三、筑牢人民當(dāng)家作主的根本制度
III. Ensuring the People's Position as Masters of the Country

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新中國(guó)成立以來，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨堅(jiān)持人民主體地位，從國(guó)情和實(shí)際出發(fā)，建立起以人民代表大會(huì)制度這一根本政治制度、中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度、民族區(qū)域自治制度、基層群眾自治制度等為主要內(nèi)容的人民當(dāng)家作主制度體系，為維護(hù)最廣大人民根本利益奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的制度基礎(chǔ)。
Since the founding of the PRC in 1949, the CPC has established systems that respect China’s actual conditions and ensure the people’s principal status as masters of the country. The main ones are people’s congresses, which form the fundamental political system of China, CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, regional ethnic autonomy, and grassroots self-governance. These systems have laid a firm institutional foundation for protecting the fundamental interests of the people.

（一）根本政治制度的人權(quán)保障
1. Ensuring Human Rights Through the Fundamental Political System

人民代表大會(huì)制度是中國(guó)的根本政治制度。這一制度的核心是保證國(guó)家的一切權(quán)力屬于人民，人民通過人民代表大會(huì)這一組織形式參與國(guó)家事務(wù)的管理，行使當(dāng)家作主的權(quán)利。
The system of people's congresses is China's fundamental political system. The essence of the system is to ensure that all power in the country belongs to the people and that the people participate in the management of state affairs and exercise power as masters of the country through the people’s congresses.

人民代表大會(huì)制度從根本上保證了人民當(dāng)家作主的權(quán)利。第一，全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)是最高國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)，全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)都由民主選舉產(chǎn)生，對(duì)人民負(fù)責(zé)，受人民監(jiān)督。選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)是首要的公民權(quán)利。選民或選舉單位有權(quán)依照法定程序選舉代表，并有權(quán)依照法定程序罷免自己選出的代表。第二，人民代表大會(huì)及其常委會(huì)嚴(yán)格按照民主集中制的原則，集體行使國(guó)家權(quán)力，集體決定問題，代表和反映人民的意志和根本利益。全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)、地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)每屆任期五年，全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)會(huì)議每年舉行一次，地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)會(huì)議每年至少舉行一次。第三，人民代表大會(huì)統(tǒng)一行使國(guó)家權(quán)力，國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)、監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)都由人民代表大會(huì)產(chǎn)生，對(duì)它負(fù)責(zé)，受它監(jiān)督。第四，全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)及其常委會(huì)行使國(guó)家立法權(quán)。對(duì)憲法的修改，由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)以全體代表的三分之二以上的多數(shù)通過。法律和其他議案由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)以全體代表或者由全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)組成人員的過半數(shù)通過。
The system of people's congresses ensures the rights of the people as the masters of the country. First, the National People’s Congress (NPC) is the highest state organ of power. The NPC and the local people’s congresses at all levels are created through democratic election; they are responsible to the people and subject to their oversight. The right to vote and stand for election is a basic right. Constituencies and organizations have the power to elect deputies and to remove them from office in accordance with procedures prescribed by law.

Second, in strict accordance with the principle of democratic centralism, people’s congresses and their standing committees exercise state power, decide on matters collectively, and represent the will and the fundamental interests of the people. Each NPC and local people’s congress has a term of five years. An NPC session is held once every year, while each local people’s congress convenes at least once every year.

Third, state power is exercised through people’s congresses. All administrative, supervisory, judicial and prosecuting organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses, answer to them, and are subject to their oversight.

Fourth, the NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state. Amendments to the Constitution must be adopted by a vote of at least two-thirds of NPC deputies, while laws and other bills shall be adopted by a majority vote of NPC deputies or of members of the NPC Standing Committee.

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截至2021年4月，全國(guó)各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)代表共有262萬多人。各級(jí)人大代表來自各民族、各行業(yè)、各階層、各黨派，具有廣泛的代表性。各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)中均有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的工人、農(nóng)民代表。第十三屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)代表中，工人、農(nóng)民代表占總數(shù)的15.7%。為保證國(guó)家的權(quán)力真正掌握在全體人民手中，代表在履行職責(zé)時(shí)，必須反映和代表人民的利益和意志。代表有權(quán)依法提出議案、審議各項(xiàng)議案和報(bào)告、對(duì)各項(xiàng)議案進(jìn)行表決，在人民代表大會(huì)各種會(huì)議上的發(fā)言和表決受法律保護(hù)。
As of April 2021, there are more than 2.6 million deputies to people’s congresses at all levels. The deputies are broadly representative of all ethnic groups, sectors, social strata and political parties. Among them are a considerable number of deputies who are workers or peasants. Among the deputies to the 13th NPC, workers and peasants account for 15.7 percent. To ensure that state power is truly in the hands of the people, deputies must represent the interests and will of the people when performing their duties. Deputies are entitled to submit, examine and vote on bills and proposals. The statements and votes of deputies at meetings of people's congresses are protected by the law.

實(shí)踐充分證明，在中國(guó)實(shí)行人民代表大會(huì)制度，是中國(guó)人民在人類政治制度史上的偉大創(chuàng)造。人民代表大會(huì)制度是符合中國(guó)國(guó)情、體現(xiàn)中國(guó)社會(huì)主義國(guó)家性質(zhì)、保證中國(guó)人民當(dāng)家作主的根本政治制度。中國(guó)各族人民通過人民代表大會(huì)制度牢牢地把國(guó)家和民族的前途命運(yùn)掌握在自己手里。
The system of people's congresses is a unique political structure created by the people of China. It embodies the nature of the PRC as a socialist country and ensures that the Chinese people are the masters of the country. Through this system, the peoples of all ethnic groups hold the destiny of China and the nation firmly in their own hands.

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（二）政黨制度的人權(quán)保障
2. Ensuring Human Rights Through the Political Party System

中國(guó)的政黨制度是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度，既不同于西方國(guó)家的兩黨或多黨競(jìng)爭(zhēng)制，也有別于一些國(guó)家實(shí)行的一黨制。在中國(guó)，除了執(zhí)政的中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨外，還有8個(gè)民主黨派。各民主黨派不是在野黨，也不是反對(duì)黨，它們是接受中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、同中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨通力合作的親密友黨，是中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義參政黨?！肮伯a(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、多黨派合作，共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政、多黨派參政”，是中國(guó)政黨制度的基本特征。這一制度是從中國(guó)土壤中生長(zhǎng)出來的新型政黨制度，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨與各民主黨派、無黨派人士在中國(guó)革命、建設(shè)和改革的長(zhǎng)期實(shí)踐中確立和發(fā)展起來的，是中國(guó)的一項(xiàng)基本政治制度，具有歷史的必然性、偉大的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性和巨大的優(yōu)越性。
The political party system of China involves multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC. It is different from the two-party or multiparty systems of Western countries and the one-party systems of some other countries. In China, in addition to the governing CPC, there are eight other political parties. These are not opposition parties. They maintain good relations with the CPC, accepting the latter’s leadership and cooperating fully with it; they are participants in governance under the framework of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This framework of multiparty cooperation and participation under CPC leadership and governance is the defining feature of China’s political party system. This system is a new model that has grown out of the soil of China. It was established and developed by the CPC, other political parties and prominent individuals without party affiliation (non-affiliates) over the long period of China’s revolution, economic development and reform. It was a historical necessity; it represents great ingenuity; it possesses enormous strengths.

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨廣開言路，通過多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度，發(fā)展社會(huì)主義民主政治，推進(jìn)協(xié)商民主廣泛多層制度化發(fā)展。民主黨派和無黨派人士參政的主要內(nèi)容是：參加國(guó)家政權(quán)，參與重要方針政策、重要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人選的協(xié)商，參與國(guó)家事務(wù)的管理，參與國(guó)家方針政策、法律法規(guī)的制定和執(zhí)行。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨就事關(guān)國(guó)計(jì)民生的重大問題在決策前和決策執(zhí)行中，同各民主黨派、無黨派人士直接協(xié)商，在人民政協(xié)同社會(huì)各界人士廣泛協(xié)商。
The CPC encourages the free airing of views. Through multiparty cooperation and political consultation it is committed to developing socialist democracy and advancing extensive, multilevel and institutionalized consultative democracy. In participating in governance, the main duties of the other political parties and the non-affiliates are assuming government office, and participating in consultations over major policies and candidates for key leadership positions, the management of state affairs, and the formulation and implementation of state policies, laws and regulations. Before decision-making on major issues concerning the country’s stability and the people’s wellbeing and during its implementation, the CPC carries out direct consultation with the other political parties and the non-affiliates and holds extensive consultations with people from all sectors of society at the sessions of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).

據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，中共十八大以來，各民主黨派中央、無黨派人士向中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院提出意見建議730多件；自2018年3月全國(guó)政協(xié)十三屆一次會(huì)議至2021年4月，全國(guó)政協(xié)共收到提案23048件。許多意見和建議被采納，為凝聚共識(shí)、推進(jìn)國(guó)家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)發(fā)揮了重要作用。
Since the 18th CPC National Congress, central committees of the other political parties and non-affiliates have submitted more than 730 proposals to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. From the First Session of the 13th CPPCC National Committee held in March 2018 to April 2021, the CPPCC National Committee received 23,048 proposals. Many of these have been adopted, playing an important role in building consensus and helping to modernize the country.

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商制度實(shí)現(xiàn)了執(zhí)政與參政、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與合作、協(xié)商與監(jiān)督的有機(jī)統(tǒng)一，體現(xiàn)了社會(huì)主義民主的本質(zhì)要求，有利于保障中國(guó)社會(huì)各階層的利益和要求，有利于傾聽人民呼聲、反映人民愿望、增進(jìn)人民福祉，在內(nèi)容上體現(xiàn)了人民的權(quán)利訴求，在程序上體現(xiàn)了人民當(dāng)家作主。
The CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation system has realized unity between governance and participation in governance, leadership and cooperation, and consultation and oversight. It embodies the essential requirement of socialist democracy. It is conducive to protecting the interests of all social groups in China and ensuring that their expectations are met; it is conducive to making the voice of the people heard, reflecting their wishes, and improving their wellbeing. This structure ensures that people’s rightful claims are honored through a procedure guaranteeing the supremacy of the people.

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（三）民族區(qū)域自治制度的人權(quán)保障
3. Ensuring Human Rights Through the System of Regional Ethnic Autonomy

中國(guó)是統(tǒng)一的多民族國(guó)家，鑄牢中華民族共同體意識(shí)，始終保持國(guó)家完整統(tǒng)一，實(shí)現(xiàn)各民族共同團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗、共同繁榮發(fā)展，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨民族政策的方針宗旨。民族區(qū)域自治制度，是指在國(guó)家統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，各少數(shù)民族聚居的地方實(shí)行區(qū)域自治，設(shè)立自治機(jī)關(guān)，行使自治權(quán)的制度。民族區(qū)域自治制度在憲法以及民族區(qū)域自治法中得到明確，是中國(guó)的一項(xiàng)基本政治制度。
China is a unified multiethnic state. Heightening a sense of identity of the Chinese nation, always maintaining the integrity and unification of the country, and all ethnic groups working jointly for common prosperity and development are the goals of the CPC’s ethnic policies. The system of regional ethnic autonomy means that areas with large ethnic minority populations shall practice regional autonomy, establish autonomous organs, and exercise the power of self-government under the unified leadership of the state. This basic political system is clearly specified in the country’s Constitution and its Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy.

中國(guó)實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治，以領(lǐng)土完整、國(guó)家統(tǒng)一為前提和基礎(chǔ)，體現(xiàn)了統(tǒng)一與自治的結(jié)合、民族因素與區(qū)域因素的結(jié)合，完全符合中國(guó)國(guó)情和實(shí)際。中國(guó)的民族區(qū)域自治，是在國(guó)家統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的自治，各民族自治地方都是中國(guó)不可分離的一部分，民族自治地方的自治機(jī)關(guān)都是中央政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的一級(jí)地方政權(quán)，都必須服從中央統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
Territorial integrity and national unification are preconditions for regional ethnic autonomy. They combine unification with autonomy and ethnic factors with regional factors, and are perfectly suited to China’s realities. China’s regional ethnic autonomy is autonomy under the unified leadership of the state. All ethnic autonomous areas are inseparable parts of the country, and all autonomous organs of these areas are local governments subject to the unified leadership of the central government.

實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治，從制度和政策層面保障了少數(shù)民族公民享有平等自由權(quán)利以及經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利。155個(gè)民族自治地方的人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)中，均有實(shí)行區(qū)域自治民族的公民擔(dān)任主任或者副主任；民族自治地方政府的主席、州長(zhǎng)、縣長(zhǎng)或旗長(zhǎng)，均由實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔(dān)任。中國(guó)根據(jù)各少數(shù)民族的特點(diǎn)和需要，幫助各少數(shù)民族地區(qū)加速經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化發(fā)展。
Regional ethnic autonomy provides institutional and policy guarantees to ensure that ethnic minority citizens enjoy rights to equality and freedom and to economic, social and cultural services. On all standing committees of people’s congresses of the 155 ethnic autonomous areas, there are citizens from the ethnic groups exercising autonomy assuming the office of chair or vice chair; all governors, prefectural commissioners, heads of counties, or banners of ethnic autonomous areas are citizens from the ethnic groups exercising autonomy. China considers the characteristics and needs of all ethnic minorities, and assists all ethnic minority areas in accelerating their economic and cultural development.

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（四）基層民主制度的人權(quán)保障
4. Ensuring Human Rights Through the Institutions of Grassroots Democracy

基層民主制度與保障人民群眾的切身利益密切相關(guān)。中國(guó)的基層民主有以村民委員會(huì)為組織形態(tài)的農(nóng)村村民自治、以城市居民委員會(huì)為組織形態(tài)的城市居民自治、以職工代表大會(huì)為組織依托的企事業(yè)單位職工自治等多種形式，人民群眾廣泛、直接參與社會(huì)事務(wù)管理。憲法、村民委員會(huì)組織法、城市居民委員會(huì)組織法、工會(huì)法等法律法規(guī)對(duì)基層民主自治制度作了相應(yīng)規(guī)定，提供了法律基礎(chǔ)和制度保障。
The institutions of grassroots democracy are crucial to protecting the immediate interests of the people. Grassroots democracy operates in multiple forms, including self-governance through villagers committees in rural areas, self-governance through urban residents committees, and self-governance in enterprises and public institutions through workers congresses. Through these organizations, the people participate extensively and directly in the management of social affairs. The Constitution, the Organic Law of the Villagers Committees, the Organic Law of the Urban Residents Committees, the Trade Union Law and other laws and regulations contain provisions on the system of democratic self-governance at the grassroots level, providing a legal basis and institutional guarantee.

廣大人民在城鄉(xiāng)基層群眾性自治組織中，直接行使民主選舉、民主協(xié)商、民主決策、民主管理和民主監(jiān)督的權(quán)利，實(shí)現(xiàn)自我管理、自我服務(wù)、自我教育、自我監(jiān)督。城鄉(xiāng)居民依法選舉產(chǎn)生了近280萬名村（居）委會(huì)成員，村（居）民會(huì)議、村（居）民代表會(huì)議制度逐步完善，城鄉(xiāng)居民參與民主決策渠道進(jìn)一步拓寬。各地依托村（居）民議事會(huì)、村（居）民理事會(huì)、村（居）民聽證會(huì)等形式，開展靈活多樣的議事協(xié)商活動(dòng)。村規(guī)民約、居民公約實(shí)現(xiàn)全覆蓋，城鄉(xiāng)居民自我約束更加規(guī)范。村（居）務(wù)監(jiān)督委員會(huì)全面建立，村（居）務(wù)公開工作持續(xù)深化，民主評(píng)議和經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任審計(jì)工作普遍開展。全國(guó)已有28個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）制定了35部有關(guān)企業(yè)民主管理的地方性法規(guī)，初步形成了以職工代表大會(huì)為基本形式，以廠務(wù)公開、職工董事、職工監(jiān)事、平等協(xié)商集體合同制度為法定形式，以職工民主管理委員會(huì)、民主議事會(huì)等為補(bǔ)充形式的企業(yè)民主管理制度體系。
Through grassroots urban and rural organizations for self-governance, the people directly exercise their rights to democratic elections, consultations, decision-making, management, and oversight and manage their own affairs by involving the local residents in educating and serving the community and exercising public scrutiny. Urban and rural residents have elected almost 2.8 million members of the grassroots committees. The systems of committee meetings and congresses are improving, and the channels for urban and rural residents to participate in democratic decision-making are widening. Localities conduct discussions and consultations in flexible and diverse forms such as councils, hearings and others. All rural villages and urban communities have formulated their codes of conduct and the self-regulation of urban and rural residents has become more rule-based. Oversight committees have been universally established; the work to make community affairs more transparent is expanding; democratic appraisal and economic responsibility audit are carried out as a norm.

Across the country, 28 provinces and equivalent administrative units have formulated 35 local regulations concerning democratic management of enterprises. A preliminary institutional framework has been formed, with workers congresses as the basic element. The framework features open access to enterprise affairs, employees serving as board directors and board supervisors, and negotiation of collective contracts on an equal footing, supplemented by employees committees for democratic management and employees democratic councils.

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