國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室6月24日發(fā)表《中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨尊重和保障人權(quán)的偉大實(shí)踐》白皮書。全文如下：

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中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨尊重和保障人權(quán)的偉大實(shí)踐
The Communist Party of China and Human Rights Protection
– A 100-Year Quest

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（2021年6月）
中華人民共和國(guó)
國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China
June 2021
First Edition 2021

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目錄
Contents

前言
Foreword

一、為人民解放和幸福而奮斗
I.For People's Liberation and Wellbeing

二、尊重和保障人權(quán)的執(zhí)政方略
II.The Principle of Respecting and Protecting Human Rights Embedded in Governance

三、筑牢人民當(dāng)家作主的根本制度
III.Ensuring the People's Position as Masters of the Country

四、促進(jìn)各項(xiàng)人權(quán)全面發(fā)展
IV.Making Comprehensive Progress in Human Rights

五、依法保障公民基本權(quán)利
V.Protecting the Basic Rights of Citizens in Accordance with the Law

六、推進(jìn)世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展
VI.Advancing Human Rights Around the World

七、豐富發(fā)展了人權(quán)文明多樣性
VII.Adding Diversity to the Concept of Human Rights

結(jié)束語(yǔ)
Conclusion

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前言
Foreword

2021年是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨成立100周年。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的100年，創(chuàng)造了尊重和保障人權(quán)的偉大奇跡，譜寫了人權(quán)文明的新篇章。
The year 2021 marks the centenary of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Over the past century, the CPC has invested a huge effort in human rights protection, adding significantly to global human rights progress.

100年前，在中華民族面臨內(nèi)憂外患的危急關(guān)頭，擔(dān)負(fù)著救國(guó)救民使命的中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨誕生了。中國(guó)產(chǎn)生了共產(chǎn)黨，這是開天辟地的大事變。在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國(guó)人民開啟了為實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家富強(qiáng)、民族振興、人民幸福而奮斗的嶄新歷程。
A hundred years ago, the CPC came into being – its mission to salvage the country and save the Chinese people at a perilous time of domestic upheaval and foreign aggression. This was an epoch-changing moment. Under the leadership of the CPC, the Chinese people embarked on a new journey towards prosperity, national rejuvenation, and wellbeing.

100年來(lái)，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨團(tuán)結(jié)帶領(lǐng)中國(guó)人民推翻了帝國(guó)主義、封建主義和官僚資本主義“三座大山”，建立了中華人民共和國(guó)，完成了新民主主義革命和社會(huì)主義革命，為有效保障人民各項(xiàng)權(quán)利和自由奠定了根本政治前提和牢固制度基礎(chǔ)。經(jīng)過艱辛探索，中國(guó)開創(chuàng)了改革開放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)新時(shí)期，開啟了中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義新時(shí)代，中華民族迎來(lái)了從站起來(lái)、富起來(lái)到強(qiáng)起來(lái)的偉大飛躍，踏上了全面建設(shè)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家新征程。
Over this period of one hundred years, the CPC has united and led the people in toppling the "three mountains" of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, creating the People's Republic of China (PRC), and completing the New Democratic Revolution and the Socialist Revolution. The political and institutional foundations were thereby laid down to ensure the rights and freedoms of the people. Through successes and setbacks, China has pioneered reform and opening up, set the goal of socialist modernization, and ushered in a new era of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The Chinese nation has stood up, become better off, and grown in strength. Now, it is embarking on a new journey to build a modern socialist country in all respects.

100年來(lái)，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨堅(jiān)持人民至上，堅(jiān)持將人權(quán)的普遍性原則與中國(guó)實(shí)際相結(jié)合，堅(jiān)持生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)是首要的基本人權(quán)，堅(jiān)持人民幸福生活是最大的人權(quán)，堅(jiān)持促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展，不斷增強(qiáng)人民群眾的獲得感、幸福感、安全感，成功走出了一條中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義人權(quán)發(fā)展道路。
For a hundred years, the CPC has always put people first, applying the principle of universality of human rights in the context of the national conditions. It regards the rights to subsistence and development as the primary and basic human rights, and believes that living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right. It promotes the well-rounded development of the individual, and strives to give every person a stronger sense of gain, happiness and security. Its success in pioneering human rights in a socialist country is unique and readily apparent.

100年來(lái)，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨心懷天下，堅(jiān)持走和平發(fā)展道路，堅(jiān)持促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展。中國(guó)堅(jiān)定維護(hù)世界和平，堅(jiān)持以合作促發(fā)展，以發(fā)展促人權(quán)，積極參與國(guó)際人權(quán)事務(wù)，為全球人權(quán)治理貢獻(xiàn)中國(guó)智慧、提供中國(guó)方案，推動(dòng)世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展，與世界各國(guó)一道，共同構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體。
For a hundred years, the CPC has committed itself to peaceful development and common progress. China is firm in its international stance – to safeguard world peace and seek progress through cooperation, ensuring human rights with the benefits deriving from development. It has been an active participant in matters of international human rights, providing a Chinese contribution to global human rights governance and progress, and working with other countries to forge a global community of shared future.

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一、為人民解放和幸福而奮斗
I. For People's Liberation and Wellbeing

（一）近代中國(guó)人民的人權(quán)慘遭踐踏
1. Human Rights Trampled after the Mid-19th Century

中華民族是有著5000多年輝煌燦爛文明史的偉大民族。在人類歷史長(zhǎng)河中，中國(guó)綜合國(guó)力曾長(zhǎng)期居世界前列。但到清朝（1636－1911年）的中后期，特別是1840年鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后，由于西方列強(qiáng)對(duì)中國(guó)的侵略日甚一日，由于統(tǒng)治者的腐敗無(wú)能，中國(guó)的發(fā)展開始陷入停滯，逐漸成為半殖民地半封建社會(huì)，人民慘遭壓迫奴役，陷入深重苦難之中。
The Chinese nation is a great nation boasting a civilization spanning five millennia. China once led the world in composite national strength over a long period of time. But beginning in the middle and latter half of the Qing Dynasty (1636-1911), and especially after the Opium War in 1840, China plunged into stagnation due to a corrupt, incompetent government and ever growing Western aggression. It was eventually reduced to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal state where the people were enslaved and suffered immeasurably.

從1840年開始，列強(qiáng)通過對(duì)中國(guó)的多次侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和其他方法，與中國(guó)政府簽訂了數(shù)以百計(jì)的不平等條約、章程、專條，強(qiáng)迫中國(guó)割地、賠款，攫取種種特權(quán)，構(gòu)建起殖民、掠奪中國(guó)的系統(tǒng)性結(jié)構(gòu)。列強(qiáng)入侵及其殖民政策，成為加在中國(guó)人民身上的沉重枷鎖，中國(guó)人民的尊嚴(yán)和生存權(quán)利遭到嚴(yán)重踐踏。
Beginning in 1840, the Western imperialist powers, through war and other aggressive means, forced the Chinese government into hundreds of unequal treaties, regulations and conventions, grabbing territory, demanding reparations and privileges, and engaging in a process of colonization and plunder throughout China. Western invasion and colonization shackled the Chinese people, trampling on their dignity and putting their very lives in jeopardy.

國(guó)家的不幸就是人民的不幸。在帝國(guó)主義、封建主義、官僚資本主義壓迫之下，饑餓、貧窮、落后、挨打，是近代中國(guó)人權(quán)狀況的真實(shí)寫照。
It was a tragedy for the country and the people. Oppressed by imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, the Chinese people suffered from hunger and poverty and the nation from backwardness and subjugation.

近代中國(guó)人民遭遇的生存危機(jī)是全方位的。在經(jīng)濟(jì)上，中國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力落后，土地兼并加之苛捐雜稅，自然災(zāi)害加之戰(zhàn)亂破壞，導(dǎo)致大量農(nóng)民破產(chǎn)淪為雇農(nóng)甚至流民；工商業(yè)雖有一定發(fā)展，但規(guī)模小、產(chǎn)量低、結(jié)構(gòu)失衡，并且受到外國(guó)資本和國(guó)內(nèi)官僚資本的操控，難以為國(guó)計(jì)民生提供有力支持。經(jīng)濟(jì)衰敗、民生凋敝，人民在生存線苦苦掙扎。據(jù)估算，當(dāng)時(shí)全國(guó)有80%的人長(zhǎng)期處于饑餓、半饑餓狀態(tài)，幾乎每年都有幾萬(wàn)乃至幾十萬(wàn)人因饑餓而死。
The subsistence crisis raged in all directions. The economy was in a shambles. Low agricultural productivity, land annexation, harsh taxes and levies, natural disasters, and frequent wars turned large numbers of small farmers and peasants into farm laborers for hire or homeless poor. Industry and commerce developed to a certain extent, but was small in scale, low in productivity and unbalanced in structure. Manipulated by foreign and domestic bureaucrat capital, it was impossible to sustain the nation or the people. Under a shattered economy, the people were destitute and struggled to survive. It is estimated that 80 percent of the population was constantly haunted by dire hunger or inadequate food supply, and that tens or even hundreds of thousands of people starved to death every year.

除了物質(zhì)上的匱乏，中國(guó)人民還面臨病疫的折磨和精神上的貧瘠。當(dāng)時(shí)的中國(guó)疫病橫行，鼠疫、天花、霍亂等傳染病肆虐，幾乎無(wú)年不疫、無(wú)省不疫，加之醫(yī)療條件差，民眾健康狀況十分惡劣，舊中國(guó)人均壽命僅有35歲。新中國(guó)成立時(shí)，全國(guó)5.4億人口中，文盲率高達(dá)80%，小學(xué)實(shí)際入學(xué)率不到20%，高等教育在校生僅有11.7萬(wàn)人。對(duì)于當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)人民的悲慘遭遇，毛澤東曾指出，“中國(guó)人民的貧困和不自由的程度，是世界所少見的”。中國(guó)人民的生存權(quán)都無(wú)法得到保障，更遑論其他基本權(quán)利。
China was also tortured by diseases and hindered by the lack of education among its people. Epidemics such as plague, smallpox and cholera swept across the country and recurred every year, taking a heavy toll on the populace due to the lack of health services. The average life expectancy in old China was only 35 years. When the PRC was founded in 1949, 80 percent of the 540 million population were illiterate, less than 20 percent of school-age children were in elementary schools, and there were only 117,000 students receiving higher education. Commenting on the miseries of the people, Mao Zedong said, “The poverty and lack of freedom among the Chinese people are on a scale seldom found.” With the people struggling for survival, it was impossible to talk about any other rights.

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（二）中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨擔(dān)負(fù)起救國(guó)救民使命
2. National Salvation on the Shoulders of the CPC

面對(duì)山河破碎、生靈涂炭，許多獻(xiàn)身于民族進(jìn)步事業(yè)的仁人志士發(fā)動(dòng)了農(nóng)民起義、洋務(wù)自救、維新改良、資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命等不同形式的救亡圖存運(yùn)動(dòng)，但都沒能使中國(guó)人民脫離被壓迫被奴役的悲慘境地。實(shí)現(xiàn)民族獨(dú)立、人民解放的重任，歷史地落在了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨肩上。
With the nation under threat and the people in pain, many people of lofty ideals and insight devoted themselves to the cause of national salvation – leading peasant uprisings, creating initiatives to learn from the West, attempting reformist experiments, and launching a bourgeois revolution. But none of these freed the Chinese from oppression and slavery. The mission of national independence and the liberation of the people fell to the CPC.

1921年7月，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第一次全國(guó)代表大會(huì)召開，正式宣告中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨成立。從此，中國(guó)革命進(jìn)入了全新的發(fā)展階段，中國(guó)人民的命運(yùn)開始發(fā)生根本性轉(zhuǎn)變，一條屬于廣大人民的人權(quán)保障之路開始鋪就。中國(guó)最早的一批馬克思主義者，如陳獨(dú)秀、李大釗、毛澤東等，將民族解放、國(guó)家獨(dú)立與人民切身利益緊密地聯(lián)系在一起。他們深刻地認(rèn)識(shí)到，只有通過革命，才能真正爭(zhēng)取與維護(hù)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)和勞動(dòng)人民的權(quán)利，使中國(guó)擺脫積貧積弱，使中國(guó)人民擺脫苦難屈辱。
In July 1921, the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China announced the founding of the Party, heralding a new stage in the Chinese revolution. It reversed the tragic fate of the Chinese people and laid down the foundations for them to enjoy their basic rights. The first Marxists in China, including Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong, already understood the close connection between liberation, independence and the people's interests.They knew well that only through revolution could the proletariat and the working people establish and maintain their rights, and that only through revolution could China get back on its feet and its people emerge from poverty and humiliation.

中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨自成立之日起，就以無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)政黨的面貌出現(xiàn)，通過各種綱領(lǐng)、主張、宣言，鮮明地宣揚(yáng)了救國(guó)救民和爭(zhēng)取人權(quán)的立場(chǎng)與主張。為中國(guó)人民謀幸福，為中華民族謀復(fù)興，是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人的初心和使命，也是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人權(quán)思想之本。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨以鮮明的人民立場(chǎng)，贏得了中國(guó)人民的擁護(hù)和支持，成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國(guó)革命的核心力量。
The CPC was a party of the proletariat from the very beginning. Through its programs, proposals, and declarations, it made its mission clear and its stance known – to save the nation and secure human rights for its people. The original aspiration and the mission of the Party is to seek happiness for the people of China and rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It is also the root of its stance on human rights. The CPC, with its people-centered position, has won the support of the Chinese people, making it the spine of the Chinese revolution.

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（三）新民主主義革命時(shí)期的人權(quán)保障實(shí)踐
3. Human Rights Protection During the New Democratic Revolution

在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民爭(zhēng)取自由解放、實(shí)現(xiàn)當(dāng)家作主的新民主主義革命偉大斗爭(zhēng)中，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨始終將馬克思主義人權(quán)理論同中國(guó)實(shí)際相結(jié)合，開創(chuàng)了既符合人權(quán)的普遍性原則又具有鮮明中國(guó)特色的人權(quán)保障之路。
In the New Democratic Revolution to liberate and free the people and make them masters of the country, the CPC always applied Marxist human rights theory to the Chinese context, pioneering a path of human rights predicated on the universality of human rights and one that is distinctively Chinese.

自大革命時(shí)期（1924－1927年）開始，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨就將改善民生、保障人民生存權(quán)作為重要任務(wù)。在土地革命戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期（1927－1937年），中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中華蘇維埃政府頒布并實(shí)施了土地法，不僅讓農(nóng)民在政治上翻身，而且在經(jīng)濟(jì)上分到田地，獲得基本生存權(quán)利。全面抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期（1937－1945年），中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨制定了一系列保障人權(quán)的條例細(xì)則，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)陜甘寧邊區(qū)實(shí)行“減租減息”政策。解放戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期（1945－1949年），中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨提出保障人權(quán)、解救民生，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)制定《中國(guó)土地法大綱》等文件，在擁有1億多人口的解放區(qū)開展土地改革，實(shí)行耕者有其田，消滅了封建生產(chǎn)關(guān)系。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨還積極組織生產(chǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，確保自給自足，鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展私營(yíng)工商業(yè)，出臺(tái)社會(huì)優(yōu)撫等政策措施，努力保障民生。
In the Great Revolution (1924-1927), the CPC took on improving people's lives and protecting their right to subsistence as key objectives. In the Agrarian Revolutionary War (1927-1937), the CPC-led Chinese Soviet Government promulgated the Land Law, giving the peasants political rights as well as land to till, so that they could make a living. In the full-scale phase of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1937-1945), the Party formulated a series of regulations and measures for human rights protection, and enacted tax and interest reduction policies in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. In the War of Liberation (1945-1949), the Party emphasized protection of human rights and ensuring basic livelihoods for the people, formulated the Outline of the Land Law of China and carried out land reform among 100 million people in the liberated areas, distributing land among peasants and putting an end to feudal production relations. It organized production campaigns to ensure self-sufficiency, encouraged privately-owned industrial and commercial businesses, and provided social relief, all to ensure the people's wellbeing.

實(shí)現(xiàn)人民當(dāng)家作主是新民主主義革命人權(quán)保障的主要任務(wù)。在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的中央蘇區(qū)、陜甘寧邊區(qū)實(shí)行普選制度，給長(zhǎng)期受到壓迫的人民以參政議政的權(quán)利?？箲?zhàn)時(shí)期，抗日根據(jù)地實(shí)行“三三制”，建立抗日民主政權(quán)（共產(chǎn)黨員、黨外進(jìn)步人士和中間派各占1/3）。這些政策和制度，大大提高了人民群眾參與革命、參與政權(quán)管理的熱情。
Making the people masters of the country was a primary goal in ensuring human rights during the New Democratic Revolution. Universal suffrage was implemented in the CPC-led Central Soviet Area and the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, and the long-oppressed people finally had the right to participate in politics and have their voice heard. During the War Against Japanese Aggression, the base areas established democratic governments with CPC members, progressive non-CPC figures, and centrists each occupying one third of the official posts. These policies and systems greatly encouraged the people to take part in revolution and political administration.

保護(hù)婦女合法權(quán)益。中共中央制定有關(guān)婦女解放和改革婚姻家庭問題的政策綱領(lǐng)，各邊區(qū)政府特別是中央工農(nóng)民主政府先后制定適用于全蘇區(qū)的婚姻法和婚姻條例，廢除封建包辦買賣婚姻，禁止蓄婢納妾，確立一夫一妻的婚姻制度，實(shí)行婚姻自由，婚后所得財(cái)產(chǎn)為夫妻共同財(cái)產(chǎn)，第一次使廣大婦女在人身上、經(jīng)濟(jì)上獲得了解放，提高了廣大婦女的社會(huì)地位，激發(fā)了婦女參與革命和生產(chǎn)的積極性。
The legitimate rights and interests of women were protected. Following the guidelines of the CPC Central Committee on women's liberation and marriage reform, and the marriage laws and regulations enacted and applied to all the soviet areas, arranged and mercenary marriage was abolished, and keeping maids or concubines was forbidden. Monogamy was established along with freedom of marriage, and postnuptial property was regarded as community property. For the first time, women gained the freedom of their person and economic equality in marriage. With rising social status, women became more active in revolution and in the workplace.

文教衛(wèi)生事業(yè)也在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的地區(qū)發(fā)展起來(lái)。中央蘇區(qū)頒布了《中華蘇維埃共和國(guó)憲法大綱》，明確勞苦大眾享有平等的受教育權(quán)，并興建學(xué)校，組織各類講習(xí)班，著力提高人民群眾文化水平。在陜甘寧邊區(qū)，政府采取夜校、讀報(bào)組等方式掃除文盲，并因陋就簡(jiǎn)開設(shè)中小學(xué)校，創(chuàng)辦魯迅藝術(shù)學(xué)院、延安自然科學(xué)院等高校與研究機(jī)構(gòu)，努力發(fā)展文化科學(xué)事業(yè)。中華蘇維埃共和國(guó)成立中央防疫委員會(huì)，省、縣、區(qū)三級(jí)設(shè)立衛(wèi)生部（科），大力建設(shè)工農(nóng)醫(yī)院、貧民診所和公共衛(wèi)生所，培養(yǎng)醫(yī)務(wù)人員，組織群眾性防疫衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)，明顯改善了人民醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生狀況。
Culture, education, and health services flourished in the CPC-led areas. In the Outline of the Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic promulgated in the Central Soviet Area, it was stipulated that the working masses enjoyed equal right to education. Schools were built and training sessions organized to help improve people's educational levels. In the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region the government set up night schools and newspaper reading groups to eliminate illiteracy, opened elementary and middle schools despite the difficult conditions, and founded the Lu Xun School of the Arts, the Yan'an Academy of Natural Sciences, and other institutions of higher education and research. The Chinese Soviet Republic formed an epidemic prevention and control committee at the central level, and health departments (offices) were set up at the district, county and provincial levels. Hospitals were built for workers and peasants, as well as clinics for the poor and public health centers. The cohort of health workers was strengthened and mass campaigns were rolled out to prevent and control epidemics. All this significantly improved people's health.

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（四）新中國(guó)為保障人權(quán)開辟?gòu)V闊道路
4. Human Rights Protection in the PRC

1949年新中國(guó)成立，標(biāo)志著人民權(quán)利新的時(shí)代到來(lái)，標(biāo)志著近代以來(lái)中國(guó)人民遭受剝削、壓迫和奴役歷史的終結(jié)，也標(biāo)志著一個(gè)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的東方社會(huì)主義大國(guó)人權(quán)實(shí)踐新的開始。
The founding of the PRC in 1949 ushered in a new era for people's rights. It put an end to the exploitation, oppression and slavery that had shackled the Chinese nation for a century, and signified the beginning of substantial progress in human rights in a socialist country under the leadership of the CPC.

新中國(guó)成立以來(lái)，中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)歷史階段：
Since 1949, human rights in China have undergone three stages of development.

第一個(gè)階段：新中國(guó)成立后，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國(guó)人民進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義革命和建設(shè)，確立了社會(huì)主義基本制度，完成了中國(guó)歷史上最為廣泛而深刻的社會(huì)變革，制定我國(guó)第一部社會(huì)主義類型的憲法，為中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展奠定了根本政治前提和制度基礎(chǔ)。在政治建設(shè)方面，建立和鞏固了人民民主的政治制度，確立了人民民主原則和社會(huì)主義原則，確立了人民代表大會(huì)制度，從制度上保障了國(guó)家一切權(quán)力屬于人民。在經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)方面，基本完成土地改革，激發(fā)了人民群眾巨大創(chuàng)造力；對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)、手工業(yè)和資本主義工商業(yè)進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義改造，建立起社會(huì)主義的基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度，保證了人民平等參與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和分享勞動(dòng)成果。在社會(huì)建設(shè)方面，頒布實(shí)施婚姻法，“實(shí)行男女婚姻自由、一夫一妻、男女權(quán)利平等、保護(hù)婦女和子女合法利益的新民主主義婚姻制度”；促進(jìn)教育、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)發(fā)展，建立起省、市、縣和縣、鄉(xiāng)、村三級(jí)醫(yī)療預(yù)防保健網(wǎng)，建立勞動(dòng)保險(xiǎn)和社會(huì)救濟(jì)制度。在民族政策方面，反對(duì)和否定民族壓迫和歧視，堅(jiān)持民族平等，實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治制度。在法制建設(shè)方面，依據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)憲法》，制定并實(shí)施其他重要法律，保障公民基本權(quán)利。
Stage 1: Beginning in 1949, the Chinese people committed themselves to socialist revolution and economic development under CPC leadership, establishing the basic systems of socialism, completing the most extensive and profound process of social change in Chinese history, and promulgating the first socialist constitution. All these laid the political and institutional foundation for human rights in China.

From a political perspective, the system of people's democracy was established and consolidated, with democracy of the people and socialism as the basic principles. With the implementation of the system of people's congresses, it was guaranteed that all rights of the state belonged to the people.

From an economic perspective, the completion of the land reform triggered a burst of great creativity among the people. Socialist transformation was completed in agriculture, individual craft industries, and capitalist industry and commerce, and the basic socialist system was formed to ensure equal access to economic development and the sharing of economic gains.

From a social perspective, the Marriage Law was promulgated, stipulating the free choice of spouses, the principle of monogamy, equal rights for men and women, and the protection of the lawful rights and interests of women and children. Efforts were made to promote education and health services, and medical and preventive care networks were established at every local level – village, township, county, city and province. Labor insurance was created and social relief was provided. The government stood firmly against ethnic oppression and discrimination, upheld equality among all ethnic groups, and introduced regional ethnic autonomy. In developing the legal framework, important laws were formulated and promulgated in line with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China to protect citizens' basic rights.

第二個(gè)階段：改革開放以來(lái)，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國(guó)人民成功開辟了中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路，極大地解放和發(fā)展了社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力，人民生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)和各項(xiàng)基本權(quán)利得到更好保障，中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)得到大發(fā)展。改革開放是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民進(jìn)行的一場(chǎng)偉大革命。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨把發(fā)展作為執(zhí)政興國(guó)的第一要?jiǎng)?wù)和解決中國(guó)所有問題的關(guān)鍵，大力發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力，努力以發(fā)展促進(jìn)人權(quán)保障，不斷提高人民生活水平，極大地調(diào)動(dòng)了人民的積極性。在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國(guó)堅(jiān)持全面依法治國(guó)，將尊重和保障人權(quán)寫入憲法作為國(guó)家治理的一條重要原則，促進(jìn)人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展被納入國(guó)家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和規(guī)劃，適合本國(guó)國(guó)情的人權(quán)保障制度建立并不斷完善，中國(guó)特色人權(quán)保障體系初步形成。
Stage 2: Beginning in 1978, when reform and opening up was introduced, the CPC led the Chinese people on a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, unleashing an immense wave of social development and productivity. Thanks to tremendous progress in human rights the people enjoyed better protection of their rights to subsistence and development and other basic rights. Reform and opening up is a great revolution on the part of the Chinese people under CPC leadership. The Party pursues development as its top priority in governance and as the key to solving the problems of China; it strives to promote social productivity and improve human rights protection through development. During this stage the people enjoyed better lives and grew more active economically and socially. Under CPC leadership, China upheld the rule of law in all areas, and included in the Constitution as an important principle of national governance respect for and protection of human rights. Human rights progress was included in national development strategies and plans, the mechanisms for ensuring human rights in the context of China's realities were improved, and the system for ensuring human rights with Chinese characteristics began to take shape.

第三個(gè)階段：中共十八大以來(lái)，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，在以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，脫貧攻堅(jiān)目標(biāo)任務(wù)如期完成，決勝全面建成小康社會(huì)取得決定性成就，中國(guó)人權(quán)事業(yè)全面發(fā)展。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨堅(jiān)持以人民為中心的發(fā)展思想，立足新發(fā)展階段、貫徹新發(fā)展理念、構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局，以推動(dòng)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展為主題，以滿足人民日益增長(zhǎng)的美好生活需要為根本目的，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)“五位一體”總體布局、協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)“四個(gè)全面”戰(zhàn)略布局，人民的獲得感、幸福感、安全感大幅提升。中國(guó)倡議的“一帶一路”建設(shè)扎實(shí)推進(jìn)，構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體重大理念成為廣泛共識(shí)。
Stage 3: Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. China has completed the mission of eradicating absolute poverty as scheduled under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Xi Jinping at the core. Decisive success has been achieved in the final stage of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and human rights protection has been brought to new heights. Upholding people-centered development, the CPC is grounding its efforts in the new development stage, applying the new development philosophy, and creating a new framework of development. Focusing on high-quality development, it endeavors to meet the fundamental goal of satisfying the people’s growing desire for a better life. Implementing the Five-sphere Integrated Plan[ This refers to China’s overall plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, that is, to promote coordinated progress in the economic, political, cultural, social and eco-environmental fields. ] and the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy[ This refers to China’s strategic plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, that is, to make comprehensive moves to complete a moderately prosperous society in all respects, to further reform, to advance the rule of law, and to strengthen Party self-governance. ], the Party has made sure that the people enjoy a greater sense of gain, happiness and security. As the Belt and Road Initiative builds momentum, the concept of a global community of shared future has been widely recognized.

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