三、社會制度的歷史跨越
III. Historic Changes in Society

西藏民主改革是西藏人民的愿望，但何時改革須根據(jù)西藏實際。1956年，中央人民政府作出“六年不改”的決定。然而，西藏上層統(tǒng)治集團的一些人企圖永遠保留封建農(nóng)奴制，并在1959年3月發(fā)動全面武裝叛亂。中央人民政府在平息叛亂的同時，在西藏開展了徹底廢除封建農(nóng)奴制的民主改革運動，從根本上改變了西藏舊的社會制度，并為西藏自治區(qū)的成立奠定了堅實的基礎。
The Tibetan people yearned for democratic reform, but the timing had to be determined by the situation. In 1956, the Central People's Government made a decision that no reform need be carried out in Tibet for the next six years. However, some members of the Tibetan ruling class wanted to preserve serfdom forever, and staged a full-scale armed rebellion in March 1959. The Central People's Government quelled the rebellion, and carried out democratic reform to abolish feudal serfdom, putting an end to the old system and laying a solid foundation for forming the Tibet Autonomous Region.

——封建農(nóng)奴制黑暗落后，必然退出歷史舞臺
– Wretched and backward feudal serfdom was doomed to die out.

舊西藏處于政教合一的封建農(nóng)奴制統(tǒng)治之下，這種制度粗暴踐踏人類尊嚴，嚴重侵犯基本人權，根本阻礙西藏社會發(fā)展，完全背離中國和世界進步潮流。
Old Tibet was ruled by a theocratic feudal serfdom. This system crushed human dignity, ignored human rights, and impeded development in Tibet, all of which flouted the progressive trend in China and elsewhere in the world.

政教合一，神權至上。政權庇護神權，神權控制政權，神權與政權融為一體，共同維護官家、貴族和寺院上層僧侶三大封建領主的統(tǒng)治。在神權政治下，寺廟成為集開展宗教活動、控制一方政權、實施經(jīng)濟剝削、囤積武裝力量、進行司法審判等功能為一體的統(tǒng)治堡壘。有的寺廟內(nèi)部設立公堂，不僅有手銬、腳鐐、棍棒，還有用來剜目、抽筋的殘酷刑具，懲罰農(nóng)奴手段極其殘忍。
In old Tibet, there was no separation of religious and political power, and the former enjoyed absolute supremacy. Religious power prevailed over political power, while political power protected religious privileges. The two combined to defend the interests of the three major stakeholders: officials, aristocrats and higher-ranking lamas in the monasteries. Under theocracy, monasteries became fortresses from which the local rulers organized religious activities, exercised administration, exploited the serfs, built up armed forces, and passed legal judgement. Some monasteries even had private dungeons, with instruments of torture used for eye gouging and hamstringing, in addition to handcuffs, chains and clubs.

等級森嚴，踐踏人權。三大領主以野蠻、殘酷的刑法維護封建農(nóng)奴制度。在舊西藏通行數(shù)百年的《十三法典》和《十六法典》，明確將人分成三等九級，規(guī)定：“人分上中下三等，每一等人又分上中下三級。此上中下三等，系就其血統(tǒng)貴賤職位高低而定”“人有等級之分，因此命價也有高低”“上等上級人命價為與尸體等重的黃金”“下等下級人命價為一根草繩”。
In old Tibet, there was a rigid hierarchy and the higher ranks of society gave no thought to human rights. The three major stakeholders applied every means to maintain feudal serfdom. The 13-Article Code and 16-Article Code, which had been enforced for several hundred years in old Tibet, stipulated that people were divided into three classes by blood and position, and that each class was further divided into three ranks. The value of a life corresponded to the difference in class and rank. The bodies of people of the highest rank of the upper class were “worth their weight in gold”, while the lives of people of the lowest rank of the lower class were “worth a straw rope”.

貧富懸殊，阻礙發(fā)展。占人口不足5%的三大領主及其代理人幾乎占有西藏全部耕地、牧場、森林、山川、河流、河灘以及大部分牲畜。民主改革前，西藏有世襲貴族197家，其中居前的幾家大貴族，每家占有幾十個莊園，幾萬克土地（15克相當于1公頃）。十四世達賴家族占有27座莊園、30個牧場，擁有農(nóng)牧奴6000多人。十四世達賴本人就擁有黃金16萬兩，白銀9500萬兩，珍寶玉器2萬多件，有各種綢緞、珍貴裘皮衣服1萬多件。占人口95%的農(nóng)奴和奴隸沒有生產(chǎn)資料和人身自由，遭受著沉重的賦稅、烏拉差役和高利貸盤剝，掙扎在死亡線上。
In old Tibet, polarization of the rich and the poor hindered development. The three major stakeholders and their agents, who made up less than five percent of the population, owned almost all of the land, pastures, forests, mountains, rivers and flood plains, and most of the livestock. Before the democratic reform in 1959, there were 197 hereditary aristocratic families, and the few top families each possessed dozens of manors and thousands of hectares of land. The family of the 14th Dalai Lama owned 27 manors, 30 pastures, and over 6,000 serfs. The Dalai Lama alone owned 160,000 taels (one tael = 30 grams) of gold, 95 million taels of silver, over 20,000 pieces of jewelry and jade ware, and more than 10,000 pieces of silk clothing and rare furs. Meanwhile the serfs and slaves, who accounted for 95 percent of the population, had no means of production or freedom of their own. They were subjected to the three-fold exploitation of corvée labor, taxes, and high-interest loans, and struggled for mere existence.

——維護《十七條協(xié)議》，決定“六年不改”
– The central government upheld the 17-Article Agreement and honored its promise not to carry out reform for six years.

《十七條協(xié)議》明確：“有關西藏的各項改革事宜，中央不加強迫。西藏地方政府應自動進行改革，人民提出改革要求時，得采取與西藏領導人員協(xié)商的方法解決之?！焙推浇夥藕?，西藏廣大人民要求改革的呼聲日益高漲，許多上中層的開明人士也認識到，如不改革舊制度，西藏民族斷無繁榮昌盛可能。
The 17-Article Agreement stipulated, “In matters related to reform in Tibet, there will be no compulsion on the part of the central government. The local government of Tibet shall take initiative to carry out reform, and when the people raise demands for reform, the central government shall consult with the leading personnel in Tibet to settle the issue.” Following liberation, amidst the growing demand of the Tibetan people for democratic reform, many enlightened people of the upper and middle classes also realized that, if the old system were not reformed, the Tibetan people would never attain prosperity.

考慮到西藏歷史和現(xiàn)實的特殊情況，中央人民政府采取十分慎重態(tài)度，耐心勸說和等待西藏地方上層統(tǒng)治集團主動進行改革，并給他們以充分的時間。1956年，中央人民政府作出“六年不改”決定，等待西藏上層的覺悟。1957年1月，國務院總理周恩來訪問印度期間向十四世達賴、十世班禪及隨行的西藏地方政府主要官員轉交了毛澤東主席的信，傳達了中央的決定，強調六年不改，六年之后是否改革，仍然由西藏根據(jù)情況和條件決定。中央人民政府對西藏上層統(tǒng)治集團作出了最大讓步，可謂仁至義盡。
In consideration of Tibetan history and the region's special situation, the Central People's Government adopted a circumspect attitude of patient persuasion, waiting for the ruling elite to carry out reform, and giving them adequate time to do so. In 1956, still awaiting a change in the attitude of the ruling upper class, the Central People's Government made a decision that no reform should be carried out in Tibet for six years. During his visit to India in January 1957, Premier of the State Council Zhou Enlai handed a letter from Chairman Mao Zedong to the 14th Dalai Lama and 10th Panchen Lama, and the accompanying senior local Tibetan government officials. The letter informed them of the central government's decision that reform would be deferred for six years; whether reform should be carried out after six years would still be decided by Tibet in accordance with its own situation and the prevailing conditions. The Central People's Government showed the utmost patience and made every concession.

——平息武裝叛亂，進行民主改革
– The armed rebellion was quelled and democratic reform was implemented.

改革西藏社會制度是西藏社會發(fā)展的必然要求和西藏人民的根本愿望。西藏反動上層企圖永遠保持封建農(nóng)奴制，蓄意破壞《十七條協(xié)議》，策劃一系列分裂祖國的活動，最終于1959年3月10日發(fā)動全面武裝叛亂。中央政府采取果斷措施，與西藏人民一道堅決平息了叛亂，并決定在西藏進行一場徹底廢除封建農(nóng)奴制度的民主改革運動。
Reforming the social system was an essential requirement of social development and the fundamental aspiration of the Tibetan people. To preserve serfdom, the reactionaries from Tibet's upper class planned a series of activities to split Tibet from China, in blatant violation of the 17-Article Agreement. These led to a full-scale insurrection on March 10, 1959. The Central People's Government, together with the Tibetan people, took decisive measures to suppress the rebellion, and subsequently implemented a democratic reform in Tibet that brought feudal serfdom to an end.

民主改革廢除了政教合一的封建農(nóng)奴制，實現(xiàn)政教分離；廢除生產(chǎn)資料封建領主所有制，確立農(nóng)牧民個體所有制；廢除對“三大領主”的人身依附，使農(nóng)奴和奴隸獲得人身自由。在民主改革中，農(nóng)奴和奴隸共分得土地約280多萬克（約18.67萬公頃）。建立起第一個供銷社、第一個農(nóng)村信用社、第一所民辦小學、第一所夜校、第一個識字班、第一個電影放映隊、第一個醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機構。納金水電站建成發(fā)電，拉薩普通市民首次用上電燈。民主改革是西藏社會進步和人權發(fā)展史上劃時代的重大變革，使西藏百萬農(nóng)奴和奴隸在政治、經(jīng)濟和社會生活多方面實現(xiàn)了翻身解放，有效促進了西藏社會生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，為西藏的現(xiàn)代化建設開辟了道路。
Through this reform, the theocratic system was annulled and religion was separated from government. The feudal serf owners' right to own the means of production was abolished and private ownership by farmers and herdsmen was established. The personal bondage of serfs and slaves to the officials, nobles and upper-ranking monks was annulled, and they won their freedom as individuals. Former serfs and slaves were granted around 186,700 hectares of land in the democratic reform.

During this period Tibet's first supply and marketing cooperative, first rural credit cooperative, first community primary school, first night school, first literacy class, first film projection team, and first medical institution were established. The Ngachen Hydroelectric Station was completed and entered service, bringing electric lighting for the first time to the citizens of Lhasa.

Democratic reform represented an epoch-making change in Tibetan society and in the human rights of its people. It granted political, economic and social emancipation to a million serfs and slaves, effectively promoted the development of social productive forces in Tibet, and opened up the road toward modernization.

——成立西藏自治區(qū)，逐步走上社會主義發(fā)展道路
– The Tibet Autonomous Region was established to launch Tibet on the path to socialism.

西藏民主改革過程同時也是民主建政過程。1959年3月叛亂發(fā)生后，國務院發(fā)布命令，解散西藏地方政府，決定由西藏自治區(qū)籌備委員會行使西藏地方政府職權。隨后相繼撤銷了昌都地區(qū)人民解放委員會和班禪堪布會議廳，建立了統(tǒng)一的人民民主政權。1961年，西藏各地開始實行普選，昔日的農(nóng)奴和奴隸第一次獲得了當家作主的民主權利，選舉產(chǎn)生西藏各級人民政權，一大批翻身農(nóng)奴和奴隸擔任各級領導職務。1965年8月，西藏縣鄉(xiāng)選舉工作完成。9月，西藏第一屆人民代表大會第一次會議在拉薩開幕，西藏自治區(qū)及其人民政府宣告成立，西藏開始實行民族區(qū)域自治制度，通過農(nóng)牧業(yè)社會主義改造，走上社會主義發(fā)展道路。
The democratic reform in Tibet coincided with the introduction of democratic politics. After the rebellion broke out in March 1959, the State Council issued an order to dissolve the Tibetan local government and decided to have the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region exercise the duties and power of local government. Later, the Qamdo People's Liberation Committee and the Panchen Kampus Assembly were abolished, and a centralized people's democratic government was set up. In 1961, a general election was held across Tibet. For the first time, the former serfs and slaves were able to enjoy democratic rights as their own masters, as they elected people's governments at all levels. Many emancipated serfs and slaves took up posts of leadership at various levels in the region. In August 1965, elections were completed in townships and counties across Tibet. In September, the First Session of the First People's Congress of Tibet was convened in Lhasa, at which the founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Regional People's Government were officially proclaimed. With regional ethnic autonomy established and through the socialist transformation of agriculture and animal husbandry, Tibet embarked on the road of socialism.

西藏自治區(qū)的成立和社會主義制度的實行，保障了各民族平等、團結、互助和共同繁榮發(fā)展政策在西藏的實現(xiàn)，保障了西藏各族人民平等參與管理國家事務和自主管理本地區(qū)事務的權利，為西藏實現(xiàn)與全國共同發(fā)展進步提供了制度保證。
The founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region and adoption of the socialist system provided a guarantee for the realization of ethnic equality, solidarity, mutual help, and common development and prosperity in the region. It also created the conditions for all ethnic groups in Tibet to enjoy equal rights to participate in the administration of regional and state affairs. In this way, an institutional structure was put in place that would allow Tibet to develop along with other parts of China.

四、各項事業(yè)加快發(fā)展
IV. Rapid Development of Various Undertakings

在中央人民政府領導和全國人民大力支持下，經(jīng)過各族人民艱苦奮斗，西藏經(jīng)濟社會的發(fā)展和全國站在同一起跑線上。發(fā)展基礎更加扎實，發(fā)展機遇更加良好，發(fā)展后勁十足。
Thanks to the leadership of the Central People's Government and strong support from the rest of China, and to the great endeavors of people of all ethnic groups in the region, Tibet is catching up with other parts of the country in terms of socioeconomic development. With a more solid base, it enjoys better opportunities and enormous potential.

——社會經(jīng)濟持續(xù)快速發(fā)展
– Sustained and rapid socioeconomic development

西藏和平解放70年來，中央政府為西藏制定了許多特殊優(yōu)惠政策，涉及財稅金融、基礎設施、產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展、教育衛(wèi)生、文化保護、生態(tài)文明等各個領域。中央財政對西藏轉移支付力度逐年加大，在不同時期相繼安排一大批關系西藏長遠發(fā)展和人民生活的重大工程項目，極大改善了西藏人民生產(chǎn)生活條件，各族群眾獲得感、幸福感、安全感不斷增強。1994年至2020年，對口援藏省市、中央國家機關及中央企業(yè)分9批共支援西藏經(jīng)濟社會建設項目6330個，總投資527億元，并選派9682名優(yōu)秀干部援藏。1951年西藏地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值僅為1.29億元，2020年地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值突破1900億元，經(jīng)濟實力明顯提升，經(jīng)濟結構持續(xù)優(yōu)化。2020年全區(qū)社會消費品零售總額實現(xiàn)745.78億元，比1959年增長2192倍。
Over the last seven decades, the central government has introduced many favorable policies for the region, covering tax and finance, infrastructure, industrial development, education, health, cultural preservation, environmental protection, and other fields. The central government increases its fiscal transfer to Tibet every year, and has planned and carried out a number of major projects at different stages which have a bearing on the long-term development of the region and the living standard of the people. As a result, the local people enjoy much better working and living conditions, and their sense of gain, happiness, and security is growing. From 1994 to 2020, the provinces and equivalent administrative units, central government departments, along with state-owned enterprises (SOEs) directly under the central government, provided support to Tibet in the form of paired assistance through 6,330 projects, representing a total investment of RMB52.7 billion. They also selected and dispatched 9,682 outstanding officials to assist the region. In 1951, Tibet's GDP was only RMB129 million. In 2020, its GDP exceeded RMB190 billion. There has been substantial economic growth and significant improvements to the economic structure. In 2020, Tibet's retail sales of consumer goods reached RMB74.6 billion, more than 2,000 times larger than in 1959.

1930年出版的《西藏始末紀要》中形容西藏的道路：“亂石縱橫，人馬路絕，艱險萬狀，不可名態(tài)?！苯夥徘皬那嗪Ｎ鲗幓蛩拇ㄑ虐驳嚼_往返一次，需要半年到一年時間。和平解放以來，西藏逐步建立起涵蓋公路、鐵路、航空、管道等多種運輸方式的綜合立體交通網(wǎng)絡。如今，建制村村村通公路，西藏公路通車里程達到11.88萬公里，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、建制村通暢率分別達94%、76%。高速及一級公路通車里程約700公里。青藏鐵路和拉日鐵路建成通車，川藏鐵路開工建設。昌都邦達、林芝米林、日喀則和平、阿里昆莎等支線機場建成，國際國內(nèi)航線達到140條，通航城市66個。以光纜、衛(wèi)星為主的現(xiàn)代通訊網(wǎng)絡體系將西藏帶入信息快速路，所有行政村都有移動信號，光纖寬帶通達率為99%。和平解放前西藏僅有一座只供少數(shù)上層貴族享受的小電站，目前已經(jīng)形成以水電為主，太陽能、風能、地熱等多能互補的綜合能源體系。2020年，阿里與藏中電網(wǎng)聯(lián)網(wǎng)工程正式投運，西藏實現(xiàn)主電網(wǎng)全區(qū)覆蓋。
Xizang Shimo Jiyao, a book published in 1930, described the roads in Tibet as extremely rough and dangerous for passengers and their horses. In the old days, it took between six months and a year to make a round trip between Lhasa and Xining in Qinghai or Ya'an in Sichuan. Since 1951, Tibet has gradually built a comprehensive transport network composed of highways, railways, air routes, and pipelines. Highways with a total length of 118,800 km have been built, providing access to all administrative villages in the region. Ninety-four percent of towns and 76 percent of administrative villages have direct access to asphalt and concrete roads. Some 700 km of expressways and grade-one highways are in service. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway and the Lhasa-Xigaze Railway have been completed and opened to traffic. The construction of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway has begun. A number of feeder airports have been built, including Bamda Airport in Qamdo, Mainling Airport in Nyingchi, Peace Airport in Xigaze, and Gunsa Airport in Ngari. Tibet now has 140 domestic and international air routes in operation, reaching 66 cities. With a modern communications network mainly consisting of optical cables and satellites, Tibet is part of the information expressway. All administrative villages have mobile phone access, and optical cable broadband coverage has reached 99 percent. Before 1951, Tibet had only one hydropower station, which supplied electricity only to a handful of aristocrats. Now, a comprehensive energy network is in place, with hydro power as the mainstay, supplemented by solar, wind, and geothermal power. In 2020, Ngari Prefecture was connected to the central Tibet power grid, completing the full coverage of the main power grid across the whole of Tibet.

大力發(fā)展高原特色農(nóng)牧業(yè)、綠色工業(yè)和第三產(chǎn)業(yè)。西藏農(nóng)林牧漁業(yè)總產(chǎn)值從1965年的2.64億元增長到2020年的233.5億元。2015年，糧食產(chǎn)量突破100萬噸，青稞產(chǎn)量保持在79.5萬噸以上。清潔能源、天然飲用水、農(nóng)畜產(chǎn)品加工業(yè)、民族手工業(yè)、藏醫(yī)藥、建材等在內(nèi)的富有西藏特色的現(xiàn)代工業(yè)體系建立。清潔能源產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展，電力總裝機容量達423萬千瓦，發(fā)電量超過90億千瓦時。2020年，即使受到新冠肺炎疫情影響，西藏規(guī)模以上工業(yè)增加值增速仍達9.6%，居全國首位；旅游業(yè)保持高速增長態(tài)勢，接待國內(nèi)外游客3505余萬人次。現(xiàn)代服務業(yè)整體發(fā)展，市縣鄉(xiāng)村四級電商服務全面推開，網(wǎng)絡零售額累計突破200億元，高新數(shù)字產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，數(shù)字經(jīng)濟規(guī)模突破330億元。
A great effort has been made to develop agriculture, animal husbandry, green industries and tertiary industries adapted to local conditions. In 1965, the total value of output from Tibet's agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries was no more than RMB264 million. In 2020, it reached RMB23.4 billion. In 2015, grain yield was over 1 million tonnes, and the yield of highland barley exceeded 795,000 tonnes. The region now has a modern industrial system with distinctive local features, covering clean energy, natural drinking water, farming and animal product processing, folk handicrafts, Tibetan medicine, and building materials, among others. The clean energy industry is developing rapidly, with a total installed capacity of 4.23 million kw and generation output of over 9 billion kwh. In 2020, despite the impact of Covid-19, the growth rate of the added value of industrial “enterprises of designated size” (enterprises with a turnover exceeding RMB20 million per annum) reached 9.6 percent, which was the highest in the country. Tourism in the region maintained rapid growth momentum, receiving more than 35 million tourist visits. There has been widespread development of service industries. E-commerce services are fully available at the city, county, township, and village levels, and total online retail sales exceeded RMB20 billion. The high-tech digital industry has seen multiple innovations, and the scale of digital economy surpassed RMB33 billion.

——人民生活水平顯著提高
– Marked improvement in living standards

和平解放前，西藏90%以上的人沒有自己的住房，過著衣不蔽體、食不果腹的生活。目前，西藏各族人民生活已邁進全面小康。通過實施農(nóng)牧民安居、城鄉(xiāng)保障房建設等系列工程項目，2020年西藏農(nóng)牧民人均自有住房面積達41.46平方米，城鎮(zhèn)居民人均自有住房面積達33.4平方米，幸福指數(shù)大幅提升。2011年至2020年，安排中央補助資金172.8億元，支持西藏城鎮(zhèn)保障性住房開工35.19萬套。2019年以來，安排中央補助資金2.3億元，支持西藏改造城鎮(zhèn)老舊小區(qū)約8900戶。推進農(nóng)牧區(qū)水、電、路、氣、訊、郵政、廣播電視、優(yōu)化環(huán)境為主的綜合整治工程，鄉(xiāng)村面貌發(fā)生徹底變化。2019年，西藏城鎮(zhèn)化率達到31.5%。2020年西藏城鄉(xiāng)居民人均可支配收入比2010年翻一番。農(nóng)村居民人均可支配收入14598元，比上年增長12.7%，連續(xù)18年保持兩位數(shù)增長，近5年增速保持在13%左右，增速均居全國第一。城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入41156元，比上年增長10%。
Prior to liberation, more than 90 percent of Tibet's residents had no private housing and lacked adequate food and clothing. Now, residents in the region enjoy a relatively comfortable life. Thanks to low-income housing projects for farmers and herdsmen and affordable housing projects in urban and rural areas, the per capita living space of farmers and herdsmen reached 41.46 sq m in 2020, and that of urban residents reached 33.4 sq m. From 2011 to 2020, the central government allocated funds totaling RMB17.3 billion, supporting the construction of 351,900 affordable homes in urban areas. Since 2019, the central government has allocated funds of RMB230 million to support the transformation of 8,900 dilapidated urban dwellings. The region has carried out comprehensive improvement projects in farming and pastoral areas, which mainly involve the supply of water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, postal services, radio and television, the construction of highways, and improvements to the environment. This has brought tremendous change to these areas. In 2019, the urbanization rate of Tibet reached 31.5 percent. In 2020, the per capita disposable income doubled in comparison with 2010. The average per capita disposable income of rural residents was RMB14,598, up 12.7 percent over the previous year and representing double-digit growth for the past 18 years. In the past five years, it recorded an annual increase of around 13 percent – the fastest growth in China. The average per capita disposable income of urban residents in 2020 was RMB41,156, a year-on-year increase of 10 percent.

——基本公共服務全面進步
– All-round progress of basic public services

公共文化服務體系不斷完善。截至2020年，西藏已建成區(qū)、市（地）、縣（區(qū)）、鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)）、村（居）五級公共文化服務體系，圖書館、群眾藝術館、博物館、綜合文化活動中心、文化活動室等已成為人民群眾自發(fā)開展文化活動的重要場所?，F(xiàn)有10個專業(yè)文藝院團、76個縣區(qū)藝術團、153個民間藏戲隊、395個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)文藝演出隊和5492個行政村文藝演出隊，專兼職文藝演出隊伍超過10萬人。推出了《洗衣歌》《再唱山歌給黨聽》等一大批彰顯時代精神、體現(xiàn)西藏特色、群眾喜聞樂見的優(yōu)秀文藝作品。文化惠民演出活動日益豐富，惠民演出已超過2.4萬場次，人民群眾文化權益得到充分保障。公共數(shù)字文化建設成效顯著，數(shù)字化服務能力不斷提高，實施“美麗西藏　可愛家鄉(xiāng)”優(yōu)秀文化產(chǎn)品鄉(xiāng)村供給工程，建成并通過公共文化數(shù)字文化網(wǎng)發(fā)布地方特色資源和紅色資源總量達9.33TB，外購資源2950余部20TB，少數(shù)民族語言譯制數(shù)字資源4169小時。
The public cultural service system keeps improving. As of 2020, there is a five-tiered public cultural service system in place, which consists of the autonomous region, city/prefecture, county/district, town/township, and village/community levels. Libraries, people's art halls, museums, comprehensive culture centers, and reserved halls have become important sites where people can participate in cultural activities. Tibet now has 10 professional performing art troupes, 76 art troupes at county/district level, 153 part-time Tibetan opera troupes, 395 performing teams at township level and 5,492 at administrative village level, with more than 100,000 performers, including amateurs and professionals. A large number of excellent works, including The Laundry Song and Another Folk Song Dedicated to the Party, have been released, highlighting the spirit of the times, demonstrating the flavor of Tibet, and winning popularity among the people. Designed to meet people's cultural aspirations, free or subsidized performances have become increasingly colorful, and more than 24,000 such shows have been staged.

Notable progress has been made in developing a digital public culture. The region's digital service capacity is increasing. The “Beautiful Tibet, Lovely Hometown” project designed to supply excellent cultural products to rural residents has been implemented. 9.33TB of programs with special local flavor or revolutionary themes have been produced and released on public culture and digital culture websites. Commissioned programs numbered 2,950, with a total size of 20TB. 4,169 hours of digital programs have been dubbed into minority languages.

廣播電視和新聞出版事業(yè)快速發(fā)展。2020年，西藏已有廣播電臺1座、電視臺1座、廣播電視臺75座，鄉(xiāng)（鎮(zhèn)）村級廣播電視收轉站112座，中、短波轉播發(fā)射臺27座，調頻電視轉播發(fā)射臺3933座。60萬戶農(nóng)牧民群眾通過直播衛(wèi)星可以收聽收看到26套廣播、54套電視節(jié)目。制作譯制少數(shù)民族廣播節(jié)目時長18594小時，制作譯制少數(shù)民族電視節(jié)目時長6881小時。廣播電視綜合人口覆蓋率均超過99%。目前，西藏公開發(fā)行的報刊種類已達66種，建成5464個農(nóng)家書屋和1787個寺廟書屋，實現(xiàn)了行政村和寺廟全覆蓋。
Tibet's radio, TV, press, and publications are expanding rapidly. In 2020, the region had one radio station, one TV station, and 75 radio-TV stations, 112 radio and TV receiving and transmitting stations at township/village levels, 27 medium and short-wave transmitting and relay stations, and 3,933 FM TV transmitting and relay stations. More than 600,000 households of farmers and herdsmen can receive 26 radio channels and 54 TV channels via direct broadcasting satellites. The coverage rates of radio and TV programs have both reached 99 percent. A total of 18,594 hours of radio programs and 6,881 hours of TV programs have been translated or dubbed in minority languages. Tibet publishes 66 newspapers and periodicals, and has built 5,464 rural libraries and 1,787 monastery libraries, providing libraries to all administrative villages and monasteries.

舊西藏沒有一所現(xiàn)代意義上的學校，文盲率高達95%，現(xiàn)代科技更是一片空白。1951年至2020年，國家累計投入教育經(jīng)費2239.65億元，推動西藏建立起涵蓋學前教育、基礎教育、職業(yè)教育、高等教育、繼續(xù)教育、特殊教育的現(xiàn)代教育體系，實行15年公費教育，小學數(shù)學課程開課率、中學數(shù)理化生課程教學計劃完成率、職業(yè)技術學校國家目錄規(guī)定課程開出率等均達到100%，高中階段教育普及攻堅如期完成。2015年以來，通過實施教育人才“組團式”援藏，有力提升了西藏的教育水平。目前，西藏有各級各類學校3195所，其中普通高等學校7所，中職學校12所，中學143所，小學827所，在校學生79萬多人，另外在區(qū)外就讀的西藏學生9.2萬多人。學前教育三年毛入園率達87%，小學凈入學率達99.93%，初中、高中、高等教育毛入學率分別達106.99%、90.2%、56.14%，縣域義務教育實現(xiàn)基本均衡發(fā)展，義務教育鞏固率95.03%，新增勞動力人均受教育年限提高到13.1年。堅持政府、社會、企業(yè)多渠道解決就業(yè)，高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率連續(xù)5年保持在95%以上、2020年達到99%?？萍计脚_和人才隊伍建設不斷加快，擁有各類專業(yè)技術人員9.2萬人，科技進步對經(jīng)濟增長貢獻率達到45.6%。
In old Tibet there was not a single proper school. The illiteracy rate exceeded 95 percent, to say nothing of complete ignorance of modern science and technology. From 1951 to 2020, the central government invested RMB224 billion in Tibet's education. Now, the region has established a modern educational system which includes preschool, primary and middle schools, vocational and technical schools, institutions of higher learning, and continuing and special education institutions. Students enjoy 15 years of publicly-funded compulsory education. All primary schools are offering math course, all middle schools have completed teaching plans for math, physics, chemistry, and biology courses, and all vocational and technical schools are offering the courses prescribed in the national catalog of courses for these schools. A campaign to popularize senior high school education was completed on schedule. Since 2015, organized educational professionals from across the country have made a tremendous contribution to Tibet's education system. At present, Tibet has 3,195 schools of various types and at various levels, hosting more than 790,000 students. These include seven institutions of higher learning, 12 secondary vocational schools, 143 middle schools, and 827 primary schools. In addition, more than 92,000 students attend schools outside the region. The gross enrollment rate for the three-year preschool education has reached 87 percent. The net enrollment rate in primary school is more than 99.9 percent, and the gross enrollment rate in junior high, senior high, and higher education are 107, 90.2 and 56.1 percent respectively. Basic balanced development of compulsory education has been realized in all counties. The completion rate for compulsory education has reached 95 percent, and new entrants to the region's workforce now have an average of 13.1 years of education. Tibet is addressing issues of employment by relying on the concerted efforts of the government, society, and enterprises. The employment rate among higher-education graduates has remained above 95 percent for the past five years, and reached 99 percent in 2020. The development of scientific and technological platforms and talent teams is accelerating. Tibet has 92,000 professional technical personnel, and the contribution of science and technology to economic growth has reached 45.6 percent.

和平解放前，西藏只有3所設備簡陋、規(guī)模很小的官辦藏醫(yī)機構和少量私人診所。目前已建立起健全的醫(yī)療服務、婦幼保健、疾病防控、藏醫(yī)藏藥等服務體系。各級各類醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機構達1642家，其中三級甲等醫(yī)院11家。每千人床位數(shù)4.9張，每千人衛(wèi)生技術人員5.89人。實施醫(yī)療人才“組團式”援藏，使各族群眾在家門口就能享受到高水平的醫(yī)療服務。醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生網(wǎng)遍布城鄉(xiāng)，鄉(xiāng)鄉(xiāng)有衛(wèi)生院、村村有衛(wèi)生室。人民健康水平顯著提高，孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率下降到48/10萬，嬰幼兒死亡率下降到7.6‰，均為歷史最低值。人均壽命由1951年的35.5歲增加到2019年的71.1歲。400多種較大疾病不出藏就能治療，包蟲病、大骨節(jié)病、先天性心臟病、白內(nèi)障等肆虐西藏的疾病得到歷史性消除和防治。
Before liberation, there were only three small, shabby government-run institutions of Tibetan medicine and a small number of private clinics. Now, Tibet has a full system covering regular medical services, maternity and child care, disease prevention and control, and Tibetan medicine and therapies. In Tibet today there are 1,642 medical institutions of various types, 11 of which are grade A tertiary hospitals. There are 4.9 hospital beds and 5.89 medical workers per thousand people. Medical teams from other parts of China have been sent to assist Tibet, to ensure that people can receive excellent medical services in their own neighborhoods. The medical and healthcare network now covers the whole region. All townships have health centers and all villages have clinics.

These improvements in medical services have brought about a corresponding improvement in public health. The death rate of women in childbirth has dropped to 48 per 100,000, and the infant mortality rate to 7.6 per thousand. Both are record lows. The average life expectancy has increased from 35.5 years in 1951 to 71.1 years in 2019. Victims of more than 400 major diseases can now obtain treatment within the region. Ailments that were once widespread in Tibet, such as hydatidosis, Kashin-Beck disease, congenital heart disease, and cataracts, have been eradicated or brought under effective prevention and control.

社會保障體系不斷完善。城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率控制在4%以內(nèi)，重點群體就業(yè)率居全國前列。以養(yǎng)老、醫(yī)療、失業(yè)、工傷和生育五大保險為主體的覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)全體居民的社會保障體系全面建立，群眾基本生活得到有效保障。2020年完成城鄉(xiāng)居民基本醫(yī)療保險制度整合，年人均補助標準提高至585元，實現(xiàn)先診療后結算、保障人口全覆蓋、保險基金收支平衡。城鄉(xiāng)居民年度醫(yī)療費最高報銷額度達14萬元，是城鄉(xiāng)居民年人均可支配收入的近7倍。大病專項救治病種擴大到38種，基本醫(yī)療保障更加有力。已實現(xiàn)社會保險全覆蓋，各族人民享受到全面社會保障。
Social security provision is improving. The registered urban unemployment rate is below 4 percent. The employment rates of key groups are among the highest in the country. A social security system including mainly five major types of insurance (old age insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, and maternity insurance) is now in place and covers both urban and rural residents. Basic living standards are effectively guaranteed. In 2020, the basic medical insurance systems of urban and rural residents were integrated, and the standard subsidy increased to RMB585 per person per year. One-time settlement after diagnosis and treatment, full coverage of the insured, and balance of insurance funds have been realized. Individual reimbursement of medical expenses can be as high as RMB140,000, nearly seven times the average annual per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents in Tibet. A special treatment policy has been extended to cover 38 serious diseases. Basic medical insurance is more effective. Full coverage of social insurance has been realized, and people of all ethnic groups now enjoy comprehensive social security.