2021年1月新聞熱詞匯總
中國日報(bào)網(wǎng) 2021-02-01 11:23
2021年1月,我國多個(gè)城市陸續(xù)開始對9類重點(diǎn)人群開展工作;美國國會(huì)確認(rèn)拜登勝選,拜登正式就任美國第46任總統(tǒng);因?yàn)閲鴥?nèi)疫情散發(fā),國家衛(wèi)健委發(fā)布通知倡議就地過年,多地餐館開始籌備半成品年夜飯以及年夜飯外帶套餐,北京發(fā)布進(jìn)返京新規(guī);我國2020年國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值首次突破100萬億元,并且成為全球最大外資流入國;家庭教育法草案首次提請全國人大常委會(huì)審議。
新冠疫苗 COVID-19 vaccine
北京市自2021年1月1日起組織各區(qū)對9類重點(diǎn)人群開展了新冠疫苗接種工作,在知情和自愿的基礎(chǔ)上,力爭做到“應(yīng)接盡接”。
Beijing's 220 health centers have since Friday vaccinated 73,537 people, with no major side effects detected, said Gao Xiaojun, a spokesman for the Beijing Health Commission, at a news conference on Sunday.
北京市衛(wèi)生健康委員會(huì)新聞發(fā)言人高小俊在1月3日的發(fā)布會(huì)上介紹,1月1日以來,北京的220個(gè)接種點(diǎn)共接種新冠疫苗73537劑,未發(fā)生嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)。
2020年12月31日,國務(wù)院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制發(fā)布我國首個(gè)新冠病毒疫苗附條件上市(conditional marketing authorization for China's first self-developed COVID-19 vaccine)。
The inactivated vaccine, which got the approval from the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), is developed by the Beijing Biological Products Institute Co., Ltd. under the China National Biotec Group (CNBG), which is affiliated with Sinopharm.
此次經(jīng)國家藥監(jiān)局批準(zhǔn)的疫苗為國藥集團(tuán)中國生物研發(fā)的新冠病毒滅活疫苗。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
疫情發(fā)生以來,國務(wù)院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制科研攻關(guān)組專門設(shè)立疫苗研發(fā)專班,按照滅活疫苗(inactivated vaccines)、重組蛋白疫苗(recombinant protein vaccines)、腺病毒載體疫苗(adenovirus vector vaccines)、減毒流感病毒載體活疫苗(vaccines using attenuated influenza virus as vectors)、核酸疫苗(nucleic acid vaccines)5條技術(shù)路線共布局12項(xiàng)研發(fā)任務(wù)。
The interim results of its phase-3 clinical trials show 79.34 percent efficacy against COVID-19, meeting the standards of the World Health Organization and the NMPA, according to a press conference by the State Council joint prevention and control mechanism against COVID-19.This vaccine will be provided free of charge to all Chinese people.
國務(wù)院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機(jī)制發(fā)布會(huì)表示,三期臨床試驗(yàn)中期結(jié)果顯示,該疫苗有效性達(dá)到79.34%,保護(hù)效力達(dá)到世界衛(wèi)生組織及國家藥監(jiān)局相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求,將為全民免費(fèi)提供。
目前,我國首批新冠病毒疫苗開始在北京、山東等地對重點(diǎn)人群進(jìn)行接種。
Currently, health centers don't accept individual vaccination reservations. Individuals going abroad for personal reasons can apply for the shot at their residential community service centers.
目前,接種點(diǎn)不接受個(gè)人接種預(yù)約。因私出境人員可到居住地所在社區(qū)服務(wù)站提交申請。
哪些人群不適宜接種新冠疫苗?
Groups that are not suitable to receive the vaccines include pregnant women, lactating women and patients with some diseases. These patients are those in the acute stage of fever and infection, suffering from immune deficiency or immune disorder, having severe liver or kidney diseases, having uncontrolled hypertension, diabetic complications or malignant tumors.
不適宜接種的人群包括:孕婦、哺乳期婦女、正處在發(fā)熱、感染等疾病急性期、患免疫缺陷或免疫紊亂的人群、嚴(yán)重的肝腎疾病、藥物不可控制的高血壓、糖尿病并發(fā)癥、惡性腫瘤等人員。
Currently, people in the age group from 18 to 59 are arranged to receive the vaccination, and people not in the age group should wait for further data of clinical trials to know whether they could be vaccinated.
目前,只安排18到59歲年齡段的人群接種,其他年齡段的人群需等待進(jìn)一步臨床試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),明確是否能接種。
宇航發(fā)射任務(wù) space launch tasks
中國航天科技集團(tuán)表示,2021年,該集團(tuán)計(jì)劃安排40余次宇航發(fā)射任務(wù),載人航天空間站工程進(jìn)入關(guān)鍵實(shí)施階段。
China plans to launch the core module of its manned space station in the first half of 2021. Subsequent space missions include the launches of the Tianzhou-2 cargo craft and the Shenzhou-12 manned craft.
我國計(jì)劃在2021年上半年發(fā)射載人空間站核心艙,而后接續(xù)發(fā)射天舟二號(hào)貨運(yùn)飛船和神舟十二號(hào)載人飛船。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
1992年9月,中國實(shí)施載人航天工程并確定中國載人航天“三步走”的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略(three-step manned space program):
第一步,發(fā)射載人飛船(manned spaceship),建成初步配套的試驗(yàn)性載人飛船工程,開展空間應(yīng)用實(shí)驗(yàn)。2003年神舟5號(hào)載人飛船任務(wù)順利完成。
第二步,突破航天員出艙活動(dòng)技術(shù)(extra-vehicular activity)、空間飛行器的交會(huì)對接技術(shù)(rendezvous and docking),發(fā)射空間實(shí)驗(yàn)室(space lab),解決有一定規(guī)模的、短期有人照料的空間應(yīng)用問題。
第三步,建造空間站,解決有較大規(guī)模的、長期有人照料的空間應(yīng)用問題(operate a permanent manned space station)。
2017年4月20日19時(shí)41分,天舟一號(hào)貨運(yùn)飛船(cargo spacecraft Tianzhou-1)成功發(fā)射。此次任務(wù)是中國載人航天工程空間實(shí)驗(yàn)室階段(space laboratory stage of China manned space engineering)的收官之戰(zhàn),標(biāo)志著中國載人航天工程勝利完成“三步走”戰(zhàn)略中的“第二步”任務(wù),為空間站建設(shè)任務(wù)奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。
2022年前后,我國“天和”號(hào)空間站有望完成組裝,開始全面運(yùn)行(fully operational)。
2021年的其他任務(wù)還包括:
China's Mars probe Tianwen-1 is designed to complete orbiting, landing and roving this year.
今年,火星探測器天問一號(hào)計(jì)劃實(shí)施中國首次火星“繞、落、巡”探測。
The spacecraft, launched on July 23, 2020, is expected to enter the Mars orbit around February. Afterward, it will spend two to three months surveying potential landing sites to prepare for its landing in May.
天問一號(hào)于2020年7月23日發(fā)射,有望在2月份左右進(jìn)入火星軌道。之后,天問一號(hào)將用2-3個(gè)月的時(shí)間考察可能的著陸地點(diǎn),為5月份著陸火星做準(zhǔn)備。
China will continue to research manned lunar exploration, and will foster the application of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and other major projects in civil aviation and other fields.
我國還將繼續(xù)載人月球探測等研制工作,重點(diǎn)加快推動(dòng)北斗導(dǎo)航等國家重大科技工程在民用航空等領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用落地。
寒潮 cold wave
1月6日,北京迎來新年的第一個(gè)寒潮。下班時(shí)間段,天氣軟件顯示氣溫零下17度,體感溫度卻是零下31度。
The first cold wave in 2021 features a "dramatic temperature drop," "significant wind-chill effect" and "prolonged period of low temperature," said Lei Lei, chief forecaster of the Beijing meteorological station.
北京市氣象臺(tái)首席預(yù)報(bào)員雷蕾表示,2021年第一個(gè)寒潮的特點(diǎn)是降溫幅度大、風(fēng)寒效應(yīng)強(qiáng)、低溫持續(xù)時(shí)間長。
【詞匯講解】
人們通常用cold snap、cold wave、cold front、cold spell來表達(dá)寒潮。寒潮是指strong cold air(強(qiáng)冷空氣)由亞洲大陸西部或西北部侵襲中國時(shí)的強(qiáng)降溫天氣過程,一般多發(fā)生在秋末、冬季、初春時(shí)節(jié)。
當(dāng)范圍很大的cold air mass(冷氣團(tuán))聚集到一定程度,就會(huì)大規(guī)模向南入侵,形成寒潮天氣。寒潮地面高壓的前端一般都有一條cold front(冷鋒)。寒潮過后,當(dāng)?shù)貢?huì)受low pressure area(低氣壓)控制。
根據(jù)北京市氣象臺(tái)監(jiān)測,截至1月6日18時(shí)55分,北京南郊觀象臺(tái)的氣溫為-17.3℃,低于2010年的-16.7℃,創(chuàng)近20年來新低(a record low in 20 years)。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
在英文中,除了cold,還能用哪些表達(dá)形容“冷”呢?從下面這些句子里學(xué)一學(xué)吧。
It's chilly today.
今天冷風(fēng)颼颼。
It's freaking cold today!
今天冷死啦!
The wind really chills me to the bone./The wind is bone-chilling.
這寒風(fēng)真是刺骨。
I got frozen stiff waiting at the bus stop.
在公交車站等車,我都凍僵了。
From Thursday to Friday, some areas in the provinces of Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, as well as Shanghai, will experience temperature drops of up to 10 degrees Celsius, said the National Meteorological Center (NMC).
1月7日至8日,山西、山東、江蘇、江西、浙江、福建以及上海部分地區(qū)降溫可達(dá)10攝氏度。
The cold wave will bring strong gales to areas along the Yangtze River and north of the river, according to the NMC.
受寒潮影響,長江流域及其以北地區(qū)將有大風(fēng)。
【小百科】
氣象學(xué)上劃分風(fēng)力等級(jí)的方法由愛爾蘭人法蘭西·蒲福海軍上將在1805年左右制定,因此被稱為“蒲福氏風(fēng)級(jí)(Beaufort Scale)”。按強(qiáng)弱,將風(fēng)力劃為“零”至“十二”,共十三個(gè)等級(jí)。
0--無風(fēng),Calm,風(fēng)速小于1km/h
1--輕微/微風(fēng)/軟風(fēng),Light air,風(fēng)速1-5km/h
2--輕微/微風(fēng)/輕風(fēng),Light breeze,風(fēng)速6-11km/h
3--和緩/溫和/微風(fēng),Gentle breeze,風(fēng)速12-19km/h
4--和緩/和風(fēng),Moderate breeze,風(fēng)速20-28km/h
5--清勁/清風(fēng),F(xiàn)resh breeze,風(fēng)速29-38km/h
6--強(qiáng)風(fēng),Strong breeze,風(fēng)速39-49km/h
7--強(qiáng)風(fēng)/疾風(fēng),Near gale,風(fēng)速50-61km/h
8--烈風(fēng)/大風(fēng),Gale,風(fēng)速62-74km/h
9--烈風(fēng),Strong gale,風(fēng)速75-88km/h
10--暴風(fēng)/狂風(fēng),Storm,風(fēng)速89-102km/h
11--暴風(fēng),Violent storm,風(fēng)速103-117km/h
12--颶風(fēng),Hurricane,風(fēng)速118-133km/h
氣象專家介紹,這種因風(fēng)所引起使體感溫度較實(shí)際氣溫低的現(xiàn)象,被稱作“風(fēng)寒效應(yīng)(wind-chill effect)”。
人的體溫在多數(shù)情況下會(huì)高于周圍環(huán)境氣溫(the human body temperature is normally higher than the ambient temperature),在無風(fēng)或微風(fēng)情況下,人體周圍的空氣分子交換很弱,這就在人體和大自然空氣之間,形成了一個(gè)比較穩(wěn)定的過渡層。由于空氣是熱的不良導(dǎo)體(air is a poor conductor of heat),這個(gè)過渡層就在貼近人體的表面起到了保暖的作用。
可是,當(dāng)空氣流動(dòng)很快的時(shí)候,人體周圍的空氣保溫層便不斷地被新來的冷空氣所代替(the protective air barrier around the body is constantly replaced by new cold air),并把熱量帶走。風(fēng)速越大,人體散失的熱量越快、越多,人也就越來越感到寒冷。
從大量的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,人們找出了風(fēng)速大小和人體冷暖感覺的關(guān)系(the relationship between wind speed and the feeling of temperature),并大致計(jì)算出這樣的數(shù)據(jù):當(dāng)氣溫在0℃以上時(shí),風(fēng)力每增加2級(jí),人的寒冷感覺會(huì)下降3~5℃;氣溫在0℃以下時(shí),風(fēng)力每增加2級(jí),人的寒冷感覺會(huì)下降6~8℃。
不過,風(fēng)寒效應(yīng)只發(fā)生在暴露在衣物之外的皮膚上(bare skin),所以只要挑選合適的衣物,盡量減少裸露在外的皮膚,就能將風(fēng)寒效應(yīng)降到最低。
選舉人票 Electoral College votes
The US Congress certified Democrat Joe Biden's presidential election victory with 306 Electoral College votes early Thursday morning, after supporters of President Donald Trump stormed the Capitol, halting the certification process for several hours.
1月7日凌晨,美國國會(huì)確認(rèn)民主黨人喬·拜登贏得306張選舉人票,在總統(tǒng)選舉中獲勝。此前,現(xiàn)任總統(tǒng)特朗普的支持者沖進(jìn)國會(huì)大廈,導(dǎo)致確認(rèn)程序中斷數(shù)小時(shí)。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
美國實(shí)行“選舉人團(tuán)(Electoral College)”的間接選舉制度,共有538張選舉人票。美國選民投票并不能直接選出總統(tǒng),而是決定各州的選舉人票歸屬哪位總統(tǒng)候選人(presidential candidate),最終獲得至少270張選舉人票的候選人勝出。
自19世紀(jì)80年代起,除緬因州和內(nèi)布拉斯加州以外,其他各州都實(shí)行選舉人票“贏者通吃”原則("winner-take-all" basis)。也就是說,某位總統(tǒng)候選人如果贏得某個(gè)州大多數(shù)的選票,他就贏得了該州全部的選舉人票(a state has all of its electors pledged to the presidential candidate who wins the most votes in that state)。
緬因州和內(nèi)布拉斯加州采用“國會(huì)選區(qū)法(congressional district method)”選出選舉人(elector),每個(gè)國會(huì)選區(qū)(congressional district)選出一位贏得多數(shù)票的選舉人,其余兩名選舉人則在全州范圍內(nèi)投票選出(statewide popular vote)。這些選舉人支持的可能是不同的總統(tǒng)候選人,所以,在這兩個(gè)州,總統(tǒng)候選人們都有可能獲得一些屬于自己的選舉人票。
特朗普隨后通過白宮發(fā)言人的社交媒體賬號(hào)表態(tài):
Even though I totally disagree with the outcome of the election, and the facts bear me out, nevertheless there will be an orderly transition on January 20th.
雖然我對選舉結(jié)果完全不認(rèn)同,事實(shí)也證明我是對的,不過,1月20日的權(quán)力交接會(huì)有序進(jìn)行的。
【詞匯講解】
這里的bear out是個(gè)固定短語,表示“支持(某人的)觀點(diǎn)、論點(diǎn);證明(某人)是對的”,常用的搭配是bear someone out或bear out claims,比如:Recent studies have borne out claims that perfumes can cause psychological changes.(近期研究證明,香水能夠引起心理變化這些論點(diǎn)是正確的)。
民主黨贏得參議院控制權(quán)
Also on Wednesday, Democrat Jon Ossoff defeated Republican incumbent David Perdue in the Georgia runoff, giving Democrats control of the US Senate.
同樣在1月6日,民主黨人喬恩·奧索夫在佐治亞參議員選舉中擊敗了共和黨現(xiàn)任參議員大衛(wèi)·珀杜,使民主黨獲得參議院控制權(quán)。
Ossoff's victory came after the win on Tuesday by Raphael Warnock over incumbent Senator Kelly Loeffler to become Georgia's first black senator.
此前,民主黨人拉斐爾·沃爾納克在1月5日擊敗現(xiàn)任共和黨參議員凱利·洛夫勒,成為佐治亞州的第一位非裔參議員。
核酸檢測 nucleic acid testing
臨近春節(jié),國內(nèi)疫情出現(xiàn)多點(diǎn)散發(fā)現(xiàn)象,能否“回家過年”成了很多人關(guān)心的話題。
People have been urged to stay in the cities where they work for the Spring Festival holiday and abide by the regulations of epidemic prevention and control in scenic spots when traveling, according to Zeng Yixin, deputy head of the National Health Commission.
國家衛(wèi)生健康委員會(huì)副主任曾益新表示,倡導(dǎo)大家在工作地過年,出門旅游要嚴(yán)格遵守景區(qū)疫情防控規(guī)定。
Zeng said the epidemic situation during the winter and spring was likely to remain grim and complex, especially in the upcoming Spring Festival, so it's necessary to limit gatherings and the flow of people. He advised people to choose off-peak travel and online shopping.
曾益新表示,冬春季,尤其是春節(jié)期間,疫情防控形勢依舊嚴(yán)峻、復(fù)雜,限制聚集活動(dòng)及人員流動(dòng)很有必要,同時(shí)建議錯(cuò)峰出行和線上消費(fèi)。
【單詞講解】
這里的off-peak相當(dāng)于peak的反義詞,表示“not at the most popular and expensive time, when many people are doing or using a particular thing”,即“非高峰時(shí)段的,淡季的”,比如,off-peak fares(淡季票價(jià)),off-peak season/off season(淡季)等,那么與之相對的peak season自然就是“旺季”了。
多地明確:返鄉(xiāng)者需持核酸檢測陰性證明
To curb the epidemic in this winter-spring period, China will expand nucleic acid testing to a larger scale and increase regular testing frequency.
為了遏制冬春季疫情,我國將進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大核酸檢測范圍,并增加定期檢測頻率。
Meanwhile, several provinces have made it clear that those returning from low-risk areas during the Spring Festival holidays also need to have negative result of nucleic acid testing.
與此同時(shí),多地已明確,春節(jié)假期從低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)返鄉(xiāng)者也需持核酸檢測陰性證明。
An urgent notice was also issued in many regions that gatherings, parties, banquets, reunions and other activities should be canceled.
全國多地緊急發(fā)布通知:聚餐、聚會(huì)、宴請、團(tuán)拜等活動(dòng)一律取消。
專家:春節(jié)人員流動(dòng)要注意
Zhang Boli, a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, said earlier that scattered COVID-19 outbreaks are almost unavoidable with the falling temperatures in winter, which make it easier for the novel coronavirus to survive. He called for the public to reduce gatherings and travel during and around Spring Festival.
中國工程院院士張伯禮此前表示,冬季氣溫下降,使得病毒更容易生存,新冠肺炎散發(fā)不可避免。他建議人們在春節(jié)期間減少聚集和出行。
【單詞講解】
在新冠疫情相關(guān)的報(bào)道中,我們經(jīng)常會(huì)看到“疫情零星散發(fā)”和“聚集性疫情”這樣的描述,其中“疫情零星散發(fā)”通常用sporadic outbreak或scattered outbreak來表示。Sporadic強(qiáng)調(diào)疫情出現(xiàn)的不規(guī)律性,與occasional意思相近,比如:She makes sporadic trips to Europe(她偶爾會(huì)去歐洲);而scattered則強(qiáng)調(diào)散發(fā)病例覆蓋的范圍較廣,比如:The forecast is for scattered showers tomorrow(天氣預(yù)報(bào)說明天有分散性陣雨)。
Epidemic control and prevention in China is expected to improve significantly in spring following mass COVID-19 vaccination, he said.
等到春季新冠疫苗普遍接種,疫情防控形勢基本會(huì)有大好轉(zhuǎn)。
本科畢業(yè)論文 undergraduate theses
Starting this year, Chinese education authorities will institute random checks on undergraduate theses to crack down on plagiarism, ghostwriting, and other forms of academic misconduct.
從今年起,教育管理部門將對本科畢業(yè)論文進(jìn)行抽檢,以打擊剽竊、代寫及其他形式的學(xué)術(shù)不端行為。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
“學(xué)術(shù)不端”(academic misconduct)的一般性界定為:高等學(xué)校及其教學(xué)科研人員、管理人員和學(xué)生,在科學(xué)研究及相關(guān)活動(dòng)中發(fā)生的違反公認(rèn)的學(xué)術(shù)準(zhǔn)則、違背學(xué)術(shù)誠信的行為。
2016年,教育部發(fā)布《高等學(xué)校預(yù)防與處理學(xué)術(shù)不端行為辦法》,第一次以部門規(guī)章的形式對高等學(xué)校預(yù)防與處理學(xué)術(shù)不端行為做出規(guī)定。
《辦法》中明確的六種“學(xué)術(shù)不端”情形包括:剽竊、抄襲、侵占他人學(xué)術(shù)成果(plagiarism),篡改他人研究成果(fabrication or alteration of research results),偽造數(shù)據(jù)或捏造事實(shí)(data falsification),不當(dāng)署名(inappropriate authorship),提供虛假學(xué)術(shù)信息(providing false or misleading information),買賣或代寫論文(academic paper selling or ghostwriting)等。同時(shí)授權(quán)高等學(xué)校可以結(jié)合學(xué)校實(shí)際,自行規(guī)定六類之外的學(xué)術(shù)不端情形。
如何抽檢?
According to the Ministry of Education, provincial education departments should double-check at least 2% of a university’s theses, and graduates with final essays containing irregularities can have their degrees revoked.
教育部要求,省級(jí)教育管理部門應(yīng)對高校本科論文進(jìn)行抽檢,抽檢比例不低于2%,畢業(yè)論文存在不合規(guī)情況的學(xué)生,其學(xué)位將被撤銷。
【單詞講解】
這里的revoke表示“吊銷、廢除、撤銷”,一般都是官方機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)出的正式?jīng)Q定,比如,revoke driving license(吊銷駕照)、revoke operating license(吊銷營業(yè)執(zhí)照)等;此外也可以revoke a ruling/order(撤銷判決、命令)等。
Each thesis will be reviewed by three experts, who will also check the essays for quality. If two reviewers say the paper is substandard, it will be identified as problematic. Such results will be made public, and universities with a high percentage of problematic theses will be held accountable, the ministry said.
教育部表示,每篇論文送3位同行專家,3位專家中有2位及以上專家評議意見為“不合格”的畢業(yè)論文,將認(rèn)定為“存在問題畢業(yè)論文”。抽檢結(jié)果向社會(huì)公開,“存在問題畢業(yè)論文”比例較高的高校將被問責(zé)。
林長制 forest chief scheme
China has issued a guideline to implement a forest chief scheme nationwide amid the country's continuous efforts to protect forests and grasslands. It was issued by the general offices of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council and urged that the forest chief scheme will be rolled out nationwide by June 2022.
中共中央辦公廳、國務(wù)院辦公廳近日印發(fā)《關(guān)于全面推行林長制的意見》,加強(qiáng)對森林和草原的保護(hù)。意見提出,2022年6月在全國全面建立林長制。