春暖花開，萬(wàn)物……阿嚏！本是一年好時(shí)節(jié)，奈何不少人卻因“聞花打噴嚏、流鼻涕”而無(wú)法感受“春色滿園關(guān)不住”的愉悅。

目前全國(guó)正處在春季的花粉季。每到此時(shí)，各家醫(yī)院的耳鼻喉科室都會(huì)擠滿了過(guò)敏性鼻炎患者。近年，我國(guó)過(guò)敏性疾病發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)逐年升高的趨勢(shì)。

Every spring, when the pollen concentration rises, the nose and throat departments of hospitals will be packed. Incidence of the allergic diseases has been growing in China in recent years. Incidence of allergic rhinitis, which used to be widespread in some developed Western countries only, also began to prevail in China.
每年春天，花粉濃度上升時(shí)，醫(yī)院的鼻咽喉科就會(huì)擠滿了人。近年來(lái)，我國(guó)過(guò)敏性疾病的發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢(shì)。過(guò)敏性鼻炎以前只在一些西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家普遍流行，現(xiàn)在其發(fā)病率在我國(guó)也開始升高。

研究顯示，我國(guó)過(guò)敏性鼻炎患病率達(dá)18%，估計(jì)患病人群超過(guò)2.5億，尤其在兒童和青壯年中發(fā)病較多。

過(guò)敏癥狀要知道

通過(guò)對(duì)全國(guó)幾萬(wàn)病例進(jìn)行分析，北京同仁醫(yī)院院長(zhǎng)、國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委變態(tài)反應(yīng)科臨床重點(diǎn)?？曝?fù)責(zé)人張羅教授團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究顯示，花粉是導(dǎo)致我國(guó)過(guò)敏性鼻炎的主要室外過(guò)敏原。

In Beijing, for example, the most common allergenic pollens in spring include those from the large-fruited elm tree, Cathay poplar, ash, acacia and white birch.
以北京為例，春季最常見的致敏花粉包括榆樹、楊樹、白蠟、合歡樹和白樺的花粉。

Allergic rhinitis is caused by both the external environment — which includes air pollution and pollen — and internal factors, in which heredity and an individual’s immune system come into play. Besides nose-related symptoms, it can also lead to lung disease, asthma, insomnia, anxiety and depression if not controlled properly, according to experts.
過(guò)敏由外部環(huán)境比如空氣污染、花粉濃度等，以及內(nèi)部環(huán)境如遺傳和自身免疫系統(tǒng)因素引起。專家表示，除了鼻部癥狀，如控制不當(dāng)，過(guò)敏還可能引發(fā)肺部疾病、哮喘、失眠、焦慮、抑郁。

預(yù)防、用藥知多少

As the economy develops, more Chinese will have the disease. In less-developed countries, children contact bacteria and viruses in the environment more often, which promotes their immune system, so they are less likely to experience allergies when they grow up.
隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，過(guò)敏人群還會(huì)增加。在欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，人們?cè)趦和瘯r(shí)期更頻繁接觸環(huán)境中的細(xì)菌和病毒，促進(jìn)了免疫系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育，因此成年時(shí)過(guò)敏的幾率就會(huì)降低。

張羅教授提示過(guò)敏性鼻炎患者，在花粉濃度高的時(shí)候減少戶外活動(dòng)，出門做好防護(hù)，如佩戴口罩，如眼睛有干癢的癥狀，可以佩戴護(hù)目鏡，起到阻隔作用。如癥狀進(jìn)一步加重，需要及時(shí)就醫(yī)，進(jìn)行臨床診斷和藥物治療。

“過(guò)敏性鼻炎病人的癥狀時(shí)好時(shí)壞，主要是因?yàn)樗麄兺诎Y狀較重的時(shí)候比較關(guān)注，用藥規(guī)范，癥狀一旦減輕就會(huì)忘記用藥。堅(jiān)持用藥，等到花粉季過(guò)去之后，再考慮減藥或停藥，這是花粉過(guò)敏治療非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)?！彼f(shuō)?！傲硗?，如果掌握了發(fā)病規(guī)律，明確了過(guò)敏原。在花粉濃度還沒(méi)有升高，癥狀還沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候提前用藥能起到很好的輔助作用?！?/p>

When the pollen concentration is high, patients should reduce their outdoor activities and wear face masks and goggles when they go out. It’s helpful to take immunity-modulating drugs in advance before symptoms appear, and continue to use medicines based on a doctor’s guidance until the pollen season passes.
花粉濃度高時(shí)，患者應(yīng)減少戶外活動(dòng)，外出時(shí)應(yīng)戴口罩和護(hù)目鏡。在癥狀出現(xiàn)之前提前服用免疫調(diào)節(jié)藥物是有幫助的，在花粉季節(jié)過(guò)去之前，在醫(yī)生的指導(dǎo)下繼續(xù)用藥。

北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院皮膚科主任張建中教授提示，正值花粉傳播季節(jié)，要注意預(yù)防和用藥控制“雙管齊下”。

花粉癥患者要減少外出，注意關(guān)窗；出門戴口罩，避免到花粉濃度較高的地區(qū)；外出回家后注意洗臉尤其是清洗鼻子、眼睛，更換沾到花粉的衣物。

用藥方面，花粉癥患者可用海鹽水清洗鼻腔，使用抗過(guò)敏的滴眼劑控制過(guò)敏性結(jié)膜炎的眼癢等癥狀；出現(xiàn)咳嗽或哮喘的患者需加用口服和（或）吸入藥物控制癥狀。癥狀重、持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的患者，應(yīng)及時(shí)去醫(yī)院進(jìn)行脫敏治療。

研究、監(jiān)測(cè)在發(fā)力

It is still a global challenge because the pathogenesis is unclear and current treatments cannot delay progression of the disease. In addition, most allergens are closely linked to human living environments and are impossible to simply wipe out. And most treatment methods can only control symptoms.
過(guò)敏性疾病在全球仍然是一個(gè)難以攻克的難題，因?yàn)樗陌l(fā)病機(jī)制尚不清楚，目前的治療方法不能延緩疾病的進(jìn)展。此外，大多數(shù)過(guò)敏原與人類生活環(huán)境密切相關(guān)，不可能簡(jiǎn)單地根除。而大多數(shù)治療方法只能控制癥狀。

Zhang suggested enhancing medical research, raising public awareness and making current treatment methods accessible to more people. It will also help to place allergic rhinitis under the national chronic disease supervision, prevention and treatment system, as well as planting flowers, trees and grass that induce fewer allergic reactions in city landscaping, he said.
張羅建議加強(qiáng)醫(yī)學(xué)研究，提高公眾意識(shí)，讓更多的人了解目前的治療方法。他也呼吁，將過(guò)敏性鼻炎納入國(guó)家慢病監(jiān)控和防治體系當(dāng)中，并且在城市綠化中選取引起過(guò)敏反應(yīng)少的花草樹木進(jìn)行種植。

“現(xiàn)階段，多數(shù)治療過(guò)敏的藥物已經(jīng)納入醫(yī)保，說(shuō)明對(duì)于患者的關(guān)愛和照顧在基礎(chǔ)層面上是做的很不錯(cuò)的?！彼f(shuō)?！皩?duì)個(gè)人來(lái)講，找到過(guò)敏原，并避免接觸過(guò)敏原，是最有效的方法。比如對(duì)蒿粉植物過(guò)敏，春秋季節(jié)就不要去內(nèi)蒙古草原地區(qū)騎馬了?！?/p>

記者：陳美玲
編輯：陳月華
實(shí)習(xí)編輯：李金昳
來(lái)源：中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào) 新華社 北京日?qǐng)?bào)