博物館強國 museum powerhouse

為持續(xù)推進我國博物館事業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，國家文物局等9部門5月24日發(fā)布關于推進博物館改革發(fā)展的指導意見。

China has set the goal of becoming a museum powerhouse by 2035, according to the guideline. China plans to upgrade 10 to 15 museums into world-class museums featuring Chinese characteristics.
意見提出，我國將重點培育10至15家中國特色世界一流博物館。到2035年，基本建成世界博物館強國。

【詞匯講解】

Powerhouse表示“a country, organization, or person with a lot of influence, power, or energy”（擁有強大影響力或能力的國家、組織或個人），所以，在表示“XX強國”的語境下，我們基本都可以用XX powerhouse來表示，比如：經(jīng)濟強國（economic powerhouse），創(chuàng)新強國（innovation powerhouse），制造業(yè)強國（manufacturing powerhouse）等。如果我們說某人是a powerhouse of original ideas，意思就是說這個人“是想法新穎獨到的人”。

指導意見提出：

China will also implement a "Development Plan for Museums of Excellence," develop major museums at provincial and prefecture levels according to local conditions.
實施卓越博物館發(fā)展計劃，因地制宜支持省級、重要地市級博物館特色化發(fā)展。

The country will help foster the growth of medium- and small-sized museums and strengthen their innovation mechanism.
實施中小博物館提升計劃，加強機制創(chuàng)新。

Moreover, certain social institutions that have some attributes of a museum but have not yet met registration and archival requirements will be included in the scope of industry guidance.
鼓勵將具有部分博物館功能、但尚未達到登記備案條件的社會機構，納入行業(yè)指導范疇。

China will also expand museum collections, improve the mechanism of handing over archaeological relics as well as relics confiscated by law enforcement departments, and encourage the public to donate collectibles.
我國將拓展藏品入藏渠道，健全考古出土文物和執(zhí)法部門罰沒文物移交工作機制，鼓勵公眾向博物館無償捐贈藏品。

【詞匯講解】

Collectible雖然是以ble結尾的，但它是一個名詞，表示“an object that people collect as a hobby or an investment”（人們作為愛好或投資手段收藏的物品），即“收藏品”，比如，the collectibles market（收藏品市場），這個詞也可以用collectable來替換，只不過collectable還可以用作形容詞，表示“可收藏的，值得收藏的”意思，比如：Comics from the 1960s are highly collectable（20世紀60年代的漫畫很有收藏價值）。

Efforts will be made to boost cooperation between museums and other public cultural facilities, with more digital exhibitions to be opened in urban areas, and more exhibitions and educational activities to be held in rural areas.
推動博物館與其他公共文化設施合作，推動博物館虛擬展覽進入城市公共空間，增加展覽、教育活動進鄉(xiāng)村頻次。

“四史”宣傳教育 promote the learning of the histories of the Party, New China, the reform and opening-up, and socialist development

China will continue to promote the learning of the histories of the Party, New China, the reform and opening-up, and socialist development across Chinese society. According to a circular issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee, various activities will be carried out across the country, including reading activities, lectures at the grassroots level, exhibitions, "red tourism" activities and speech contests.
近日，中共中央辦公廳印發(fā)《關于在全社會開展黨史、新中國史、改革開放史、社會主義發(fā)展史宣傳教育的通知》。全國范圍內(nèi)將組織開展各項“四史”宣傳教育活動，包括讀書學史、基層宣講、精品展覽、紅色旅游、演講比賽等。

塑料污染治理 management of plastic pollution

民航局日前印發(fā)實施《民航行業(yè)塑料污染治理工作計劃（2021-2025年）》，提出以機場和航空公司為塑料污染治理重點。

China will ban the use of disposable plastic packaging bags, tableware and straws made from non-degradable materials on domestic flights starting next year, the Civil Aviation Administration of China said.
民航局表示，明年起，國內(nèi)客運航班將禁止提供一次性不可降解塑料吸管、餐具、包裝袋等用品。

【詞匯講解】

形容詞disposable表示“可丟棄的，一次性的”，比如：disposable plastic bags（一次性塑料袋）、disposable chopsticks（一次性筷子）等。這個詞來源于動詞短語dispose of，表示“to get rid of”，即“處理、清除、丟棄”等意思，比如：dispose of toxic waste（處理有害垃圾）；其名詞形式為disposal of，表示同樣的意思，比如：the disposal of hazardous substances（有害物品的處置）。

Airports with an annual throughput of at least 2 million passengers will also stop providing such products next year, and the ban will be extended to all airports and international passenger flights in 2023, the administration said.
年旅客吞吐量200萬（含）人次以上機場從明年起也將禁止使用此類用品，2023年起實施范圍將進一步擴展至全國機場和國際客運航班。

《民航行業(yè)塑料污染治理工作計劃（2021-2025年）》提出：

By 2025, the consumption of disposable non-degradable plastic in the civil aviation industry will decline sharply from the 2020 level.
到2025年，民航行業(yè)一次性不可降解塑料制品消費強度較2020年大幅下降。

【詞匯講解】

與塑料污染（plastic pollution）相關的一個常見詞就是non-degradable，這個詞來源于動詞degrade（降解、分解），比如：These chemicals quickly degrade into harmless compounds（這些化學品很快分解成了無害的化合物）。此外，degrade還表示“降級、降低（身份）”等意思，比如：He was degraded to a private by his commander.（他的長官把他降為二等兵）；his actions have degraded his profession（他的行為拉低了他的職業(yè)聲譽）。

Alternative products are more widely used, and a smart and standardized waste recycling and treatment system is basically established.
替代產(chǎn)品應用水平明顯提升，塑料等垃圾智慧化、規(guī)范化回收處理體系基本建立。

新冠滅活疫苗Ⅲ期臨床試驗結果 phase-3 study results of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines

關于國藥集團中國生物新冠疫苗Ⅲ期臨床試驗中期分析結果的論文5月26日正式發(fā)表在《美國醫(yī)學會雜志》上。

The inactivated vaccine, developed by a Beijing unit of Sinopharm's China National Biotech Group, has 78.1 percent efficacy against symptomatic cases of COVID-19, while the vaccine made by the group's unit in Wuhan, Hubei province, has 72.8 percent efficacy, according to the study results.
研究顯示，中國生物旗下北京生物制品研究所的新冠滅活疫苗有效性為78.1%，武漢生物制品研究所的新冠滅活疫苗有效性為72.8%。

【知識點】

疫情發(fā)生以來，國務院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機制科研攻關組專門設立疫苗研發(fā)專班，按照滅活疫苗（inactivated vaccines）、重組蛋白疫苗（recombinant protein vaccines）、腺病毒載體疫苗（adenovirus vector vaccines）、減毒流感病毒載體活疫苗（vaccines using attenuated influenza virus as vectors）、核酸疫苗（nucleic acid vaccines）5條技術路線共布局12項研發(fā)任務。

The study marks the first time a domestic COVID-19 vaccine maker had released third-stage trial data in a peer-reviewed international journal and the world's first published phase-3 study results of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.
這是國產(chǎn)新冠疫苗首次在同行評議的國際期刊上發(fā)布疫苗Ⅲ期試驗數(shù)據(jù)，也是全球首個正式發(fā)表的新冠滅活疫苗Ⅲ期臨床試驗結果。

試驗中期分析結果

The trial was initiated in mid-July and involved more than 40,400 people in the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain aged 18 and above without known history of COVID-19. It was conducted in a randomized, double-blind method.
試驗自2020年7月中旬開始，來自阿聯(lián)酋和巴林的40400多名18歲以上且沒有已知新冠肺炎患病史的受試者參與。試驗采用雙盲隨機方式進行。

About one-third of participants in the trial were given the vaccine from the Beijing unit, one-third from the Wuhan unit and the remainder were given a placebo.
三分之一受試者接種北京生物的疫苗，三分之一接種武漢生物的疫苗，剩余的三分之一接種安慰劑。

【詞匯講解】

在藥物試驗中，placebo是一個常用詞，是沒有任何效力的“安慰劑”，通常用來與藥物組做對照。在一些心理疾病的治療中，醫(yī)生有時候也會給病人一些類似安慰劑的藥物，已達到心理上的安撫作用，由此產(chǎn)生的效力就叫placebo effect（安慰劑效應）。在日常生活中，一些沒有實際作用、但是能起到安撫作用的做法、政策也可以用placebo來表示，比如：None of those placebos has reduced unemployment, but they have successfully held wages down.（這些安慰政策并沒有降低失業(yè)率，但成功地維持了工資低水平）。

Interim analysis of the trial shows that treatment of adults with either of the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines "significantly reduced the risk of symptomatic COVID-19", the study said.
試驗中期分析結果顯示，兩種新冠滅活疫苗均能在成年人身上“顯著降低新冠肺炎發(fā)病風險”。

Both vaccines also demonstrate a good safety record, as the rates of adverse reaction within seven days after an injection were roughly the same among the three groups.
兩種疫苗也都表現(xiàn)出了良好的安全性，三組受試者在接種后7天內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的不良反應比例基本相當。

The most common adverse symptoms were pain at the injection site and headache, but they were mild and transient, without need for special treatment.
最普遍的不良反應為注射部位疼痛以及頭疼，且程度輕，具有一過性，無需專門治療。

【詞匯講解】

Transient表示“轉瞬即逝的，短暫的，臨時的”，比如：a transient workforce/worker（臨時工），transient population（臨時居住人口），transient beauty（轉瞬即逝的美，曇花一現(xiàn)）；transient也可以直接用作名詞，表示“臨時工，臨時居住人員”，比如：It's an organization set up to provide money and help for transients.（這是專門為臨時工提供資金和援助的機構）。

The new study also noted that more research and data are needed to evaluate Sinopharm vaccines' efficacy in protecting pregnant women, people younger than 18, as well as high-risk groups including those with chronic diseases and the elderly.
結果指出，國藥疫苗對孕婦、18歲以下青少年、慢性病患者以及老年人等高危人群的有效性還需進一步研究和數(shù)據(jù)支持。

Their efficacy in preventing severe cases and asymptomatic infections and the length of immunity also require further tests, it added.
防止重癥和無癥狀感染的有效性，以及長期保護性也需要更多試驗。

野生亞洲象 wild Asian elephants

近日，云南亞洲野象群北遷動態(tài)備受關注。

The 15 wild Asian elephants are now wandering in the Hongta district of Yuxi, following a long journey from Yunnan province's southmost prefecture starting from April 16. As of Sunday morning, the elephants were 50 km from Kunming's Jinning district and 100 km from the downtown area of the provincial capital.
自4月16日起，這15頭亞洲野象從云南省最南端的縣開始長途遷徙，目前在玉溪市紅塔區(qū)境內(nèi)，距離云南省省會昆明市晉寧區(qū)50公里，距離昆明市城區(qū)100公里。

【知識點】

亞洲象（Asian elephants）為我國一級重點保護野生動物（wild animals under first-class national protection），在世界自然保護聯(lián)盟瀕危物種紅色名錄（ the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species）中被列為“瀕危物種”（endangered species），主要分布在云南普洱、西雙版納、臨滄3個州市，是亞洲現(xiàn)存最大和最具代表性的陸生脊椎動物（terrestrial vertebrate），也是維持森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的“工程師”。

Monitoring images show that the herd includes six female adult elephants, three male adults, three sub-adults, and three cubs.
監(jiān)測顯示，該象群由成年雌象6頭、雄象3頭、亞成體象3頭、幼象3頭組成。

【詞匯講解】

我們知道這里的cub指的是大象“幼崽”，其實，這個詞可以用來指代好幾種動物的“幼崽”，比如：leopard（豹）、lion（獅子）、tiger（虎）、大熊貓（giant panda）等。此外，還有一些常見動物的“幼崽”表達方式，我們也來了解一下：
sheep（綿羊）--lamb
pig（豬）--piglet/ porkling / gilt
horse（馬）--foal / colt / filly
goat（山羊）--kid
goose（鵝）--gosling
duck（鴨）--duckling
dog（狗）--puppy
cat（貓）--kitten

The 15 roaming elephants have damaged 561,333 square meters of crops and caused financial losses of nearly 6.8 million yuan on their 400-km journey, but no deaths or injuries to local residents have been reported.
在400多公里的遷徙途中，這15頭象直接破壞農(nóng)作物達561333平方米，初步估計直接經(jīng)濟損失近680萬元，尚未接到人員傷亡報告。

緩解“人象沖突”

Local authorities said it is rare for the giant animals to move so far northward from their traditional habitat. Precaution measures have been taken to prevent human-elephant conflict as the elephants may well stray into human settlements.
當?shù)卣硎?，亞洲野象離開傳統(tǒng)棲息地向北遷移這么遠很罕見。當?shù)匾呀?jīng)采取預防措施，防止象群進入人類居住地引發(fā)人象沖突。

The provincial bureau of forestry and grassland said that it is a priority to protect the safety of both human beings and the elephants.
云南省林草局表示，保護象群和人群安全是首要任務。

Police officers have been sent to escort the elephants. They are aided with 228 vehicles, four excavators and three unmanned aerial vehicles in case that they need to distance the animals with human settlements.
當?shù)匾殉鰟泳σ龑笕?，同時派出228輛車，4輛挖掘機，3架無人機協(xié)助將象群從人類居住區(qū)引開。

（中國日報網(wǎng)英語點津 Helen）