2016年，央視出品的紀(jì)錄片《我在故宮修文物》取得巨大成功?！皳褚皇?，終一生”的工匠精神感動(dòng)了無(wú)數(shù)人。

時(shí)隔4年多，該熱門(mén)紀(jì)錄的姊妹篇——《我在故宮六百年》重磅推出，再獲好評(píng)。《我在故宮六百年》一共3集，豆瓣評(píng)分高達(dá)9.0，B站評(píng)分高達(dá)9.8。

春節(jié)賦閑在家，不如一起線上游故宮！

回顧過(guò)去不久的2020年，大家印象最深的恐怕是那一場(chǎng)突如其來(lái)的疫情。就在萬(wàn)眾一心抗擊病毒的同時(shí)，故宮默默地度過(guò)了它的600歲生日。2020年9月10日至11月15日，故宮舉辦“丹宸永固：紫禁城建成六百年”大展。

As a tribute to the Forbidden City's 600th birthday, the documentary uses the maintenance and repair of ancient buildings as clues. It embarks on a journey of rediscovery of the Palace Museum from the perspective of the people renovating it, like workers from the Ancient Construction Department, Engineering Department, and Archaeology Department. Similar to its previous season, the second one also covers renovations, however this time it's the Palace itself that is being repaired and renovated.

本片便是以此展為基礎(chǔ)，以古建筑的保養(yǎng)修護(hù)為線索，通過(guò)故宮博物院古建部、工程部、考古部等故宮人的工作視角，踏上故宮再發(fā)現(xiàn)之旅。與《我在故宮修文物》一樣，《我在故宮六百年》也是在“修”東西。只是這次修的東西，不是鐘表、陶瓷之類(lèi)的小文物，而是故宮本身。

Fun facts of the renovation process filmed in the documentary:

片中的一些小細(xì)節(jié)也幫助我們一窺故宮的陳年舊事：

丹者為紅，是宮墻的紅色。宸者乃深，是深邃的宮殿。丹宸永固，即為宮殿永固之意。屋頂，就是維護(hù)宮殿永固的一大重要要素。故宮的屋頂嚴(yán)格采用榫卯搭建的木制結(jié)構(gòu)（望板+椽+檁+扶脊木），并加有油性灰漿的灰背。

Tall roof ridges and glazed tiles on the top of palace buildings are said to be designed to fight fire, water, wind and rain. A popular folklore saying is that there had never been birds or grass on the roof of the Forbidden City. However, the reality is…

灰背之上，還有高大的屋脊和琉璃瓦。這種精密的結(jié)構(gòu)足以讓故宮建筑不懼水火，不怕風(fēng)雨。關(guān)于故宮的屋頂，民間一直流傳著一個(gè)傳說(shuō)：故宮的房頂從來(lái)不落鳥(niǎo)，不長(zhǎng)草。

然而，實(shí)際情況卻是這樣的：

這樣的……

What's more interesting is that the grass growing on the roof of different palaces is varied. For example, on the Hall of Imperial Zenith roof where Emperor Qianlong lived after his retirement, Rehmannia glutinosa often flourishes. This is an ingredient for a typical traditional Chinese medicine. The rooting and sprouting of these weeds will destroy the waterproof system on the top of the Forbidden City. Therefore, since the Qing Dynasty, the Office of Imperial Household would send people to "fly" over the walls every year to weed the roofs.

更為有趣的是，不同宮殿的屋頂上長(zhǎng)出來(lái)的草還不一樣。比如乾隆皇帝退休后居住的皇極殿，就經(jīng)常長(zhǎng)出六味地黃丸的那個(gè)地黃。這些雜草的生根發(fā)芽會(huì)破壞故宮頂部的防水系統(tǒng)。因此從清代開(kāi)始，內(nèi)務(wù)府就會(huì)每年派人飛檐走壁，上房除草。

In December 2015, the Hall of Mental Cultivation initiated its first major overhaul in more than a hundred years. Normally, the spine wood in the center of the beam of the main hall would have been stuck inside a row of other roof rafters but experts discovered that the wood was only nailed on the surface. Such approach was totally unqualified for the building standards at that time, but it somehow escaped supervision. The engineer in charge of the repair believes that this kind of "cutting corners" is a sign for the decline of national power in the late Qianlong period.

2015年12月，養(yǎng)心殿啟動(dòng)了百余年來(lái)首次大修，專(zhuān)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)：正殿的房梁中央的扶脊木，原本應(yīng)該有一個(gè)一個(gè)的椽窩卡在里面。但養(yǎng)心殿的這根椽子就浮擱在上面，是用釘子釘住的。這種做法非常不符合當(dāng)時(shí)的建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，卻被正常驗(yàn)收了。負(fù)責(zé)修繕的工程師一語(yǔ)道破：或許這種偷工減料正印證了乾隆后期國(guó)力的衰退。

Another anecdote mentioned is the ventilated brick, an ingenious invention of ancient craftsmen. The hollow brick carvings enable better ventilation, which can timely discharge moisture for the wood pillars wrapped in the wall and reduce the possibility of decay. Two years ago, engineers accidentally discovered a "drama list" inside one of the bricks located in the west side wall of the Hall of Mental Cultivation. The list records the shows and casts of court performances in the middle- and late Qing Dynasty, which boasts significant historical value.

又比如透風(fēng)磚，是古代匠人的一個(gè)精巧發(fā)明。鏤空的磚雕能夠通風(fēng)，幫助包裹在墻體的木頭立柱及時(shí)排出濕氣，降低朽壞的可能性。兩年前，在養(yǎng)心殿西配殿的透風(fēng)磚后，工程師意外發(fā)現(xiàn)了一份戲折。上面記載了清代中晚期一次宮廷演出的節(jié)目單和演員表，具有重要的史料價(jià)值。

至于戲折怎么會(huì)跑到磚縫里，據(jù)工程師推測(cè)，當(dāng)時(shí)的情況很可能是這樣的：戲曲演完了，某位當(dāng)差拿累了，路過(guò)的時(shí)候就順手沿著透風(fēng)磚的小洞塞了進(jìn)去。這一藏，就跟漂流瓶一樣，只不過(guò)等到有緣人再打開(kāi)，已是百年光陰。不管是大歷史的挖掘，還是小秘密的發(fā)現(xiàn)，都離不開(kāi)那群故宮人。

The documentary features both elder craftsmen who have retired and those invited back for guidance, as well as new craftsmen who are still learning their way around. As is well known, the renovations and repairs in the Palace Museum require extensive amounts of energy, time and patience.

紀(jì)錄片中既有退休被請(qǐng)回來(lái)作指導(dǎo)的老匠人，也有正在學(xué)習(xí)鉆研的新匠人。他們分別負(fù)責(zé)不同的部分，確保紫禁城青春永駐。故宮中有大量的修繕工作，都需要付出大量的精力、時(shí)間和耐心。

During the process, the engineers would also mark the date of the old and new objects used in repairs to provide technical clues for the next generation of craftsmen. As stated in the documentary, it is all due to the inheritance of the craftsmen that the eternal youth of the Forbidden City is maintained. In the long passing, it is everyone's dedication that leads to the standing of red walls and yellow tiles with brilliance, which will last through the next 600 years in history.

在修繕過(guò)程中，工程師們還會(huì)把新舊不一的物件標(biāo)記好日期，為下一代修繕者們提供技術(shù)線索。正像片中所說(shuō)，丹宸之所以永固，皆因一代代故宮人薪火相傳。在漫長(zhǎng)的接力中，每個(gè)人付出的時(shí)間與責(zé)任，最終留下了紅墻黃瓦、流光溢彩，更留下了可以再說(shuō)六百年的紫禁城。

來(lái)源：China Daily微信公眾號(hào)

編輯：焦?jié)?br>實(shí)習(xí)生：劉暢