生到農(nóng)村貧困地區(qū)任教。連片特困地區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村教師生活補(bǔ)助惠及8萬多所學(xué)校、127萬名教師，累計(jì)選派19萬名教師到邊遠(yuǎn)貧困地區(qū)、邊疆民族地區(qū)支教。建立健全學(xué)生資助體系，不斷提高學(xué)生資助精準(zhǔn)度，對義務(wù)教育階段建檔立卡家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生全部給予生活費(fèi)補(bǔ)助。全國每年約1.5億城鄉(xiāng)義務(wù)教育學(xué)生免除雜費(fèi)并獲得免費(fèi)教科書，約2500萬家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生獲得生活補(bǔ)助，約1400萬進(jìn)城務(wù)工人員隨遷子女實(shí)現(xiàn)相關(guān)教育經(jīng)費(fèi)可攜帶。農(nóng)村貧困家庭子女義務(wù)教育階段輟學(xué)問題實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)清零，2020年貧困縣九年義務(wù)教育鞏固率達(dá)到94.8%。
To guarantee compulsory education and prevent poverty from passing down from one generation to the next, China launched the Plan for Poverty Alleviation Through Education During the 13th Five-year Plan period and the Implementation Plan for Poverty Alleviation Through Education in Severely Impoverished Areas (2018-2020).
A great effort has been invested in improving school conditions and education quality for compulsory education in poor areas. Now, all primary and secondary schools in China have access to the internet, and 95.3 percent have multimedia classrooms.
The Program for Special Teaching Posts in Rural Compulsory Education has been implemented to attract more university graduates to teach in poor rural areas. Living subsidies are offered to rural teachers in contiguous poverty-stricken areas, which benefit nearly 1.3 million teachers from more than 80,000 schools. A total of 190,000 teachers have been dispatched to remote and poor areas and to border areas with large ethnic minority populations.
The system of financial aid to students has been improved to provide targeted assistance. Students from registered poor households all receive living subsidies during their compulsory education. Every year, about 150 million students are given exemption from school fees and textbook fees; about 25 million students in economic difficulty are provided with living subsidies; and about 14 million students from migrant worker families have had their compulsory education subsidies transferred to their urban schools. All students from poor rural households have access to compulsory education, and dropouts are all identified and helped back to school in a timely manner. In 2020, the compulsory education completion rate in poor counties reached 94.8 percent.

4.貧困人口基本醫(yī)療得到有效保障
4. Providing Essential Medical Services for the Poor

實(shí)施健康扶貧工程，采取綜合措施，保障農(nóng)村貧困人口享有基本醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)，著力提高農(nóng)村貧困人口醫(yī)療保障水平，緩解因病致貧因病返貧問題。持續(xù)完善縣鄉(xiāng)村三級醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系，除符合基本醫(yī)療有保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、可不設(shè)立的外，實(shí)現(xiàn)每個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)和每個(gè)行政村都有一個(gè)衛(wèi)生院和衛(wèi)生室并配備合格醫(yī)生，每個(gè)貧困縣至少有1家公立醫(yī)院；98%的貧困縣至少有一家二級以上醫(yī)院；貧困群眾常見病、慢性病基本能夠就近獲得及時(shí)診治。把貧困人口全部納入基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、大病保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)療救助三重制度保障范圍，貧困人口基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)參保率穩(wěn)定在99.9%以上，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)應(yīng)保盡保。實(shí)施大病集中救治、慢病簽約管理、重病兜底保障等措施，農(nóng)村貧困人口大病專項(xiàng)救治病種數(shù)量增加到30種，包括兒童先心病、兒童白血病、胃癌、食道癌、結(jié)腸癌、重性精神疾病等。2000多萬貧困患者得到分類救治，曾經(jīng)被病魔困擾的家庭挺起了生活的脊梁。
China launched the Health Care Program for Poverty Alleviation, taking comprehensive measures to guarantee access to essential medical services for the rural poor, and to prevent them from falling back into poverty due to ill health.
Continuous efforts have been made to improve the three-tiered medical services system at village, township and county levels. Every village has a clinic, and every town or township has a health center served by licensed doctors, except for villages, towns and townships that already satisfy the requirements for basic medical services. Each of the counties formerly classified as poor has at least one public hospital, and 98 percent of them have at least one Grade II hospital. The aim is to ensure the poor can have common ailments and chronic diseases treated at nearby medical institutions in a timely manner.
All poor populations have access to basic medical insurance, serious illness insurance, and medical assistance. Basic medical insurance coverage of the poor remains almost 100 percent. Measures have been taken to ensure medical treatment to those with serious illnesses, contracted health care to those with chronic illnesses, and guaranteed medical services for those with critical illnesses. Now, 30 illnesses are covered by special funds for serious illnesses of the rural poor, including congenital heart defects in children, leukemia in children, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colon cancer, and serious mental illnesses. The funds have supported treatment for more than 20 million poor patients, relieving their families of the financial burden incurred by medical expenses.

5.貧困人口住房安全得到切實(shí)保障
5. Ensuring Safe Housing for the Poor

通過農(nóng)村危房改造、建設(shè)集體公租房等措施，幫助數(shù)千萬貧困農(nóng)民告別原來的破舊泥草房、土坯房等危房，住上安全房，農(nóng)房抗震防災(zāi)能力和居住舒適度得到顯著提升，農(nóng)村貧困人口住有所居和基本住房安全得到切實(shí)保障。其中，2008年至2020年，中央財(cái)政累計(jì)投入2842.5億元補(bǔ)助資金，支持2762.2萬戶建檔立卡貧困戶、低保戶、農(nóng)村分散供養(yǎng)特困人員、貧困殘疾人家庭等貧困群眾改造危房，幫助8000多萬農(nóng)村貧困人口住上了安全住房。
To guarantee safe housing for the rural poor, China has launched programs such as the renovation of dilapidated rural homes and construction of rural public rental housing. Tens of millions of people have had their dilapidated mud-and-straw dwellings replaced by safe homes which are more comfortable and offer better protection against earthquakes. The right to housing and basic housing safety of the rural poor were fundamentally guaranteed.
Between 2008 and 2020, the central government allocated a total of RMB284 billion for the renovation of 27.6 million dilapidated homes, targeting registered poor households, households entitled to subsistence allowances, severely impoverished rural residents cared for at their homes with government support, and impoverished families of individuals with disabilities. These funds have helped to guarantee access to safe housing for 80 million rural poor.