二、尊重和保障人權(quán)的執(zhí)政方略
II. The Principle of Respecting and Protecting Human Rights Embedded in Governance

（一）尊重和保障人權(quán)的憲法原則
1. In the Constitution as a Guiding Principle

憲法是國(guó)家的根本法，是公民權(quán)利的保障書(shū)。在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國(guó)建立了以憲法為核心的中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義法律體系，為保障人權(quán)夯實(shí)法治基礎(chǔ)。
As the fundamental law of a country, the Constitution is a written guarantee of the rights of citizens. Under the leadership of the CPC, China has established a Chinese socialist legal system with the Constitution at the core, thus laying a solid legal foundation for ensuring human rights.

1954年9月，第一屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)第一次會(huì)議通過(guò)《中華人民共和國(guó)憲法》，宣告“中華人民共和國(guó)的一切權(quán)力屬于人民”，規(guī)定公民在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化、人身等方面享有的廣泛權(quán)利與自由。1982年12月，第五屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)第五次會(huì)議通過(guò)的現(xiàn)行憲法，將“公民的基本權(quán)利和義務(wù)”提前到第二章，置于第一章“總綱”之后，更彰顯了公民權(quán)利的重要地位，同時(shí)也擴(kuò)大了權(quán)利保護(hù)的范圍。此后，全國(guó)人大又分別在1988、1993、1999、2004、2018年五次通過(guò)憲法修正案，從基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度、分配制度、保護(hù)公民私有財(cái)產(chǎn)、建立健全社會(huì)保障制度等方面，不斷加強(qiáng)對(duì)人權(quán)的保障。
In September 1954, the First Session of the First National People's Congress (NPC) adopted the Constitution of the PRC, which declared that all power in the country belongs to the people. It provided a wide range of rights and freedom that citizens enjoy in political, economic, social, cultural, personal and other respects. In December 1982, the Fifth Session of the Fifth NPC adopted the current Constitution of the PRC, in which "The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens" was moved forward and made second only to Chapter I, "General Principles". This adjustment highlighted the importance of citizens’ rights. Meanwhile, this Constitution also expanded the range of rights under protection. Later, the NPC adopted five amendments to the Constitution in 1988, 1993, 1999, 2004 and 2018, to better protect human rights. These involved the basic economic system, distribution system, protection of citizens' private property, and the social security system.

2004年3月，第十屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)第二次會(huì)議通過(guò)《中華人民共和國(guó)憲法修正案》，正式將“國(guó)家尊重和保障人權(quán)”載入憲法，由此，“尊重和保障人權(quán)”就成為整個(gè)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義法治體系的基本原則，也成為所有國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、武裝力量、政黨、社會(huì)團(tuán)體、企業(yè)事業(yè)組織必須遵守的行為準(zhǔn)則和法律義務(wù)，一切法律法規(guī)規(guī)章規(guī)范性文件都不得與之相抵觸，任何與之相違背的行為都必須予以追究。
The amendment adopted at the Second Session of the 10th NPC, held in March 2004, added the line "The state respects and safeguards human rights" into the Constitution. Since then, respecting and protecting human rights has been a basic principle of the system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics and a binding rule of conduct and a legal obligation of all state organs, armed forces, political parties, social organizations, enterprises and public institutions. No laws, regulations, rules and normative documents can be in conflict with the principle, and accountability must be enforced on all acts that violate it.

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨帶領(lǐng)人民全面認(rèn)真實(shí)施憲法，帶頭履行尊重和保障人權(quán)的憲法責(zé)任。中國(guó)通過(guò)健全法律法規(guī)和制度體系，發(fā)展國(guó)家各項(xiàng)事業(yè)等，推動(dòng)憲法實(shí)施，落實(shí)憲法規(guī)定的人權(quán)保障原則和精神。建立適合政治制度和基本國(guó)情的憲法實(shí)施和監(jiān)督機(jī)制，設(shè)立全國(guó)人大憲法和法律委員會(huì)，推進(jìn)合憲性審查，加強(qiáng)憲法實(shí)施和監(jiān)督，確保憲法規(guī)定落到實(shí)處，更好維護(hù)憲法權(quán)威。
The CPC leads the people in fully and strictly enforcing the Constitution and takes the lead in fulfilling the constitutional responsibility of respecting and protecting human rights. This has been achieved through improving laws, regulations and institutional systems and developing various undertakings of the state. China has established mechanisms best suited to its political systems and national conditions for enforcing the Constitution and the oversight thereof. It has set up the NPC Constitution and Law Committee to carry out constitutional review, so as to better uphold the authority of the Constitution and ensure that the provisions of the Constitution are observed.

?

（二）尊重和保障人權(quán)的執(zhí)政理念
2. In State Governance as a Philosophy

全心全意為人民服務(wù)是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的根本宗旨。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨奉行以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，堅(jiān)持執(zhí)政為民，做到發(fā)展為了人民、發(fā)展依靠人民、發(fā)展成果由人民共享，將尊重和保障人權(quán)貫穿于執(zhí)政和自身建設(shè)之中。
Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of the CPC. The Party adheres to a people-centered philosophy of development, exercises power for the people, and ensures that development is for the people and by the people and that its benefits are shared by the people. It embodies the principle of respecting and protecting human rights in its governance and self-improvement.

1997年召開(kāi)的中共十五大，首次將“保證人民依法享有廣泛的權(quán)利和自由，尊重和保障人權(quán)”寫(xiě)入大會(huì)報(bào)告之中。2002年召開(kāi)的中共十六大，重申“尊重和保障人權(quán)”，并將“人民的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化權(quán)益得到切實(shí)尊重和保障”“促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展”等內(nèi)容納入全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)的目標(biāo)之中。2007年召開(kāi)的中共十七大，將“尊重和保障人權(quán)，依法保證全體社會(huì)成員平等參與、平等發(fā)展的權(quán)利”寫(xiě)入大會(huì)報(bào)告，并將“尊重和保障人權(quán)”正式載入《中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨章程》。
At the 15th CPC National Congress held in 1997, the report to the congress included for the first time the following expression: "ensuring that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedom endowed by law, and respecting and guaranteeing human rights". The 16th CPC National Congress held in 2002 reiterated that "human rights are respected and guaranteed", and included the following words in the goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects: “The political, economic and cultural rights and interests of the people will be respected and guaranteed in real earnest” and “promoting the all-round development of people”. The report to the 17th CPC National Congress held in 2007 read that “We must respect and guarantee human rights, and ensure the equal right to participation and development for all members of society in accordance with the law”, and “It [the CPC] respects and safeguards human rights" was formally added into the CPC Constitution.

中共十八大以來(lái)，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨從全面深化改革、加快推進(jìn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化出發(fā)，更加注重健全尊重和保障人權(quán)的體制機(jī)制。2012年，中共十八大將“人權(quán)得到切實(shí)尊重和保障”寫(xiě)入大會(huì)報(bào)告，并提升為全面建成小康社會(huì)和全面深化改革開(kāi)放的重要戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)之一。2014年，中共十八屆四中全會(huì)通過(guò)《中共中央關(guān)于全面推進(jìn)依法治國(guó)若干重大問(wèn)題的決定》，強(qiáng)調(diào)“加強(qiáng)人權(quán)司法保障”“增強(qiáng)全社會(huì)尊重和保障人權(quán)意識(shí)”，明確提出加強(qiáng)人權(quán)司法保障和重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域立法，依法保障公民權(quán)利，加快完善體現(xiàn)權(quán)利公平、機(jī)會(huì)公平、規(guī)則公平的法律制度，保障公民人身權(quán)、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)、基本政治權(quán)利等各項(xiàng)權(quán)利不受侵犯，保障公民經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會(huì)等各方面權(quán)利得到落實(shí)，實(shí)現(xiàn)公民權(quán)利保障法治化。2015年，中共十八屆五中全會(huì)明確，“人權(quán)得到切實(shí)保障”是整個(gè)“十三五”期間法治建設(shè)的一個(gè)主要目標(biāo)。
Since the 18th CPC National Congress held in 2012, to further reform on all fronts and accelerate the modernization of China’s governance system and capacity, the CPC has attached greater importance to improving the systems and mechanisms for respecting and protecting human rights. At the 18th CPC National Congress, the principle that “human rights should be fully respected and protected” was included in the report to the congress and listed as one of the key strategic goals of building a moderately prosperous society and furthering reform and opening up in an all- round way. In 2014, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee adopted the Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Rule of Law. The resolution emphasized the need to “provide stronger judicial protection of human rights” and to “strengthen awareness throughout the whole of society about the need to respect and safeguard human rights”. It stipulated ways to ensure that citizens’ rights are protected by the law: enhancing judicial protection of human rights and legislation in key areas, protecting citizens’ rights in accordance with the law, establishing a legal system featuring equal rights, equal opportunities and fair rules for all, ensuring the inviolability of citizens’ rights including personal rights, property rights and basic political rights, and making sure that citizens enjoy rights in economic, cultural, social and all other respects. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee in 2015 made it clear that “human rights should be fully protected” is a major goal of promoting the rule of law during the entire 13th Five-year Plan period.

2017年，中共十九大報(bào)告明確，新時(shí)代中國(guó)社會(huì)主要矛盾是人民日益增長(zhǎng)的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的發(fā)展之間的矛盾，必須堅(jiān)持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，不斷促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展、全體人民共同富裕。中共十九大報(bào)告繪就了中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)的美好藍(lán)圖：從2020年到2035年，在全面建成小康社會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)上，人民平等參與、平等發(fā)展權(quán)利得到充分保障；從2035年到本世紀(jì)中葉，在基本實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化的基礎(chǔ)上，把中國(guó)建成富強(qiáng)民主文明和諧美麗的社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國(guó)，全體人民共同富裕基本實(shí)現(xiàn)，中國(guó)人民將享有更加幸福安康的生活；加強(qiáng)人權(quán)法治保障，保證人民依法享有廣泛權(quán)利和自由。2019年，中共十九屆四中全會(huì)指出，增進(jìn)人民福祉、促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨立黨為公、執(zhí)政為民的本質(zhì)要求。2020年，中共十九屆五中全會(huì)通過(guò)《中共中央關(guān)于制定國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十四個(gè)五年規(guī)劃和二〇三五年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)的建議》，將“促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展和社會(huì)全面進(jìn)步”“促進(jìn)人權(quán)事業(yè)全面發(fā)展”等作為中國(guó)發(fā)展的更高目標(biāo)。
In 2017, the report to the 19th CPC National Congress stated: “the principal contradiction facing Chinese society in the new era is that between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life. We must therefore continue commitment to our people-centered philosophy of development, and work to promote well-rounded human development and common prosperity for everyone.”

The report drew a blueprint for future progress in China’s human rights: From 2020 to 2035, on the basis of completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, the rights of the people to participate and to develop as equals will be adequately protected; from 2035 to the middle of the 21st century, building on having achieved basic modernization, we will develop China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful; common prosperity for everyone will be largely achieved; the Chinese people will enjoy happier, safer, and healthier lives; we will strengthen legal protection for human rights to ensure that the people enjoy extensive rights and freedoms as prescribed by law.

In 2019, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee pointed out that improving the wellbeing of the people and promoting well-rounded human development are essential to the Party's commitment to serving the public good and exercising power in the interests of the people. In 2020, the proposal of the CPC Central Committee on formulating the 14th Five-year Plan for economic and social development and the long-range objectives through the year 2035 was adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee. The proposal set higher goals for China’s development, which include promoting well-rounded human development and all-round social advancement and promoting comprehensive progress in human rights.

?

（三）尊重和保障人權(quán)的國(guó)家發(fā)展規(guī)劃
3. In National Development Plans for Its Realization

從1953年到2021年，中國(guó)已制定了十四個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展規(guī)劃（計(jì)劃），對(duì)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化、環(huán)境等方面發(fā)展作出安排。
From 1953 to 2021, China has formulated 14 plans for national economic and social development, providing for the country’s development in economic, social, cultural, environmental and other respects.

根據(jù)中共十九屆五中全會(huì)建議，2021年3月召開(kāi)的第十三屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)第四次會(huì)議，討論通過(guò)了《中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展第十四個(gè)五年規(guī)劃和2035年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)綱要》，具體提出了未來(lái)五年及十五年中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、政治建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)、社會(huì)建設(shè)、生態(tài)文明建設(shè)等各方面建設(shè)的目標(biāo)、任務(wù)、方針、措施。其中強(qiáng)調(diào)，堅(jiān)持以人民為中心，堅(jiān)持新發(fā)展理念，堅(jiān)持人民主體地位，堅(jiān)持共同富裕方向，維護(hù)人民根本利益，激發(fā)全體人民的積極性、主動(dòng)性、創(chuàng)造性，促進(jìn)社會(huì)公平正義，增進(jìn)人民福祉，不斷實(shí)現(xiàn)人民對(duì)美好生活的向往。這些發(fā)展思想蘊(yùn)含著極其豐富的尊重和保障人權(quán)精神。
In accordance with the proposal adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, the Fourth Session of the 13th NPC held in March 2021 deliberated and adopted the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 of the PRC. The outline set forth specific objectives, tasks, policies and measures for China’s development in economic, political, cultural, social, ecological and other fields in the next five years and 15 years. In the outline, it was emphasized that we must pursue people-centered development, adopt a new vision for development, and ensure the principal status of the people; we must move steadily toward common prosperity, safeguard the fundamental interests of the people, and unleash their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity; we must promote social equity and justice, improve the wellbeing of the people, and realize the people’s aspiration for a better life. This approach to development embodies the principle of respecting and protecting human rights.

保障經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化權(quán)利，特別是工作權(quán)利、基本生活水準(zhǔn)權(quán)利、社會(huì)保障權(quán)利、健康權(quán)利、受教育權(quán)利、文化權(quán)利、環(huán)境權(quán)利、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利等，關(guān)系到每個(gè)人的生存發(fā)展。國(guó)家制定各項(xiàng)事業(yè)發(fā)展綱要、規(guī)劃、計(jì)劃等，不斷推進(jìn)公民基本權(quán)利保障。僅過(guò)去十年，中國(guó)政府有關(guān)部門(mén)就制定并實(shí)施了《中國(guó)農(nóng)村扶貧開(kāi)發(fā)綱要（2011－2020年）》《“健康中國(guó)2030”規(guī)劃綱要》《國(guó)家中長(zhǎng)期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010－2020年）》《人力資源和社會(huì)保障事業(yè)發(fā)展“十三五”規(guī)劃綱要》《全國(guó)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)綱要》《“十三五”促進(jìn)民族地區(qū)和人口較少民族發(fā)展規(guī)劃》《中國(guó)婦女發(fā)展綱要（2011－2020年）》《中國(guó)兒童發(fā)展綱要（2011－2020年）》《“十三五”國(guó)家老齡事業(yè)發(fā)展和養(yǎng)老體系建設(shè)規(guī)劃》《中國(guó)殘疾人事業(yè)“十三五”發(fā)展綱要》《鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃（2018－2022年）》等幾十個(gè)涉及多領(lǐng)域的保障人民生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)的政策文件。國(guó)家還就保障公民權(quán)利與政治權(quán)利，特別是保障公民的人身權(quán)利、獲得公正審判的權(quán)利、宗教信仰自由、知情權(quán)參與權(quán)表達(dá)權(quán)監(jiān)督權(quán)等，制定了一系列保障性制度和措施。
Protecting people's economic, social and cultural rights, especially their rights to employment, basic living, social security, health, education, culture, environment, property and other services, is essential to the rights of all to life and development. The state makes constant progress in protecting citizens' basic rights by formulating outlines and plans for the development of various undertakings. In the past 10 years alone, the Chinese government formulated dozens of policy documents concerning people’s rights to subsistence and development in many fields. These include the Outline of Development-Driven Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas (2011-2020), the Outline of Healthy China 2030, the Outline of National Medium- and Long-Term Program for Education Reform and Development (2010-2020), the Outline of the Development of Human Resources and Social Security Undertakings During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, the Outline of China’s Environmental Protection, the Program for Developing Ethnic Minority Areas and Ethnic Groups with Small Populations During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, the Program for the Development of Women in China (2011-2020), the Program for the Development of Children in China (2011-2020), the Plan for the Development of China’s Old-Age Programs and Elderly-Care System, the Outline for the Development of People with Disabilities During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, and the Rural Revitalization Strategic Plan (2018-2022). China also worked out a series of institutions and measures to protect citizens’ civil and political rights, particularly citizens’ personal rights, their rights to fair trial, freedom of religion, the rights to be informed, to be engaged and to be heard, and the right to oversee.

中國(guó)積極響應(yīng)國(guó)際社會(huì)倡議，自2009年以來(lái)，已制定實(shí)施3期國(guó)家人權(quán)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，成為世界上為數(shù)不多的連續(xù)制定人權(quán)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃的國(guó)家。目前，第4期《國(guó)家人權(quán)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃（2021－2025年）》的制定工作也已展開(kāi)。中國(guó)的國(guó)家人權(quán)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃已實(shí)現(xiàn)與國(guó)家發(fā)展規(guī)劃的對(duì)接和統(tǒng)一。
China actively responds to the initiatives of the international community. Since 2009, it has worked out three national human rights action plans, which is quite unusual among countries of the world. Currently, the work has begun to produce the fourth – the National Human Rights Action Plan (2021-2025). China has integrated its national human rights action plans with its national development plans.

?