五、脫貧攻堅(jiān)全面勝利
V. A Complete Victory over Poverty

西藏是全國(guó)貧困發(fā)生率最高、貧困程度最深、扶貧成本最高、脫貧難度最大的集中連片特困地區(qū)。消除貧困是中央人民政府的一貫政策，早在西藏和平解放初期，進(jìn)藏人民解放軍及工作人員就做了許多扶貧濟(jì)困的工作。廢除封建農(nóng)奴制度后，西藏走上了社會(huì)主義道路，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨以解放生產(chǎn)力，發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，消滅剝削，消除貧困，實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕為己任，一代一代人致力于發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)、改善民生工作。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十八次全國(guó)代表大會(huì)以來(lái)，連續(xù)5年召開(kāi)深化對(duì)口援藏扶貧工作會(huì)議，創(chuàng)新開(kāi)展“央企助力富民興藏”等活動(dòng)，通過(guò)精準(zhǔn)施策、精準(zhǔn)幫扶，西藏打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)，各族人民實(shí)現(xiàn)了不愁吃、不愁穿和義務(wù)教育、基本醫(yī)療、住房安全有保障。截至2019年底，全區(qū)62.8萬(wàn)建檔立卡貧困人口已全部脫貧，74個(gè)貧困縣區(qū)全部摘帽，歷史性消除了絕對(duì)貧困問(wèn)題，目前已脫貧人口年人均可支配收入突破1萬(wàn)元，脫貧成果得到進(jìn)一步鞏固。事實(shí)說(shuō)明，民主改革使西藏社會(huì)制度一步跨千年，脫貧攻堅(jiān)讓西藏人民生活方式一步跨千年。
Tibet was a contiguous poor area with the highest incidence and most severe level of poverty, where the cost of poverty eradication was highest and the difficulty greatest. Ending poverty in Tibet is a consistent policy of the Central People's Government.

As early as 1951, after the liberation of Tibet, the PLA and other organizations in Tibet were already taking action to reduce poverty.

In 1959 after feudal serfdom was abolished and Tibet embarked on the path of socialism, the CPC set about developing the productive forces, eliminating exploitation and poverty, achieving common prosperity, growing the economy, and improving people's lives.

After the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the Party convened the National Conference on Better Poverty Alleviation Partnership Assistance from Other Parts of the Country to Tibet for five successive years, and launched a campaign under which SOEs directly under the central government would assist Tibet in achieving prosperity. Through targeted poverty alleviation policies and measures, Tibet has won a decisive victory over poverty, and local people of all ethnic groups now have adequate food and clothing and access to compulsory education, basic medical services and safe housing.

By the end of 2019, all the 628,000 registered poor and 74 designated poor counties in Tibet had risen from poverty, marking the end of absolute poverty in Tibet for the first time in history. The average annual per capita disposable income of those who have just emerged from poverty now exceeds RMB10,000, an indication that the positive results of poverty elimination have been consolidated.

It was the democratic reform in Tibet that led to leapfrog progress in its social system, and the fight against poverty secured historic improvements in its ways of life.

——絕對(duì)貧困徹底消除
– Eliminating absolute poverty

發(fā)展特色產(chǎn)業(yè)，找準(zhǔn)發(fā)展路子。大力發(fā)展青稞和牦牛產(chǎn)業(yè)，推廣“藏青2000”“喜瑪拉22”“帕里牦牛”“類(lèi)烏齊牦?！薄皪彴脱颉钡葍?yōu)良品種，提高單產(chǎn)水平。扶持深加工，創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品供給，擴(kuò)展產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。2020年，西藏共有農(nóng)牧業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化龍頭企業(yè)162家，農(nóng)畜產(chǎn)品加工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值57億元，比2015年末翻了一番。通過(guò)“合作社+農(nóng)戶(hù)”“龍頭企業(yè)+村集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織+農(nóng)戶(hù)”等方式，不斷提高專(zhuān)業(yè)化水平和生產(chǎn)效率，主要農(nóng)作物綜合機(jī)械化率達(dá)到65%。推進(jìn)電商扶貧，量身打造電子商務(wù)進(jìn)農(nóng)村整區(qū)推進(jìn)模式，累計(jì)安排中央財(cái)政資金8.79億元，帶動(dòng)特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品網(wǎng)上銷(xiāo)售，促進(jìn)農(nóng)牧民增收就業(yè)，助力脫貧攻堅(jiān)。重點(diǎn)發(fā)展旅游業(yè)，創(chuàng)新升級(jí)“藏文化體驗(yàn)游”，打造“最美318線”，推出“冬游西藏”等。截至2020年，西藏農(nóng)牧民通過(guò)直接或間接方式參與鄉(xiāng)村旅游就業(yè)8.6萬(wàn)人（次），年人均增收4300余元。發(fā)展文化產(chǎn)業(yè)，扶持傳統(tǒng)文化的市場(chǎng)化開(kāi)發(fā)，唐卡、塑像及傳統(tǒng)手工技藝如紡織、服飾、家居裝飾等供需兩旺，已形成頗具規(guī)模的新興產(chǎn)業(yè)。建成各級(jí)各類(lèi)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)示范園區(qū)（基地），產(chǎn)值超過(guò)60億元，年均增長(zhǎng)率15%。2016年以來(lái)，西藏累計(jì)整合涉農(nóng)資金753.8億元用于脫貧攻堅(jiān)，實(shí)施產(chǎn)業(yè)扶貧項(xiàng)目3037個(gè)，直接帶動(dòng)23.8萬(wàn)建檔立卡貧困群眾脫貧，發(fā)放貼息貸款647.68億元、小額信貸63.32億元，為產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展提供強(qiáng)大支撐。
Tibet has made great efforts to develop industries that leverage local strengths, to find the right path for economic growth. It has been vigorously developing and promoting highland barley strains such as Zangqing 2000, Ximala 22, and livestock breeds such as Pagri yak, Riwoqe yak, and Gamba sheep, to raise the per unit yield.

Tibet has been supporting deep processing, improving product supply, and expanding industrial chains. In 2020, there were 162 leading agriculture and animal husbandry enterprises, with a total processing output value of RMB5.7 billion. This was double the figure for 2015.

Tibet has been increasing the level of specialization in production and boosting production efficiency through cooperation between cooperatives and rural households, and among leading enterprises, village-level collective economic organizations and rural households. The comprehensive mechanization rate for growing staple crops has reached 65 percent.

Tibet has been alleviating poverty by developing e-commerce programs targeted at the entire rural community to improve the marketing of local specialties. A total of RMB879 million from the state budget was allocated to promote the online sales of agro-products, boost incomes and employment, and reduce poverty in Tibet.

Tibet has been fully engaged in developing tourism, launching programs such as “Tibetan Cultural Tour”, “G318 Self-drive Tour” for the 2018 Around China Self-driving Tour Championship (ACSC), and “Winter Tour in Tibet”. By 2020, rural tourism had created, directly or indirectly, 86,000 jobs for local farmers and herdsmen, resulting in an increment in annual per capita income of RMB4,300.

Tibet has been developing its cultural industry by expanding the market for traditional Tibetan culture. Thangka, sculpting, textiles, costumes, home decoration and other handicrafts have grown into emerging industries, huge in both supply and demand. Cultural industry demonstration parks/centers at all levels and in all categories have been completed, creating a total output value of more than RMB6 billion at an average annual growth rate of 15 percent. Since 2016, Tibet has applied agricultural funds totaling RMB75.4 billion to poverty alleviation and implemented 3,037 programs supporting local businesses, which has helped 238,000 registered poor out of poverty. It has issued subsidized loans of RMB64.8 billion and micro-credit loans of RMB6.33 billion, providing strong support for the development of local industries.

實(shí)施農(nóng)村危房改造，實(shí)現(xiàn)住房安全有保障。2008年以來(lái)，累計(jì)下達(dá)資金36.18億元，支持西藏建檔立卡貧困戶(hù)、農(nóng)村低保戶(hù)、分散供養(yǎng)特困人員、貧困殘疾人家庭等4類(lèi)重點(diǎn)對(duì)象39.97萬(wàn)戶(hù)，通過(guò)實(shí)施農(nóng)村危房改造，告別了破舊的夯土房、石砌房等危房，住上了寬敞明亮的安全房。對(duì)于部分鰥寡孤獨(dú)等無(wú)力改造住房的特困群眾，通過(guò)統(tǒng)建農(nóng)村集體公租房、修繕加固現(xiàn)有閑置公房等方式，兜底解決其住房安全問(wèn)題，為打贏脫貧攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)和全面建成小康社會(huì)奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。
Efforts have been made to renovate dilapidated rural homes to ensure safe housing. Since 2008, a total of RMB3.62 billion has been applied to 399,700 households in Tibet for the renovation of dilapidated homes, covering registered poor households, households entitled to subsistence allowances, severely impoverished rural residents cared for at their homes with government support, and impoverished families of individuals with disabilities. The project has enabled them to abandon rammed-earth dwellings and stone shacks, and presented them with bright and spacious housing. The widowed, orphaned and childless in extreme poverty are eligible for rural public rental housing, or vacant public housing that has been renovated, to guarantee their access to safe housing. All these measures have laid a solid foundation for Tibet to beat poverty and achieve moderate prosperity.

實(shí)施易地搬遷，改善生產(chǎn)生活條件。西藏的貧困人口主要集中在藏北高海拔牧區(qū)、南部邊境地區(qū)和藏東橫斷山區(qū)等海拔高條件差、遠(yuǎn)離腹心市場(chǎng)的地區(qū)，易地搬遷成為擺脫貧困的合理選擇。2016年以來(lái)，西藏加大了以扶貧脫貧為目標(biāo)的易地搬遷力度，截至2020年，在海拔較低、適宜生產(chǎn)生活的地區(qū)建成了964個(gè)易地扶貧搬遷區(qū)（點(diǎn)），26.6萬(wàn)人自愿搬遷。全區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)扶貧資金的5%用于安置點(diǎn)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，確保每個(gè)搬遷戶(hù)至少“一戶(hù)一人”就業(yè)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)得住、有就業(yè)，逐步能致富。
Tibet has relocated the impoverished to improve their living and working conditions. Poverty-stricken populations in Tibet are concentrated in the northern pastoral areas, the southern border areas, and the eastern areas along the Hengduan Mountains. All these areas are located at high altitudes. They are remote from vital markets and live in harsh conditions. Therefore, relocating the inhabitants of these areas is a rational solution to lift them out of poverty. Since 2016, Tibet has increased efforts to resettle the impoverished from inhospitable areas to places with better economic prospects. By 2020, Tibet had completed the construction of 964 relocation zones/sites for poverty alleviation in low-altitude, hospitable areas, where 266,000 poor were happy to resettle. Some five percent of Tibet's growth-driven poverty alleviation funds were applied to the development of industries and businesses at relocation sites, and at least one individual from each resettled household was guaranteed employment. This was a significant primary step ensuring steady progress toward a prosperous life.

堅(jiān)持扶貧先扶志扶智，培育內(nèi)生動(dòng)力。堅(jiān)持教育經(jīng)費(fèi)向貧困地區(qū)、基礎(chǔ)教育、職業(yè)教育傾斜政策，幫助貧困地區(qū)改善辦學(xué)條件。西藏已全面建成從學(xué)前教育到高等教育階段的學(xué)生資助體系，資助政策達(dá)40項(xiàng)，資助范圍實(shí)現(xiàn)各學(xué)段全覆蓋、公辦民辦全覆蓋、家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生全覆蓋。目前，教育“三包”經(jīng)費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高到年生均4200元，建檔立卡貧困家庭失輟學(xué)生動(dòng)態(tài)清零。推動(dòng)高校面向農(nóng)牧區(qū)和貧困地區(qū)學(xué)生專(zhuān)項(xiàng)招生。落實(shí)“三免一補(bǔ)”政策，“十三五”期間累計(jì)資助在校貧困大學(xué)生4.67萬(wàn)人次。結(jié)合市場(chǎng)需求和貧困群眾意愿，開(kāi)展建筑、生活服務(wù)、食品加工、汽車(chē)維修、護(hù)理、手工藝等職業(yè)技術(shù)教育，為貧困人口提供相對(duì)穩(wěn)定和報(bào)酬更高的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。
Tibet has implemented policies to sustain poverty elimination through the endogenous initiatives of the poor themselves by increasing their confidence and helping them acquire knowledge and skills. Tibet's education funds are directed more to basic education and vocational education in poor areas to improve conditions there. Tibet has established a student financial assistance system covering all stages of education from preschool to higher education, covering both private and public education, and covering all students experiencing economic difficulties, supported by 40 financial assistance policies. The Three Guarantees policy for education in Tibet – providing food, accommodation and school expenses for preschool to senior high students from farming and herding households and impoverished urban families – has resulted in a rise in subsidy to an average of RMB4,200 per student per year; dropouts from registered poor families are all identified and helped back into school in a timely manner.

Tibet has encouraged institutions of higher learning to recruit students from its farming and pastoral areas and poverty-stricken areas through special programs. Tibet has implemented the Three Cost-frees and One Subsidy policy, under which college students from registered poor households and rural families entitled to subsistence allowances are exempt from tuition, textbook and accommodation fees and are provided with cost-of-living subsidies. Altogether 46,700 impoverished undergraduates received assistance from this policy during the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016-2020). Based on market demand and personal choice, poor populations in Tibet are provided with vocational and technical education covering constructional engineering, service, food processing, vehicle repair and maintenance, nursing, and handicrafts, to help them obtain stable jobs with higher payments.

提高社會(huì)保障水平，實(shí)現(xiàn)兜底保障。西藏對(duì)11.4萬(wàn)建檔立卡貧困人口實(shí)施社會(huì)救助兜底保障，實(shí)現(xiàn)應(yīng)保盡保，城鄉(xiāng)居民最低生活保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別提高至每人每年10164元和4713元，農(nóng)村分散供養(yǎng)和城鄉(xiāng)集中供養(yǎng)的特困人員基本生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別提高至每人每年7070元、13213元；臨時(shí)救助平均水平提高至4334元/人次。在74個(gè)國(guó)家級(jí)貧困縣實(shí)施貧困地區(qū)兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)改善項(xiàng)目，改善6至24月齡兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況。
Tibet has improved social security by providing subsistence allowances for the impoverished. All the 114,000 registered poor in Tibet are provided with subsistence allowances. Currently, the standards are RMB10,164 per person per year for urban residents, RMB4,713 for rural residents, RMB7,070 for severely impoverished rural residents cared for at their homes with government support, and RMB13,213 for severely impoverished urban and rural residents cared for at nursing homes with government support. The standard for temporary social relief has been raised to RMB4,334 on average. In all its 74 national-level poor counties, Tibet has implemented the national nutrition improvement program for children in impoverished areas, targeted at 6 to 24-month-olds.

實(shí)施“強(qiáng)基惠民”工程，創(chuàng)新結(jié)對(duì)幫扶措施。2012年至2020年，連續(xù)9批選派干部19.33萬(wàn)余人次開(kāi)展駐村幫扶。各級(jí)干部與所有貧困縣、鄉(xiāng)、村、建檔立卡戶(hù)結(jié)對(duì)幫扶，為貧困地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展和貧困戶(hù)轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)、貧困家庭大學(xué)生就業(yè)等提供一對(duì)一幫助。
Tibet has implemented the project of “Laying the Foundations for Better Lives”, through innovative paired-up assistance for the impoverished. From 2012 to 2020, Tibet dispatched 193,300 resident officials in nine groups to help alleviate poverty in villages. Officials at all levels in Tibet were paired up with registered poor households in all designated poor villages, townships and counties, to offer one-to-one employment assistance to the relocated poor and college graduates from impoverished families, and to help boost the economy in poverty-stricken areas.

——興邊富民大力推進(jìn)
– Developing border areas and improving people's lives

西藏邊境線長(zhǎng)達(dá)4000多公里，多數(shù)地方生產(chǎn)生活條件十分惡劣，貧困發(fā)生率高，興邊富民一直為各級(jí)政府所重視。在黨中央的關(guān)懷下，邊境地區(qū)投入逐年增加。特別是2012年以來(lái)，邊境縣、鄉(xiāng)、村充分享受到國(guó)家更加優(yōu)惠的政策，水、電、路、居等人民生活急需的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施加大了建設(shè)力度。2017年西藏發(fā)布《西藏自治區(qū)邊境地區(qū)小康村建設(shè)規(guī)劃（2017－2020年）》，主要目標(biāo)是改善邊民的住房條件和邊境村莊的“水電路訊網(wǎng)、教科文衛(wèi)?！币约爱a(chǎn)業(yè)建設(shè)。截至2020年底，邊境一、二線行政村公路通達(dá)通暢，主電網(wǎng)延伸到全部邊境鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)），實(shí)現(xiàn)村村通郵，移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)全覆蓋，農(nóng)村人口飲水安全得到保障。邊境村莊基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施條件顯著改善，各類(lèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展，邊民生產(chǎn)生活水平明顯提升。
Tibet has a 4,000-km long external border line. The inhabitants of the contiguous areas experience harsh living and working conditions and a high incidence of poverty. Governments at all levels have been making constant efforts to develop border areas and improve people's lives. Under the guidance of the Party Central Committee, financial input has been increasing year by year for border development in Tibet. Particularly since 2012, border villages, townships and counties in Tibet have been granted more preferential state policies on infrastructure construction, covering water, electricity, roads, and housing. In 2017, the Plan of Tibet Autonomous Region on the Construction of Villages of Moderate Prosperity in Border Areas (2017-2020) was released, designed to ensure better access to housing, water, electricity, roads, communications and the internet, to improve education, technology, culture, healthcare and social security in border villages, and to boost industries in border areas. By the end of 2020, first-tier and second-tier border villages had access to highways, all border townships and towns were connected to the main power grid, and all border villages had access to postal services, mobile communications, and safe drinking water. Through all these efforts in the border areas in Tibet, infrastructure has seen remarkable improvements, all industries are flourishing, and the people enjoy better living and working conditions.

——鄉(xiāng)村振興有序?qū)嵤?br>– Revitalizing the countryside

2017年，中國(guó)提出鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略。根據(jù)黨中央部署，西藏編制《西藏自治區(qū)鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃（2018－2022年）》，按照產(chǎn)業(yè)興旺、生態(tài)宜居、鄉(xiāng)風(fēng)文明、治理有效、生活富裕的總要求，鞏固拓展脫貧攻堅(jiān)成果，同鄉(xiāng)村振興有效銜接。著力發(fā)展高原生物、旅游文化、綠色工業(yè)、清潔能源、現(xiàn)代服務(wù)、高新數(shù)字、邊貿(mào)物流等產(chǎn)業(yè)。著力創(chuàng)新農(nóng)牧區(qū)人才培養(yǎng)方式，規(guī)?；嘤?xùn)鄉(xiāng)土人才，建立完善農(nóng)牧民教育培訓(xùn)體系，統(tǒng)籌各類(lèi)人才向鄉(xiāng)村聚集。著力推廣新型村規(guī)民約，提升公共文化服務(wù)水平，繁榮農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村農(nóng)民題材文藝創(chuàng)作，傳承發(fā)展優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化，加強(qiáng)鄉(xiāng)村文化隊(duì)伍建設(shè)等，培育文明鄉(xiāng)風(fēng)、良好家風(fēng)、淳樸民風(fēng)。著力通過(guò)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)保護(hù)與修復(fù)、人居環(huán)境整治、生態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展、鄉(xiāng)村生態(tài)文明體制機(jī)制建設(shè)，確保生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量保持全國(guó)領(lǐng)先水平，把西藏農(nóng)牧區(qū)建設(shè)成為生態(tài)宜居、環(huán)境優(yōu)美、人與自然和諧共生的美麗鄉(xiāng)村。
In 2017, China proposed the strategy of rural revitalization. Accordingly, the Strategic Plan of Tibet Autonomous Region on Rural Revitalization (2018-2022) was formulated, to build rural areas with thriving businesses, an eco-friendly environment, social etiquette and civility, effective governance, and a prosperous rural population, making sure that the positive results in poverty elimination are consolidated and become an integral part of rural revitalization in Tibet. The plan focuses on:

? developing plateau biotechnology, tourism, green industry, clean energy, modern services, advanced digital technology, and border trade and logistics;

? improving talent training in farming and pastoral areas, scaling up the training of native professionals, establishing a complete training system for farmers and herdsmen, and attracting talent toward rural development;

? promoting civilized village rules, improving public cultural services, encouraging literary and artistic works on agriculture, rural areas and rural people, carrying forward the best of traditional Tibetan culture, strengthening the competence of rural cultural workers, nurturing healthy folk customs, cultivating fine family traditions, and encouraging virtues in individuals;

? protecting and restoring the rural eco-system, improving rural living environments, developing eco-friendly rural industries, and building institutional mechanisms for promoting rural eco-environmental progress, so as to keep Tibet's eco-environment at the highest national level, and turn its farming and pastoral areas into a beautiful, hospitable countryside where the people live in harmony with nature.