四、促進(jìn)各項(xiàng)人權(quán)全面發(fā)展
IV. Making Comprehensive Progress in Human Rights

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨堅(jiān)持把保障人民生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)作為首要的基本人權(quán)，堅(jiān)持在發(fā)展中保障和改善民生，以發(fā)展促人權(quán)，努力推動(dòng)人權(quán)事業(yè)全面發(fā)展，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展。
The CPC upholds the rights to subsistence and development as the primary and basic human rights, and works hard to ensure and improve people's wellbeing through development. The Party makes every effort to achieve comprehensive progress in human rights and ensure the well-rounded development of all the people.

（一）切實(shí)保障人民的生存權(quán)
1. Ensuring the Right to Subsistence

經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期不懈奮斗，中國(guó)人民實(shí)現(xiàn)了從翻身解放到解決溫飽、從基本小康到全面小康，并正在向共同富裕目標(biāo)邁進(jìn)。
After a long period of unremitting work, the Chinese people have attained liberation, secured adequate food and clothing, become better off and achieved moderate prosperity in all respects step by step, and they are now heading towards a higher level of common prosperity.

貧困是實(shí)現(xiàn)人權(quán)的最大障礙。中國(guó)持續(xù)開(kāi)展以農(nóng)村扶貧開(kāi)發(fā)為中心的減貧行動(dòng)。中共十八大以來(lái)，以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央作出堅(jiān)決打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)的戰(zhàn)略部署，明確目標(biāo)任務(wù)，匯聚全黨全國(guó)全社會(huì)之力打響脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)。經(jīng)過(guò)8年持續(xù)奮斗，到2020年底，中國(guó)如期完成新時(shí)代脫貧攻堅(jiān)目標(biāo)任務(wù)，現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下9899萬(wàn)農(nóng)村貧困人口全部脫貧，832個(gè)貧困縣全部摘帽，12.8萬(wàn)個(gè)貧困村全部出列，區(qū)域性整體貧困得到解決。中國(guó)在減貧事業(yè)上取得的巨大成就，不僅改寫(xiě)了中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展史，也創(chuàng)造了世界人權(quán)保障新奇跡，提前10年實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國(guó)2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程減貧目標(biāo)，顯著縮小了世界貧困人口的版圖，對(duì)全球減貧貢獻(xiàn)率超過(guò)70%。
Poverty is the greatest obstacle to human rights. China has engaged in a huge program of poverty reduction focusing on development-driven poverty alleviation in rural areas. Since the 18th CPC National Congress held in 2012, the central Party leadership with Xi Jinping at the core has made specific plans and set clear goals and tasks for winning the battle against poverty. Resources across the Party and the whole country have been pooled for this battle. After eight years of continuous struggle, at the end of 2020 China achieved the goal of eliminating absolute poverty as scheduled. All the 99 million rural poor living below the current poverty line were raised from poverty, as were all the 832 counties and 128,000 villages classified as poor. Overall regional poverty no longer exists. China’s achievements in this field have written a new chapter in the history of human rights, and created a miracle in the global human rights effort. China is 10 years ahead in its plan to realize the goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. China’s contribution represents more than 70 percent of the global poverty reduction effort, and has significantly reduced the world’s impoverished population.

人民生活水平大幅提高。1952年、1978年中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值分別為679億元、3679億元，人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值分別為119元、385元。2020年，中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值達(dá)1015986億元，突破100萬(wàn)億元大關(guān)，人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值72000元，連續(xù)兩年超過(guò)1萬(wàn)美元。1956年和1978年，全國(guó)居民人均可支配收入分別為98元和171元，居民人均消費(fèi)支出分別為88元和151元。2020年，全國(guó)居民人均可支配收入32189元，居民人均消費(fèi)支出21210元。
Living standards have improved. In 1952, China's GDP was RMB67.9 billion and its per capita GDP was RMB119. In 1978, the GDP figure was RMB367.9 billion and the per capita figure was RMB385. In 2020, GDP reached RMB101.6 trillion, and per capita GDP was RMB72,000, more than the threshold of US$10,000 for the second year. In 1956, per capita disposable income of Chinese citizens was RMB98 and per capita consumer spending was RMB88. In 1978, the figures were RMB171 and RMB151. In 2020, per capita disposable income stood at RMB32,189, and per capita consumer spending was RMB21,210.

生命健康權(quán)保障水平大幅提升。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨始終堅(jiān)持衛(wèi)生事業(yè)的公益屬性，持續(xù)深入推進(jìn)醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生體制改革。中共十八大以來(lái)，以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央強(qiáng)調(diào)“把保障人民健康放在優(yōu)先發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略位置”“沒(méi)有全民健康，就沒(méi)有全面小康”，作出實(shí)施健康中國(guó)建設(shè)的重大決策。2019年，中國(guó)居民平均預(yù)期壽命從1949年的35歲提高到77.3歲，孕產(chǎn)婦和嬰兒死亡率分別下降到17.8/10萬(wàn)和5.6‰，主要健康指標(biāo)總體上優(yōu)于中高收入國(guó)家平均水平。婦女兒童生命健康權(quán)保障水平大幅提升，被世界衛(wèi)生組織列為婦幼健康高績(jī)效的10個(gè)國(guó)家之一。
The rights to life and health are better protected. Treating health services as a matter of public welfare, the CPC has continued to drive deeper reform of the medical and health care system. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Central Committee has followed two guidelines: “People’s health is a strategic priority for development”, and “Without a healthy population, we will be unable to achieve moderate prosperity”. Based on such understanding, the leadership took a major decision to carry out the Healthy China initiative. In 2019, the life expectancy of Chinese citizens rose to 77.3 years, compared with 35 years in 1949; the maternal and perinatal mortality rate dropped to 17.8 per 100,000; and the infant mortality rate to 5.6 per 1,000. Main health indicators were generally higher than the average level of middle- and high-income countries. The protection of women and children’s rights to life and health has been extended considerably. In this area, China is recognized by the World Health Organization as one of the 10 fast-track countries to MDGs 4 and 5a.

2020年年初以來(lái)在全球范圍內(nèi)暴發(fā)的新冠肺炎疫情，是百年來(lái)人類(lèi)遭遇的影響范圍最大的全球性大流行病，對(duì)全世界是一次嚴(yán)重危機(jī)和嚴(yán)峻考驗(yàn)。在以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國(guó)堅(jiān)持人民至上、生命至上，把保障人的生命安全和健康放在第一位。開(kāi)展新中國(guó)成立以來(lái)規(guī)模最大的醫(yī)療支援行動(dòng)，調(diào)動(dòng)全國(guó)醫(yī)療資源和力量，全力支持湖北省和武漢市醫(yī)療救治。自2020年1月24日至3月8日，全國(guó)共調(diào)集346支國(guó)家醫(yī)療隊(duì)、4.26萬(wàn)名醫(yī)務(wù)人員、900多名公共衛(wèi)生人員馳援湖北。19個(gè)省份以對(duì)口支援、以省包市的方式支援湖北省除武漢市以外的16個(gè)地市。采取積極、科學(xué)、靈活的救治策略，慎終如始、全力以赴救治每一位患者，從出生僅30個(gè)小時(shí)的嬰兒至100多歲的老人，不計(jì)代價(jià)搶救每一位患者的生命。實(shí)施患者免費(fèi)救治，及時(shí)預(yù)撥疫情防控資金，確保患者不因費(fèi)用問(wèn)題影響就醫(yī)，確保各地不因資金問(wèn)題影響醫(yī)療救治和疫情防控。一些危重癥患者治療費(fèi)用幾十萬(wàn)元甚至上百萬(wàn)元，全部由國(guó)家承擔(dān)。對(duì)本輪新冠肺炎疫苗接種實(shí)施全民免費(fèi)，在受種者知情自愿同意的前提下，疫苗及接種費(fèi)用由醫(yī)保基金負(fù)擔(dān)，財(cái)政對(duì)醫(yī)保基金給予補(bǔ)助。
At the start of 2020, a Covid-19 epidemic spread in outbreaks all around the world. This is a global pandemic with the largest impact that humanity has encountered in a century, a serious crisis and a daunting challenge for the international community. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core, China has put the people’s interests and their lives and health first – nothing is more precious than people's lives.

Launching the largest medical assistance operation since the founding of the PRC, China mobilized all its medical resources to support the efforts in Wuhan and other locations in Hubei Province. From January 24, Chinese New Year’s Eve, to March 8, it rallied 346 national medical teams, consisting of 42,600 medical workers and more than 900 public health professionals to the immediate aid of Hubei, especially the city of Wuhan. Nineteen provinces and equivalent administrative units assisted 16 other prefectures/cities in Hubei in the form of paired assistance. Employing proactive, science-based, and flexible ways of treatment, the medical workers did everything possible to treat each and every patient, from an infant only 30 hours old to a centenarian. The goal was to save every single victim whatever the cost. The Chinese government provided free treatment for patients. Government funds for Covid-19 control were made available in advance to ensure that they could receive timely treatment and local authorities could proceed smoothly with measures for medical treatment and epidemic control. The individual cost for treating some Covid-19 patients in critical conditions reached hundreds of thousands of yuan, and in some extreme cases even exceeded RMB1 million, all covered by the state.

The current round of Covid-19 vaccination is free to all. With informed and voluntary consent of the recipients, the vaccines and vaccination costs are borne by the medical and health care insurance fund with subsidies from the state budget.

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（二）大幅提升經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化、環(huán)境權(quán)利保障水平
2. Ensuring Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights

就業(yè)是民生之本。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨把促進(jìn)就業(yè)放在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的優(yōu)先位置，堅(jiān)持就業(yè)優(yōu)先戰(zhàn)略和更加積極的就業(yè)政策。2020年，在新冠肺炎疫情沖擊下，黨中央統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)疫情防控和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展，把就業(yè)列為“六穩(wěn)”“六?！敝祝瞥鰷p負(fù)、穩(wěn)崗、擴(kuò)就業(yè)等一系列政策舉措，就業(yè)形勢(shì)逐步回穩(wěn)向好。2020年末城鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查失業(yè)率為5.2%；全年城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)人數(shù)1186萬(wàn)人，比900萬(wàn)人的預(yù)期目標(biāo)多286萬(wàn)人。
Employment is pivotal to people's wellbeing. The CPC prioritizes employment in economic and social development. It carries out a pro-employment strategy and pursues a more proactive employment policy. In 2020, to compensate for the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic, the CPC Central Committee coordinated epidemic prevention and control with economic and social development. Employment topped the list of measures to stabilize the six fronts (employment, finance, foreign trade, inbound investment, domestic investment, and market expectations), and to guarantee the six priorities (jobs, daily living needs, food and energy, industrial and supply chains, the interests of market players, and the smooth functioning of grassroots government). A series of policies and measures were launched to reduce the burden on businesses, and stabilize and expand employment. As a result, the urban unemployment rate at the end of 2020 stood at 5.2 percent; 11.9 million new urban jobs were created, 2.9 million more than the forecast of 9 million.

中國(guó)已經(jīng)建成了包括養(yǎng)老、醫(yī)療保障、社會(huì)救助等在內(nèi)的世界上最大的社會(huì)保障體系，覆蓋面不斷擴(kuò)大，保障水平不斷提高。2020年，基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)覆蓋達(dá)13.6億人，共有城鄉(xiāng)低保對(duì)象4427萬(wàn)人。截至2021年4月，全國(guó)參加基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)人數(shù)100961萬(wàn)人。自2016年起，開(kāi)展長(zhǎng)期護(hù)理保險(xiǎn)制度試點(diǎn)，啟動(dòng)跨省異地就醫(yī)直接結(jié)算，社會(huì)保障領(lǐng)域公共服務(wù)能力不斷提高。
China has put in place the world’s largest social security system, including pensions, medical and health care, and social assistance, expanding coverage and improving protection. In 2020, the basic medical insurance scheme covered 1.36 billion people, and a total of 44.3 million urban and rural residents received subsistence allowances. By April 2021, a little over 1 billion people had subscribed to basic old-age insurance across the country. In 2016, China pioneered a long-term nursing insurance system and launched real-time settlement of patient’s medical expenses for treatment incurred outside the administrative area of insurance registration.

居住和出行條件不斷改善。中國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)居民和農(nóng)村居民人均住房建筑面積在改革開(kāi)放之初分別為6.7平方米和8.1平方米，2019年分別增長(zhǎng)到39.8平方米和48.9平方米。實(shí)施城鎮(zhèn)保障性安居工程，幫助約2億困難群眾改善了住房條件，推進(jìn)農(nóng)村危房改造，不斷改善城市和農(nóng)村居住條件。截至2020年，全國(guó)公路總里程達(dá)519.8萬(wàn)公里，為新中國(guó)成立初期的64倍，高速公路以16.1萬(wàn)公里通車(chē)?yán)锍谭€(wěn)居世界之首。農(nóng)村公路里程達(dá)438萬(wàn)公里，建制村通客車(chē)率達(dá)99.4%，農(nóng)民群眾“出門(mén)水泥路、抬腳上客車(chē)”成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。公共汽電車(chē)、軌道交通等城市客運(yùn)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施快速發(fā)展，網(wǎng)約車(chē)、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)租賃自行車(chē)、分時(shí)租賃等新業(yè)態(tài)新模式不斷涌現(xiàn)。全國(guó)鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)里程達(dá)14.6萬(wàn)公里，其中高速鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)里程3.8萬(wàn)公里。全國(guó)民用航空（頒證）機(jī)場(chǎng)達(dá)241個(gè)。
Living conditions continue to improve. At the start of reform and opening up the per capita floor space of urban residents was only 6.7 sq m and rural residents 8.1 sq m. In 2019, the corresponding figures were 39.8 sq m and 48.9 sq m. Construction projects have been launched to provide affordable housing to urban residents, providing better housing to 200 million poor, and dilapidated rural dwellings have been renovated.

Travel facilities are also improving. At the end of 2020, China’s road network totaled 5.2 million km in length, 64 times of the figure in 1949 when the PRC was founded. China’s figure of 161,000 km of expressways is the highest in the world. The rural road network reached 4.4 million km, and 99.4 percent of administrative villages had bus services, realizing the dream of the rural people to have easy access to public transport. Urban passenger transport services such as buses, trams, and rail transit have developed rapidly. New business models such as online car-hailing, online bicycle rental, and time-share leasing continue to emerge. At the end of 2020, the rail network extended 146,000 km, including 38,000 km of high-speed rail. The country had 241 civil aviation airports.

國(guó)民受教育權(quán)利得到保障。教育投入大幅增長(zhǎng)，辦學(xué)條件顯著改善，辦學(xué)水平不斷提高，農(nóng)村教育得到加強(qiáng)，教育公平邁出重大步伐。城鄉(xiāng)免費(fèi)義務(wù)教育全面實(shí)現(xiàn)，2020年，9年義務(wù)教育鞏固率為95.2%，義務(wù)教育普及程度達(dá)到世界高收入國(guó)家的平均水平。2020年，高中階段教育毛入學(xué)率達(dá)91.2%，超過(guò)中等偏上收入國(guó)家平均水平。職業(yè)教育快速發(fā)展，高等教育由大眾化階段向普及化階段邁進(jìn)，2020年，普通本?？普猩?67.45萬(wàn)人，研究生教育招生110.66萬(wàn)人。
The right to education is guaranteed. Investment in education has grown substantially; conditions and standards in schools have greatly improved; rural education has been strengthened, and major strides have been made in ensuring equal access to education. Free compulsory education is available across the country. In 2020, the completion rate of the free nine-year compulsory education was 95.2 percent; in this metric China has reached the average of high-income countries. China’s gross enrollment rate in senior secondary education was 91.2 percent, higher than the average of upper-middle-income countries. Vocational education has developed rapidly, and higher education is transitioning from mass access to universal access. In 2020, about 9.7 million undergraduate students and 1.1 million postgraduates enrolled in colleges and universities.

社會(huì)主義文化事業(yè)全面繁榮，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的公共文化體系逐步建立，公共文化設(shè)施逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)免費(fèi)開(kāi)放。截至2019年，全國(guó)共有群眾文化機(jī)構(gòu)44073個(gè)，其中鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)綜合文化站33530個(gè)；全國(guó)群眾文化機(jī)構(gòu)共有館辦文藝團(tuán)體8094個(gè)；由文化館（站）指導(dǎo)的群眾業(yè)余文藝團(tuán)體44.18萬(wàn)個(gè)。全國(guó)共有體育場(chǎng)地371.3萬(wàn)個(gè)，體育場(chǎng)地面積31億平方米，人均體育場(chǎng)地面積2.2平方米。公共體育場(chǎng)館、全民健身中心、體育公園（或配建體育設(shè)施的公園）、公共健身設(shè)施覆蓋率大幅提升。
Socialist cultural undertakings in China are flourishing in every respect. A public cultural service system covering both urban and rural areas is in place, and an increasing number of public cultural facilities are open to the public without charge. In 2019, China had 44,073 public cultural centers, including 33,530 township cultural facilities; the centers hosted 8,094 literary and artistic groups; and the township facilities hosted 441,800 amateur art groups. There were 3.7 million sports venues nationwide covering an area of 3.1 billion sq m, or a per capita area of 2.2 sq m. This represented a significant increase in public sports venues including stadiums, fitness centers, sports parks (or parks with sports facilities), and open fitness facilities.

中國(guó)堅(jiān)持保護(hù)環(huán)境基本國(guó)策，秉持“良好生態(tài)環(huán)境是最普惠的民生福祉”的民生觀，走可持續(xù)發(fā)展之路。中共十八大以來(lái)，堅(jiān)持“綠水青山就是金山銀山”的綠色發(fā)展觀，將生態(tài)文明建設(shè)納入中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義“五位一體”總體布局，堅(jiān)持走生態(tài)優(yōu)先、綠色低碳的發(fā)展道路。衛(wèi)星圖像顯示，全球從2000年到2017年新增的綠化面積中約1/4來(lái)自中國(guó)，貢獻(xiàn)比例居世界首位。經(jīng)初步核算，2020年單位國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值二氧化碳排放比2005年下降48.4%，超額完成40%－45%的控制溫室氣體排放目標(biāo)。2020年，清潔能源消費(fèi)量占能源消費(fèi)總量的比重升至24.3%，較1978年提高17.7個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；細(xì)顆粒物（PM2.5）未達(dá)標(biāo)地級(jí)及以上城市平均濃度相比2015年下降28.8%；全國(guó)地表水水質(zhì)優(yōu)良（Ⅰ－Ⅲ類(lèi)）斷面比例提高到83.4%，劣V類(lèi)斷面比例下降到0.6%。
China upholds the basic national policy of environmental protection, and follows the path of sustainable development, believing that a good eco-environment is the most inclusive form of public wellbeing. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the central leadership has adopted the philosophy of green development: “Clear waters and green mountains are invaluable assets.” It has incorporated eco-environmental progress into the Five-sphere Integrated Plan of building socialism with Chinese characteristics together with economic, political, cultural and social progress, and pursues green and low-carbon development with priority given to the eco-environment.

Satellite images show that from 2000 to 2017, China contributed a quarter of the world’s newly forested land, ranking first among all countries. According to preliminary calculations, China’s carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP in 2020 were 48.4 percent lower than that in 2005, over-delivering on its greenhouse gas emissions reduction target by 40-45 percent. In 2020, clean energy consumption accounted for 24.3 percent of total energy consumption, a rise of 17.7 percentage points from 1978. The average concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in cities at or above the prefecture level fell by 28.8 percent compared with 2015; and the proportion of excellent and good quality surface water (I-III) grew to 83.4 percent while that of inferior Class V surface water dropped to 0.6 percent.

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（三）協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利保障
3. Coordinating Protection of Civil and Political Rights

人身權(quán)保障不斷加強(qiáng)。憲法確認(rèn)了公民人身權(quán)。立法法規(guī)定，有關(guān)犯罪和刑罰、對(duì)公民政治權(quán)利的剝奪和限制人身自由的強(qiáng)制措施和處罰、司法制度等事項(xiàng)，只有全國(guó)人大及其常委會(huì)有權(quán)立法。刑法確立罪刑法定原則、平等適用刑法原則、罪刑相適應(yīng)原則，依法制裁侵犯公民生命、健康、自由等權(quán)利的犯罪行為。刑事訴訟法將“尊重和保障人權(quán)”寫(xiě)入總則，明確規(guī)定無(wú)罪推定原則、非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則，保護(hù)犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和罪犯依法享有的人權(quán)。民法典強(qiáng)調(diào)人身自由、人格尊嚴(yán)受法律保護(hù)，明確規(guī)定公民的人身權(quán)利受法律保護(hù)，任何組織或者個(gè)人不得侵犯。行政處罰法、行政強(qiáng)制法等行政法律通過(guò)規(guī)范行政權(quán)保障公民人身權(quán)。為更好保障公民的人身自由，中國(guó)先后廢止了勞動(dòng)教養(yǎng)和收容教育制度。
Personal rights protection has been strengthened in China. The Constitution states that “the personal freedom of citizens of the PRC shall not be violated.” The Legislation Law stipulates that matters involving criminal offences and penalties, compulsory measures and penalties involving deprivation of a citizen’s political rights or restriction of personal freedom, and the justice system must be governed by laws developed by the National People‘s Congress (NPC) and its Standing Committee. The Criminal Law sets the principles of legality, equality before the law, and punishment fitting the crime. It punishes criminal acts that violate citizens’ rights to life, health, freedom, etc., as provided for by the law. The Criminal Procedure Law states in the General Provisions that respecting and protecting human rights is one of the objectives of this law, and defines the principles of presumption of innocence and exclusionary rule to protect the human rights of criminal suspects, defendants and criminals. The Civil Code states that a natural person’s right to life, life safety and dignity are protected by law and free from infringement by any organization or individual. The Law on Administrative Penalty, the Administrative Compulsion Law and other administrative laws protect the personal rights of citizens by regulating administrative power. China has successively abolished the systems of re-education through labor and of detention education to better protect the personal freedom of its citizens.

選舉權(quán)受到法律保障。選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)是憲法規(guī)定的公民基本政治權(quán)利，凡年滿18周歲的中國(guó)公民，不分民族、種族、性別、職業(yè)、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、財(cái)產(chǎn)狀況、居住期限，除依法被剝奪政治權(quán)利的人外，都有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)。中國(guó)依據(jù)普遍、平等、直接選舉和間接選舉相結(jié)合以及差額選舉、秘密投票的原則，依法保障人人享有平等的選舉權(quán)利，實(shí)現(xiàn)城鄉(xiāng)按相同人口比例選舉人大代表，并保證各地區(qū)、各民族、各方面都有適當(dāng)數(shù)量的代表。
The right to vote is guaranteed by law. The right to vote and to stand for election is a basic political right of citizens defined in the Constitution: All citizens who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights in accordance with the law. The principles of universality, equality, combination of direct and indirect elections, competitive election and secret ballot are applied to ensure equal right to vote for everyone in accordance with the law. The election system ensures that both rural and urban areas are represented by people’s congress deputies in proportion to their population, and that all regions, ethnic groups, and sectors of society have a certain proportion of deputies.

知情權(quán)參與權(quán)表達(dá)權(quán)監(jiān)督權(quán)保障體系持續(xù)完善。建立健全常態(tài)化的法律草案公開(kāi)征求意見(jiàn)工作機(jī)制。截至2021年4月，國(guó)家立法機(jī)關(guān)共有230件次法律草案向社會(huì)公開(kāi)征求意見(jiàn)。民法典草案公開(kāi)征求意見(jiàn)期間共收到425762人次提出的1021834條意見(jiàn)。大力推行政務(wù)公開(kāi)，以公開(kāi)為原則，不公開(kāi)為例外，全面推行權(quán)力清單、責(zé)任清單、負(fù)面清單公開(kāi)工作，全國(guó)均已公布省市縣三級(jí)政府部門(mén)權(quán)力清單。健全依法決策機(jī)制，在重大行政決策過(guò)程中，注重增強(qiáng)公眾參與實(shí)效，提高專家論證質(zhì)量，依法保障公民在行政決策中的參與權(quán)。不斷完善信訪制度，依法及時(shí)處理信訪問(wèn)題，維護(hù)群眾合法權(quán)益。國(guó)家信訪信息系統(tǒng)聯(lián)通了全國(guó)31個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）和新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)信訪部門(mén)、42個(gè)中央和國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)，方便群眾反映情況、提出建議意見(jiàn)或者投訴請(qǐng)求。建立人民建議征集制度，暢通民意表達(dá)渠道，創(chuàng)新群眾監(jiān)督方式。建立便捷高效的網(wǎng)絡(luò)表達(dá)平臺(tái)，公民在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上積極建言獻(xiàn)策、表達(dá)訴求，有序參與社會(huì)管理，成為全過(guò)程民主的重要渠道。保障公民和社會(huì)組織對(duì)國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)和公職人員進(jìn)行監(jiān)督的權(quán)利。全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)履行憲法法律監(jiān)督職責(zé)，健全備案審查制度，建立全國(guó)統(tǒng)一的備案審查信息平臺(tái)。
People's rights to know, to be involved, to express views, and to supervise the exercise of power are better protected. A mechanism through which public opinion is consulted in drafting laws has been established and improved. By April 2021, the state legislatures had solicited public opinion on 230 draft laws. A total of 425,762 comments were received for the draft Civil Code alone, collecting 1,021,834 pieces of opinion.

Administrative work of the government has been made more transparent. Following the principle that public disclosure is the rule rather than the exception, a list of well-defined powers, a list of responsibilities and a negative list for governments at different levels have been introduced across the country. The power list for governments at provincial, city and county levels has been published nationwide.

The mechanism in which decisions are made in accordance with the law has been improved, with a focus on the effectiveness of public participation and the quality of expert discussion, so as to protect the citizens’ right to participate in administrative decision-making.

The public complaints reporting system has been steadily improved to ensure problems are handled in a lawful and timely manner, and people’s legitimate rights and interests are protected. The national public complaints information system links the public complaints and proposals departments of all the provincial-level administrative units on the Chinese mainland, and 42 departments of the CPC Central Committee and ministries of the central government. This system makes it easier for people to report information, or raise suggestions, complaints, or requests.

A system to solicit proposals from the public has been set up. China provides smooth channels through which people express their opinions, and offers innovative means of public supervision. It has put in place convenient and effective online platforms for citizens to offer their views and advice, express their demands, and participate in social management in an orderly manner, making such platforms an important channel for realizing whole-process democracy.

Citizens and social organizations have the right to supervise state organs and public functionaries. The NPC Standing Committee performs its constitutional and legal duty of supervision. The system for recording and reviewing regulations, rules and other normative documents has been improved, and a national platform has been set up to this end.

實(shí)行宗教信仰自由政策。中國(guó)始終堅(jiān)持從本國(guó)國(guó)情和宗教實(shí)際出發(fā)，實(shí)行政教分離和宗教信仰自由政策，維護(hù)宗教和諧，構(gòu)建積極健康的宗教關(guān)系，尊重和保護(hù)公民信仰宗教和不信仰宗教的權(quán)利。國(guó)家保護(hù)正常宗教活動(dòng)，依法對(duì)涉及國(guó)家利益和社會(huì)公共利益的宗教事務(wù)進(jìn)行管理，但不干涉宗教內(nèi)部事務(wù)。支持各宗教堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主自辦原則，在獨(dú)立自主、平等友好、互相尊重的基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)展對(duì)外交往。在中國(guó)，信教公民和不信教公民相互尊重、和睦相處，積極投身改革開(kāi)放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)，共同為實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國(guó)夢(mèng)貢獻(xiàn)力量。
Freedom of religious belief is guaranteed. Based on the realities of the country and the conditions applying to its religions, China follows the policies of separation of government from religion and of freedom of religious belief, maintains religious harmony, builds active and healthy religious relations, and respects and protects the citizens’ right to follow or not to follow any religion. The government protects normal religious activities, and manages religious affairs involving national and public interests but does not interfere in the internal affairs of religions. It supports all religions in upholding the principle of independence and self-management, and in carrying out external exchanges on the basis of independence, equality, friendship, and mutual respect. In China, believers and non-believers respect each other and live in harmony; they work together in China’s reform and opening up and socialist modernization for the realization of the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

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（四）全面保障特定群體權(quán)利
4. Protecting the Rights of Special Groups in All Respects

堅(jiān)持各民族一律平等。依法保障各民族群眾平等享有管理國(guó)家事務(wù)的權(quán)利。中國(guó)通過(guò)民族區(qū)域自治法、選舉法、教育法、國(guó)家通用語(yǔ)言文字法、就業(yè)促進(jìn)法等法律法規(guī)保障少數(shù)民族享有的各項(xiàng)權(quán)利。中國(guó)55個(gè)少數(shù)民族均有本民族的全國(guó)人大代表和全國(guó)政協(xié)委員，十三屆全國(guó)人大代表中少數(shù)民族代表438名，占14.7%；十三屆全國(guó)政協(xié)委員中少數(shù)民族委員247名，占11.45%。發(fā)展民族教育事業(yè)，在廣大農(nóng)牧區(qū)推行寄宿制教育，舉辦民族預(yù)科班、民族班，著力辦好民族地區(qū)高等教育，保障少數(shù)民族受教育權(quán)利。目前，民族地區(qū)已全面普及從小學(xué)到初中9年義務(wù)教育，西藏自治區(qū)、新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的南疆地區(qū)等實(shí)現(xiàn)了從學(xué)前到高中階段15年免費(fèi)教育。除回族歷史上使用漢語(yǔ)，滿族、畬族基本轉(zhuǎn)用漢語(yǔ)外，其他52個(gè)少數(shù)民族都有本民族語(yǔ)言，有20多個(gè)少數(shù)民族共使用近30種文字。國(guó)家依法保障少數(shù)民族語(yǔ)言文字在行政管理、司法活動(dòng)、新聞出版、廣播影視、文化教育等各領(lǐng)域的合法使用。
China maintains that all ethnic groups are equal. It ensures that people of all ethnic groups have equal rights to administer state affairs in accordance with the law. China protects the rights of ethnic minority groups through the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, the Electoral Law for the National People’s Congress and Local People’s Congresses, the Education Law, the Law on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language, the Employment Promotion Law, and other relevant laws and regulations.

All 55 ethnic minority groups have deputies at the NPC and members in the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). The 13th NPC has 438 deputies from ethnic minority groups, accounting for 14.7 percent of the total, and the 13th CPPCC National Committee has 247 members from ethnic minority groups, making up 11.5 percent of the total.

China has invested a significant effort in ethnic minority education. It works to ensure their right to education by running boarding schools in farming and pastoral areas, opening preparatory courses and special classes for ethnic minorities at colleges and schools, and prioritizing ethnic minority areas in developing higher education. Nine-year compulsory education (elementary and junior high schools) is universal in ethnic minority areas. In Tibet Autonomous Region and south Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, students are exempt from charges for education for a total of 15 years from preschool to senior high school.

With the exception of the Hui, who have used Han Chinese historically, and the Manchu and She peoples who now generally use Han Chinese, the other 52 ethnic minorities have their own spoken languages, and over 20 groups use nearly 30 written scripts. The Chinese government protects by law the legitimate use of the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in the areas of administration and judicature, press and publishing, radio, film and television, and culture and education.

中國(guó)建立了包括100多部法律法規(guī)在內(nèi)的全面保障婦女兒童權(quán)益的法律體系，先后制定實(shí)施了3個(gè)周期的婦女、兒童發(fā)展綱要，有力推動(dòng)了婦女兒童事業(yè)與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。制定專門(mén)法律，預(yù)防和制止家庭暴力，保護(hù)家庭成員的合法權(quán)益。多次修改完善刑法和刑事訴訟法，加強(qiáng)對(duì)未成年人的保護(hù)，嚴(yán)厲打擊侵害未成年人的犯罪行為，健全涉罪未成年人的特殊保護(hù)制度。截至2021年4月，全國(guó)共有少年法庭1800余個(gè)，未成年人檢察機(jī)構(gòu)1500余個(gè)，未成年人檢察機(jī)構(gòu)檢察官4400余名。
China has put in place a legal system of more than 100 laws and regulations that comprehensively protects the rights and interests of women and children. It has enacted three guidelines on women’s development and three on children’s development, coordinating protection of women and children with economic and social development.

China promulgated a special law to prevent and stop domestic violence and protect the legal rights of family members.

The Criminal Law and the Criminal Procedure Law have been amended many times to strengthen the protection of minors. Robust action has been taken against criminal acts against minors, and the system of special protection for minors involved in crimes has been improved. In April 2021, there were more than 1,800 juvenile courts, and more than 1,500 juvenile prosecuting organs with more than 4,400 prosecutors.

尊老敬老是中華民族的傳統(tǒng)美德。多次修訂完善老年人權(quán)益保障法，31個(gè)省（區(qū)、市）制定了配套地方性法規(guī)，切實(shí)保障老年人合法權(quán)益。2019年11月，中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院印發(fā)《國(guó)家積極應(yīng)對(duì)人口老齡化中長(zhǎng)期規(guī)劃》，進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)對(duì)老年人權(quán)益保障機(jī)制的頂層設(shè)計(jì)。經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的高齡、失能等老年人補(bǔ)貼制度實(shí)現(xiàn)省級(jí)全覆蓋，積極構(gòu)建老年健康服務(wù)體系。截至2021年3月，中國(guó)已有33萬(wàn)余個(gè)養(yǎng)老服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)和設(shè)施，817.2萬(wàn)張養(yǎng)老服務(wù)床位；1477萬(wàn)老年人納入城鄉(xiāng)低保，383.8萬(wàn)老年人納入特困人員救助供養(yǎng)，3290.2萬(wàn)老年人享受高齡、護(hù)理等不同類(lèi)型的老年補(bǔ)貼。
Respecting the elderly is a traditional virtue of the Chinese culture. The Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly has been formulated and amended a number of times, while regional regulations were made in 31 provinces and equivalent administrative units to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the elderly. In November 2019, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the Medium and Long-term Plan for Proactive National Response to Population Aging, strengthening the top-level framework for protecting the rights and interests of the elderly.

All provincial-level administrative units on the Chinese mainland have adopted the subsidy system for elderly people experiencing economic difficulties or suffering from disabilities. China is building a health service system for the elderly. In March 2021, China had more than 330,000 institutions and facilities with 8.2 million beds to provide services to the elderly. 14.8 million senior citizens received subsistence allowances; 3.8 million received assistance and support for people in extreme difficulty; 32.9 million received advanced age subsidies, nursing subsidies, and other old-age subsidies.

殘疾人權(quán)利保障不斷加強(qiáng)。截至2021年4月，直接保護(hù)殘疾人權(quán)益的法律有90多部，行政法規(guī)有50多部。全面建立困難殘疾人生活補(bǔ)貼和重度殘疾人護(hù)理補(bǔ)貼制度，截至2020年，有1212.6萬(wàn)困難殘疾人享受了生活補(bǔ)貼，1473.8萬(wàn)重度殘疾人享受了護(hù)理補(bǔ)貼。實(shí)現(xiàn)家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的殘疾學(xué)生12年免費(fèi)教育，北京、遼寧、江蘇、西藏、新疆等省（區(qū)、市）實(shí)現(xiàn)殘疾學(xué)生15年免費(fèi)教育。國(guó)家為殘疾人提供職業(yè)培訓(xùn)和就業(yè)服務(wù)，截至2020年，累計(jì)有631.4萬(wàn)殘疾人接受了職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)。大力支持無(wú)障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)，積極推進(jìn)康復(fù)輔助器具產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，建立實(shí)施殘疾兒童康復(fù)救助制度，不斷完善低收入重度殘疾人社會(huì)化照護(hù)服務(wù)體系。加快發(fā)展精神障礙社區(qū)康復(fù)服務(wù)，推進(jìn)精神衛(wèi)生福利機(jī)構(gòu)建設(shè)。
Protection of the rights of persons with disabilities has been strengthened. By April 2021, China had more than 90 laws and more than 50 administrative regulations on protection of the rights and interests of this group. China has established a subsidy system to provide living expenses for disabled persons in need and to pay the nursing costs of persons with severe disabilities. By 2020, this system had benefited 12.1 million of the former and 14.7 million of the latter.

China provides 12-year free education for disabled students with financial difficulties; 15-year free education for such students has been realized in Beijing, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Tibet, Xinjiang and some other provinces and equivalent administrative units. The government provides vocational training and employment services for persons with disabilities. By 2020, 6.3 million people with disabilities had received vocational skills training.

China gives strong support to creating an accessible environment, and developing the industry of assistive appliances for rehabilitation. It has established and implemented a rehabilitation and assistance system for children with disabilities, and made constant efforts to improve social care services for low-income people with severe disabilities. It is moving faster to develop community rehabilitation services for mental disorders, and to build mental health welfare institutions.

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