八、生態(tài)安全屏障日益堅實
VIII. Solid Environmental Safety Barriers

青藏高原是“世界屋脊”“亞洲水塔”，西藏是中國重要的生態(tài)安全屏障。國家高度重視西藏生態(tài)文明建設(shè)，持續(xù)推進制度創(chuàng)新、筑牢科技文化支撐、加大生態(tài)建設(shè)投入，推動構(gòu)建人與自然生命共同體。目前，西藏生態(tài)系統(tǒng)整體穩(wěn)定，環(huán)境質(zhì)量持續(xù)向好，綠色發(fā)展格局初步形成，人民生態(tài)環(huán)境權(quán)益不斷提升，“綠水青山就是金山銀山、冰天雪地也是金山銀山”的理念深入人心，西藏成為世界上生態(tài)環(huán)境最好的地區(qū)之一。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is known as “the roof of the world” and “the water tower of Asia.” Tibet is an important guarantor of China's environmental security. The Chinese government attaches great importance to eco-environmental protection in Tibet. It has made constant efforts to improve institutions, provide strong scientific and cultural support, and increase investment in this field, with the goal of building a community of life for humanity and nature.

Tibet's ecosystems are now generally stable. Environmental quality is improving, a green development model is in place, and eco-environmental rights and interests are more secure. “Clear waters and green mountains are invaluable assets, so is snow-covered land” – this concept is alive in people's hearts. Tibet has become one of the regions with the best eco-environment in the world.

——生態(tài)文明建設(shè)統(tǒng)籌推進
– Making coordinated progress in improving the eco-environment

和平解放初期，中國科學(xué)院就派出專家學(xué)者對西藏生態(tài)、地質(zhì)氣象進行綜合考察。1973年和2017年國家先后開展兩次青藏高原綜合科學(xué)考察。2012年以來，出臺《關(guān)于全面加強生態(tài)環(huán)境保護　堅決打好污染防治攻堅戰(zhàn)的實施意見》《關(guān)于建設(shè)美麗西藏的意見》《關(guān)于創(chuàng)建國家生態(tài)文明建設(shè)示范區(qū)　加快建設(shè)美麗西藏的實施意見》《西藏自治區(qū)國家生態(tài)文明高地建設(shè)條例》等，不斷完善監(jiān)測監(jiān)察考核體系。截至2020年，西藏累計投入生態(tài)環(huán)境領(lǐng)域的資金達814億元。統(tǒng)籌山水林田湖草系統(tǒng)治理，大力實施《西藏生態(tài)安全屏障保護與建設(shè)規(guī)劃（2008－2030年）》和“兩江四河”流域綠化項目。持續(xù)推進生態(tài)文明創(chuàng)建示范工作。拉薩市、山南市、林芝市、昌都市和阿里地區(qū)獲國家生態(tài)文明建設(shè)示范市稱號，巴宜區(qū)、亞東縣和當(dāng)雄縣獲國家生態(tài)文明建設(shè)示范縣稱號，隆子縣獲“綠水青山就是金山銀山”實踐創(chuàng)新基地稱號。加強水土保持工作，加大水土流失綜合治理力度，全面推進河湖長制，設(shè)立區(qū)、市、縣、鄉(xiāng)、村五級河湖長1.48萬名，實現(xiàn)河湖“清四亂”常態(tài)化制度化。2020年，噶爾縣因河湖長制工作成效明顯，被國務(wù)院辦公廳列入激勵名單。
Shortly after liberation, the Chinese Academy of Sciences sent specialists to Tibet to survey the local ecology, geology and meteorology. The Chinese government organized two comprehensive scientific investigations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, in 1973 and 2017.

Since 2012, a number of regulations have been released to improve the system for monitoring and assessing the local eco-environment. These include Opinions on Strengthening Eco-environmental Protection and Pollution Prevention and Control, Opinions on Building a Beautiful Tibet, Opinions on Building National Ecological Culture Demonstration Areas to Boost Efforts for Building a Beautiful Tibet, and Regulations on Developing Ecological Highlands in the Tibet Autonomous Region. By 2020, Tibet had invested a total of RMB81.4 billion in this field.

A holistic approach to conserving mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, and grasslands has been adopted. The Plan for Protecting and Improving the Ecological Safety Barriers in Tibet (2008-2030) and the afforestation project in the watersheds of the Yarlung Zangbo River, Nujiang River, Lhasa River, Nianchu River, Yalong River, and Shiquan River have been implemented.

Work has been carried forward to build eco-environmental culture demonstration areas. Lhasa, Shannan, Nyingchi and Qamdo cities and Ngari Prefecture won national titles for their pioneering work, as did Bayi District of Nyingchi City, Yadong County and Damxung County. Lhunze County has become a base for practicing the concept that clear waters and green mountains are invaluable assets.

The efforts to conserve water and soil and control soil erosion have been increased. A river/lake responsibility system, where officials at different levels are assigned responsibility for the governance of specific rivers and lakes, has been rolled out, involving 14,800 officials at the regional, city, county, township and village levels. In addition, the cleanup campaign initiated in 2018 to regulate illegal riverside occupation, construction, mining and waste, has become a systematic and standard practice. Gar County was recognized for outstanding performance in this regard by the State Council General Office in 2020.

——生態(tài)環(huán)境保持良好
– Maintaining a good eco-environment

現(xiàn)有11個國家級自然保護區(qū)、4個國家級風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)、3個國家地質(zhì)公園、9個國家森林公園、22個國家濕地公園，自然保護地占全區(qū)國土面積的38.75%。建立1個防沙治沙綜合示范區(qū)、5個沙化土地封禁保護區(qū)，封禁面積達到4.8萬公頃。2004年至2014年荒漠化土地面積減少9.24萬公頃，沙化土地面積減少10.07萬公頃。2020年森林覆蓋率達到12.31%，天然草原綜合植被覆蓋度提高到47%，濕地面積達到652.9萬公頃。加強野生動物及其棲息地保護，黑頸鶴由不到3000只上升到8000多只，藏羚羊約30萬只。在第二次陸生野生動物資源調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)白頰獼猴等新物種5個，東歌林鶯等中國新紀錄物種5個。第二次野生植物資源調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，國家一級保護野生植物巨柏穩(wěn)步增加并得到有效保護。調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)桫欏、喜馬拉雅紅豆杉等21個物種的新分布點。主要江河湖泊水質(zhì)整體良好，雅魯藏布江、納木錯水質(zhì)達到《地表水環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準》Ⅱ類標(biāo)準，珠穆朗瑪峰下絨布河達到Ⅰ類標(biāo)準。實現(xiàn)化肥農(nóng)藥使用量零增長，土壤處于自然本底狀態(tài)。2020年P(guān)M10和PM2.5年均濃度較2015年分別降低28.1%和37.5%，西藏空氣優(yōu)良天數(shù)達到99.4%。
Tibet has 11 national nature reserves, 4 national scenic spots, 3 national geological parks, 9 national forest parks, and 22 national wetland parks. Protected natural areas make up almost 40 percent of the region's land area. Tibet has one comprehensive demonstration area for desertification control, and five closed-off protection zones of desertified land covering an area of 48,000 hectares. From 2004 to 2014, Tibet saw a fall of 92,400 hectares in desertification and a decline of 100,700 hectares in sandification. In 2020, the forest coverage reached 12.3 percent, the comprehensive vegetation coverage of natural grassland grew to 47 percent, and the wetland area totaled 6.53 million hectares.

Wild animals and their habitats are better protected. The population of black-necked cranes has increased from no more than 3,000 in the 1990s to more than 8,000, and the population of Tibetan antelopes is around 300,000. In the second survey of terrestrial wild animals, five new species including white-cheeked macaques were discovered, and another five species were found for the first time in China, including the Eastern Orphean Warbler. The second survey of wild plants showed that the number of giant cypress – under Class A national protection – has steadily increased and been effectively protected. The survey also found 21 species including Alsophila spinulosa and Taxus wallichiana Zuccarini in new sites.

The water quality of major rivers and lakes is generally good. Quality in both the Yarlung Zangbo River and Lake Namtso is up to Class II standard of the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water of China, and that of the Rongbuk River under Mount Qomolangma, Class I standard.

The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has been held stable in Tibet, bringing the soil to a natural state. In 2020, Tibet saw its average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 declining by 28.1 and 37.5 percent respectively compared with 2015, and its days of good air quality fell just short of 100 percent.

——綠色發(fā)展格局初步形成
– A green development model in place

西藏將建設(shè)成為國家清潔能源接續(xù)基地。截至2020年，清潔能源已達到發(fā)電裝機容量的89.09%。2015年至2020年底，累計外送清潔電力65億千瓦時，大量減少了二氧化碳排放。推進國家級循環(huán)經(jīng)濟試點，加快餐廚廢棄物資源化利用。深入推進固體廢物監(jiān)管，縣級以上城鎮(zhèn)生活垃圾無害化處理率達到97.34%，醫(yī)療廢物實現(xiàn)應(yīng)收盡收、應(yīng)處盡處。2016年至2020年，城市污水處理率從50.19%提高到96.28%。美麗鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)持續(xù)推進，相繼實施薪柴替代、廁所革命、環(huán)境整治、鄉(xiāng)村綠化等項目，逐步建立健全農(nóng)村生活垃圾收運處置體系。建立起覆蓋草原、森林、濕地、野生動物肇事等領(lǐng)域的生態(tài)保護補償機制，2019年至2020年，累計安排生態(tài)護林員補助資金2.74億元，支持選聘生態(tài)護林員7.82萬名，安排森林生態(tài)效益補償補助31.82億元，生態(tài)環(huán)境權(quán)益得到保障。持續(xù)開展“愛糧節(jié)約”活動和“光盤行動”，城鄉(xiāng)居民節(jié)約用水用電意識顯著增強，新能源電動汽車數(shù)量快速增長，綠色生活正成為新時尚。
Tibet is working to develop itself into a national clean energy base. By 2020, clean energy had contributed 89.1 percent of the installed power-generating capacity in Tibet. From 2015 to the end of 2020, 6.5 billion kwh of clean energy-generated electricity was transmitted, which greatly reduced carbon dioxide emissions.

A pilot national circular economy program has been carried out in Tibet, and efforts have been made to increase the utilization of kitchen waste. Solid wastes have been brought under strict regulation. The rate of safe domestic bio-waste disposal at or above the county level has reached 97.3 percent, and all medical waste requiring collection and treatment is collected and treated properly. The rate of urban sewage disposal grew from 50.2 percent in 2016 to 96.3 percent in 2020.

The initiative to build a beautiful countryside has advanced. Projects have been carried out to replace firewood with clean energy, build sufficient clean and safe toilets, improve living environments, and create green rural areas. A sound system to collect, transport and dispose of rural domestic sewage has been put in place.

A mechanism has been established to provide recompense for eco-protection of grasslands, forests and wetlands, and for damage caused by wild animals. From 2019 to 2020, RMB274 million was allocated in subsidies for selecting and recruiting 78,200 forest rangers, and RMB3.18 billion was granted as compensation and subsidies for forest protection, better ensuring people's eco-environmental rights and interests.

Campaigns have continued to encourage food saving and oppose food waste. Both urban and rural residents are more aware of the need to save water and electricity. New energy electric vehicles have grown in number. Green living is becoming part of everyday life.

九、堅定維護國家統(tǒng)一和社會穩(wěn)定
IX. Resolutely Safeguarding National Unity and Social Stability

國家統(tǒng)一和社會穩(wěn)定是西藏各項事業(yè)發(fā)展的重要保障，是西藏各族人民幸福生活的堅實依托。長期以來，西方反華勢力從未停止利用所謂“西藏問題”擾亂遏制中國，十四世達賴集團從未放棄過“西藏獨立”的圖謀，不斷制造事端，危害西藏安定團結(jié)的大好局面。為了保障西藏各項事業(yè)的發(fā)展和人民的幸福生活，卓有成效地開展了維護社會和諧穩(wěn)定的工作。
National unity and social stability are important guarantors of all the undertakings of Tibet, and a solid buttress ensuring a happy life for all ethnic groups in Tibet. Over the years, Western anti-China forces have used Tibet as a pretext to disrupt China and interfere with its development, and the 14th Dalai Lama and his supporters have continued to try to promote “Tibetan independence” by provoking incidents to jeopardize peace and stability in Tibet. The Chinese government has taken effective measures to maintain social stability and harmony in the region.

——西方反華勢力圖謀搞亂西藏遏制中國
– The Western anti-China forces' attempts to create disorder in Tibet to contain China

長期以來，西方反華勢力不斷插手干涉中國西藏事務(wù)，企圖破壞西藏社會穩(wěn)定。早在西藏和平解放之前，美國政府即與西藏地方親帝分裂勢力建立聯(lián)系。20世紀50年代中期，美國中央情報局在科羅拉多州訓(xùn)練從事暴力活動的“藏獨”分子。西藏武裝叛亂期間，美國中央情報局不僅派特工幫助十四世達賴逃亡，而且還空投大量武器裝備，幫助重建叛亂武裝?！八乃鶏彙眲t由美國中央情報局提供武器裝備、教官，并直接指揮。20世紀80年代以來，在西藏發(fā)生的歷次騷亂都有西方某些勢力的插手。近年來，西方反華勢力對西藏的干涉更是變本加厲。美國先后炮制了《2002年西藏政策法》《2018年對等進入西藏旅行法》《2020年西藏政策及支持法》等多部法案，圖謀以所謂“西藏問題”干涉中國內(nèi)政。
Over the years, Western anti-China forces have continued to interfere in China's Tibetan affairs in an attempt to sabotage its social stability. Prior to liberation, the US government had already established contacts with pro-imperialist separatists in Tibet. In the mid-1950s, the CIA helped to train Tibetan separatists in Colorado to carry out violent activities. During the armed rebellion in Tibet in 1959, the CIA helped the 14th Dalai Lama flee and airdropped a large quantity of weaponry to support rebel forces. The CIA was also in direct command of a rebel organization named “Four Rivers and Six Ranges”,[ This refers to the four main rivers and six mountain ranges in Tibet and the Tibetan-inhabited areas of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. – Tr.] providing it with weapons and training instructors.[ The CIA's Secret War in Tibet [Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, University Press of Kansas: 2002] reveals how America's Central Intelligence Agency encouraged and eventually controlled Tibet's revolt against China. – Ed.]

Since the 1980s, Western forces have played an active role in all the outbreaks of unrest that have taken place in Tibet. In recent years, Western anti-China forces have intensified such efforts. Using the “Tibetan issue” as the excuse, the US government has enacted the Tibetan Policy Act of 2002, the Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act of 2018, and the Tibetan Policy and Support Act of 2020, to interfere in China's domestic affairs.

——十四世達賴集團陰謀從事分裂祖國活動
– The 14th Dalai group and their attempts to divide China

1959年，西藏反動上層發(fā)動全面武裝叛亂、失敗逃往印度后，公開主張以暴力手段實現(xiàn)“西藏獨立”。隨后，在美國支持下重組“四水六崗”，在尼泊爾木斯塘建立武裝基地，長期在中尼邊境進行騷擾活動。1962年，在外部勢力支持下，組建以流亡藏人為主的“印藏邊境特種部隊”，不斷襲擾中國邊防軍隊和邊境地區(qū)的平民。
In 1959, after the failure of their armed rebellion, the reactionaries of Tibet's ruling class fled to India. They subsequently began to campaign for “Tibetan independence” by force. Later, with the support of the US, they reorganized the “Four Rivers and Six Ranges” rebel organization, and set up a military base in Mustang, a county in Nepal, to engage in long-term attacks across the China-Nepal borders. In 1962, with support from external powers, they built a para-commando force composed of mainly Tibetan exiles to harass Chinese border troops and civilians along the China-India border.

20世紀70年代末以來，國際形勢發(fā)生深刻變化，十四世達賴集團迫于形勢壓力，開始變換策略，一方面連續(xù)制造騷亂暴力事件向中央政府施壓，1987年、1988年、1989年多次策劃煽動暴力事件，2008年策劃實施拉薩“3·14”打砸搶燒暴力事件，并在北京奧運會籌辦期間在國際上制造一系列干擾破壞活動，引起國際社會極大憤慨。2011年以來，十四世達賴集團煽動蠱惑境內(nèi)藏族僧俗信眾自焚，并在網(wǎng)上發(fā)布《自焚指導(dǎo)書》，造成一段時間中國部分地區(qū)接連發(fā)生自焚事件。另一方面宣揚“非暴力”，提出所謂“中間道路”欺騙世人，1987年在美國國會人權(quán)核心小組會議提出“西藏和平五點計劃”，1988年在法國斯特拉斯堡提出解決所謂“西藏問題”的“七點新建議”，2008年提出《為全體藏人獲得真正自治的備忘錄》。
From the late 1970s, under pressure from significant shifts in the international landscape, the 14th Dalai Lama and his supporters began to alter their tactics.

On the one hand, they continued to provoke incidents of violence to keep up pressure on the central government. For example, in 1987, 1988 and 1989 they planned and instigated multiple violent incidents. In 2008, they planned and executed violent riots in Lhasa on March 14 and launched a number of international incidents designed to sabotage the preparations for the Beijing Olympic Games. Since 2011, the 14th Dalai Lama and his supporters have incited Tibetan lamas and lay followers inside China to engage in acts of self-immolation, and released a Self-Immolation Guide on the internet, giving rise to a surge of self-immolation incidents in some parts of China.

On the other hand, they proclaimed a commitment to “non-violence” and the “middle way”. At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in Washington DC, the 14th Dalai Lama proposed a Five-Point Peace Plan and in 1988, in Strasbourg in France, he put forward the Strasbourg Proposal. In 2008, the Dalai group presented the Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy for the Tibetan People.

所謂“中間道路”，其核心內(nèi)容是：不承認西藏自古是中國一部分，宣稱“西藏歷史上是一個完全獨立的國家”；圖謀建立歷史上從不存在的所謂“大藏區(qū)”，要將西藏、四川、云南、甘肅、青海等藏族及其他民族聚居區(qū)合并建立所謂統(tǒng)一的行政區(qū)；要求實行不受中央約束的“高度自治”，不承認中央政府的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和西藏現(xiàn)行的社會政治制度，宣稱建立“自治政府”，“除外交和國防，其他所有事務(wù)都由藏人（即達賴集團）負責(zé)，并負有全權(quán)”；反對中央在西藏駐軍，提出中國軍隊“全部撤出去”，把西藏變成“國際和平區(qū)”；無視青藏高原自古多民族雜居共處事實，要求驅(qū)趕在青藏高原世代居住的其他民族?！爸虚g道路”既不符合中國的歷史、現(xiàn)實、憲法、法律、基本制度，也不符合西藏的歷史、現(xiàn)實和民族關(guān)系，更有違包括藏族人民在內(nèi)的全中國人民的根本利益。
The claims of the “middle way” can be summarized as follows:

? It denies the fact that Tibet has been an integral part of China since ancient times; instead it claims that Tibet was “an independent state”.

? It seeks to establish a “Greater Tibet” that has never existed at any time in history, claiming that Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Qinghai and other areas inhabited by compact communities of both Tibetans and people of other ethnic minorities should be incorporated into a unified administrative region.

? It demands “a high degree of autonomy” that is not subject to any constraint whatsoever from the central government, and denies the leadership of the central government and Tibet's present social and political systems; it proposes to establish an “autonomous government” under which “Tibetans (in truth the Dalai group) take full charge of all affairs other than diplomacy and national defense”.

? It opposes the central government's right to garrison troops in Tibet. Despite its superficial agreement that the central government holds the authority over national defense, it demands that the central government “withdraw all Chinese troops” to turn Tibet into an “international zone of peace”.

? In total disregard of the fact that the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been a multiethnic region since ancient times, it demands that other ethnic groups be driven out of regions where they have lived for generations.

The “middle way” does not tally with China's history, national reality, state Constitution, laws and basic systems. Neither does it conform to Tibet's history, reality and ethnic relations. Moreover, it runs counter to the fundamental interests of all the people of China, including the Tibetans.

——堅決維護國家安全和西藏穩(wěn)定
– Resolutely safeguarding national security and Tibet's stability

西藏和平解放以來的實踐證明，沒有國家的安全，西藏各族人民的根本利益就難以得到維護，沒有穩(wěn)定的社會環(huán)境，經(jīng)濟、文化、生態(tài)等各項事業(yè)就難以得到發(fā)展，人民的安定幸福生活就難以得到保障。長期以來，西方反華勢力及其支持的十四世達賴集團一直是影響西藏社會團結(jié)進步的消極因素。十四世達賴叛逃后，中央政府始終是仁至義盡、給予出路，其全國人大常委會副委員長職務(wù)一直保留到1964年。改革開放后，中央政府為十四世達賴改正錯誤指明出路，提出“愛國一家，愛國不分先后”，邀請他派人回國探親參觀。1979年至2002年，中央政府13次接待十四世達賴的私人代表，2002年至2010年，又10次同意他們回國。然而十四世達賴屢屢辜負中央期望，始終沒有從根本上放棄其政治主張。
All experience since liberation has proved that without national security, the fundamental interests of the ethnic groups of Tibet cannot be protected. Without a stable social environment, there will be no economic, cultural or eco-environmental development, nor can the people's right to a stable and happy life be guaranteed. Over the years, the 14th Dalai Lama and his followers, supported by Western anti-China forces, have contributed nothing positive to the social solidarity and progress of Tibet.

Since the 14th Dalai Lama fled abroad in 1959, the central government has exercised great restraint and done its best to provide solutions, for example preserving his position as a vice-chairman of the NPC Standing Committee until 1964. After reform and opening up, the central government offered the 14th Dalai Lama an opportunity to accept the policy that “all patriots belong to one big family, whether they embrace patriotism earlier or later,” and invited him to send representatives to return home for a visit. The central government received 13 visits by private representatives of the 14th Dalai Lama between 1979 and 2002, and granted approval to ten visits from 2002 to 2010. But to the disappointment of the central government, the Dalai Lama has refused to relinquish his political demands.

對于西方反華勢力干涉中國內(nèi)政的圖謀和十四世達賴集團的分裂活動，包括西藏人民在內(nèi)的全中國人民堅定維護祖國統(tǒng)一、維護國家主權(quán)，同任何分裂勢力、反華勢力進行堅決斗爭。西藏高舉憲法法律旗幟，堅決抵制十四世達賴集團的滲透破壞活動，深入持久開展民族團結(jié)進步創(chuàng)建，不斷鑄牢中華民族共同體意識，堅持我國宗教中國化方向，引導(dǎo)藏傳佛教與社會主義社會相適應(yīng)，形成了維護穩(wěn)定的銅墻鐵壁。
All the people of China, including the Tibetans, will resolutely safeguard national unity, protect national sovereignty, and fight all separatists and anti-China forces, particularly Western anti-China forces. Steadfast under the twin banners of the Constitution and the law, Tibet has firmly resisted infiltration and sabotage by the 14th Dalai Lama and his supporters, continued to build the region into a place of ethnic solidarity and progress, strengthened the keen sense of identity of the Chinese nation, stayed committed to managing religion in the Chinese context, and guided Tibetan Buddhism to adapt to socialist society and become a bastion of stability in the region.