食品浪費(fèi) food waste

12月22日，反食品浪費(fèi)法草案提請十三屆全國人大常委會第二十四次會議審議，為治理“舌尖上的浪費(fèi)”建章立制。

Catering service providers may face a fine ranging from 1,000 yuan to 10,000 yuan if they encourage or mislead consumers into ordering excessive quantities of food which causes waste, and refuse to rectify the problem after being warned by market supervision departments, according to the draft law.
草案規(guī)定，餐飲服務(wù)提供者誘導(dǎo)、誤導(dǎo)消費(fèi)者超量點(diǎn)餐造成明顯浪費(fèi)的，由市場監(jiān)督管理部門給予警告，拒不改正的，處一千元以上一萬元以下罰款。

【知識點(diǎn)】

草案明確，食品浪費(fèi)（food waste），是指對可安全食用或者飲用的食物未能按照其功能目的利用（failure to consume food that is safe to eat or drink in the way it is supposed to be consumed）。

The draft law requires catering service providers to guide consumers to order food in accordance with their actual needs. Their menus should include more information and offer different dish sizes, it said.
草案要求餐飲服務(wù)提供者引導(dǎo)消費(fèi)者按需適量點(diǎn)餐，菜單應(yīng)提供更多菜品信息及不同規(guī)格選擇。

Catering service providers can ask consumers who waste too much food to pay a fee based on the amount of their leftovers, it said.
餐飲服務(wù)提供者可以根據(jù)剩菜量對消費(fèi)者收取相應(yīng)費(fèi)用。

【單詞講解】

這里的leftover用作名詞，表示“剩飯菜”，如果用形容詞形式來表示就是leftover food。其實(shí)leftover這個(gè)詞來源于動詞短語leave over，表示“遺留，留下（以后再用）”，比如：leave this pie over for tomorrow（這個(gè)派留著明天吃），換成被動語態(tài)就是we can have the pie left over from yesterday（我們可以吃昨天剩下的派）。

The draft also clarifies the ban on making or broadcasting programs or videos related to excessive eating, noting that violators who refuse to correct the problem after being warned by cyberspace administrations will be fined from 10,000 yuan to 100,000 yuan.
草案還明確，禁止制作、傳播宣揚(yáng)量大多吃、暴飲暴食等浪費(fèi)食品的節(jié)目或者音視頻信息。違反規(guī)定的，由管理部門責(zé)令整改，給予警告；拒不改正，處一萬元以上十萬元以下罰款。

平均身高 average height

12月23日，國務(wù)院新聞辦就《中國居民營養(yǎng)與慢性病狀況報(bào)告（2020年）》有關(guān)情況舉行發(fā)布會。

As the nation's economy and power continue to grow, Chinese people are getting taller, but they are also putting on weight at a worrisome rate, according to the report.
報(bào)告指出，隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)和實(shí)力的增長，居民身高持續(xù)增長，但體重也以令人憂心的速度增加。

【單詞講解】

這里的put on weight就是“長胖、長肉”，我們也可以用gain weight表示。與之相反的“減肥”自然就是lose weight，或者更加激烈的shake off weight（甩肉）。這兩者的名詞表達(dá)分別是weight gain（長胖、增重）和weight loss（減肥、瘦身）。

According to the report, 34.3 percent of adult Chinese are overweight and 16.4 percent are obese.
報(bào)告指出，18歲及以上居民超重率和肥胖率分別為34.3%和16.4%。

【知識點(diǎn)】

世衛(wèi)組織對成人做出的超重和肥胖定義如下：身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)等于或大于25時(shí)為超重（overweight）；身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)等于或大于30時(shí)為肥胖（obesity）。身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)（body mass index，BMI）是身高對體重的簡便指數(shù)，其定義為按公斤計(jì)算的體重除以按米計(jì)算的身高的平方（kg/m2）。

The average height of Chinese people aged 18 to 44 has increased to 169.7 centimeters for males and 158 cm for females, thanks to an increased intake of high-quality protein, such as dairy products, seafood and poultry, according to the report.
報(bào)告顯示，由于乳制品、海鮮和禽肉等高質(zhì)量蛋白的攝入增加，我國18至44歲的男性和女性平均身高分別增加到169.7厘米和158厘米。

【單詞講解】

這里的intake來源于動詞短語take in，表示“攝入，接收”等意思，比如：you should reduce your salt intake（你應(yīng)該減少鹽攝入量），The airline is to double the intake of its female pilots（這家航空公司計(jì)劃將女性飛行員的招錄人數(shù)增加一倍）。

According to the report, the daily per capita intake of salt and cooking oil of Chinese people is far higher than the recommended portion of five grams of salt and 43.2 grams of cooking oil.
報(bào)告指出，我國人均每日鹽油攝入量均遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于每日5克鹽和43.2克油的健康推薦量。

Nearly 20 percent of middle and high school students regularly consume sugary drinks, it added.
近20%的中學(xué)生經(jīng)常喝含糖飲料。

The report said that less than one in four adults work out at least once a week.
每周至少鍛煉一次的成年人不到四分之一。

刑法修正案 amendment to the Constitution

12月26日，十三屆全國人大常委會第二十四次會議表決通過刑法修正案（十一），共48條，針對低齡未成年人犯罪、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)等問題，對刑法作出修改完善。

The amendment stipulates heavier criminal penalties for IPR infringements, raising the maximum prison term for trademark and copyright infringements from seven years to 10 years. The amendment also lowers the minimum age of criminal responsibility to 12 for severe crimes such as murder.
刑法修正案針對侵犯知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的犯罪行為規(guī)定了更加嚴(yán)格的處罰，將商標(biāo)及知識產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)行為的最高刑期由7年提高至10年。同時(shí)，修正案將謀殺等嚴(yán)重犯罪行為的刑事責(zé)任年齡降低至12歲。

【單詞講解】

這里的IPR是intellectual property rights的縮寫形式，即“知識產(chǎn)權(quán)”，最近幾年很火的“IP”概念是intellectual property的縮寫。IP可以是一個(gè)故事，一種形象，一件藝術(shù)品，一種流行文化，更多的是指適合二次或多次改編開發(fā)的影視文學(xué)、游戲動漫等作品。IP劇，是指在有一定粉絲數(shù)量基礎(chǔ)上的國產(chǎn)原創(chuàng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)小說、游戲、動漫為題材創(chuàng)作改編而成的影視劇。

刑法修正案規(guī)定，

If a juvenile who has reached the age of 12, but is under 14, commits intentional homicide or inflicts an injury that leads to death,or causes severe injury to the person, reducing the person to utter disability by resorting to cruel means, he or she shall bear criminal responsibility upon attestation and approval of the Supreme People's Procuratorate (SPP).
已滿12周歲不滿14周歲的人，犯故意殺人、故意傷害罪，致人死亡或者以特別殘忍手段致人重傷造成嚴(yán)重殘疾，情節(jié)惡劣，經(jīng)最高人民檢察院核準(zhǔn)追訴的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

【單詞講解】

英語中關(guān)于“青少年犯罪”有一個(gè)固定的說法juvenile delinquency/juvenile offending，juvenile讀作[d?u?v?na?l]，指“未成年、青少年”，也可以用作形容詞表示某人“孩子氣的、幼稚的”，與childish、silly意思相近，比如：Don't be so juvenile（別那么幼稚了）。Delinquency這個(gè)詞讀作[d?l??kw?nsi]，指“違法行為”，尤指青少年的違法行為，實(shí)施違法行為的青少年就可以稱為delinquent。

Children aged 14-16 can be held criminally liable if they commit serious crimes such as murder, rape, and drug smuggling or trafficking.
已滿十四周歲不滿十六周歲的人，犯故意殺人、強(qiáng)奸、販賣毒品等嚴(yán)重罪行的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

增加與生物安全相關(guān)規(guī)定

To safeguard biosecurity, the law stipulates penalties for illegally implanting gene-edited or cloned human embryos into human bodies or animals. Convicted criminals could face up to seven years of imprisonment.
為了保障生物安全，刑法修正案規(guī)定了針對將基因編輯、克隆的人類胚胎植入人體或者動物體內(nèi)等違法行為的處罰，相關(guān)違法人員最高刑期可達(dá)7年。

使用興奮劑入刑

It stipulates that anyone who lures, instigates or cheats athletes into using banned substances in either domestic or international competitions faces up to three years' imprisonment and a fine. Heavier punishments will be given to those organizing or forcing athletes into using banned substances, while knowingly offering banned substances to athletes is also a criminal offence.
修正案規(guī)定，引誘、教唆、欺騙運(yùn)動員使用興奮劑參加國內(nèi)、國際重大體育競賽，或者明知運(yùn)動員參加上述競賽而向其提供興奮劑，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處罰金。組織、強(qiáng)迫運(yùn)動員使用興奮劑參加國內(nèi)、國際重大體育競賽的，依照前款的規(guī)定從重處罰。

加大對性侵未成年人犯罪的懲治力度

The amended law says people with special responsibilities, including those guarding, adopting, looking after, educating or offering medical care to juveniles, could be sentenced to up to 10 years in prison if they have sex with girls aged 14 to 16. Further, anyone found to have had sex with girls under the age of 14 will be convicted of rape and face harsher penalties.
修正案規(guī)定，對已滿十四周歲不滿十六周歲的未成年女性負(fù)有監(jiān)護(hù)、收養(yǎng)、看護(hù)、教育、醫(yī)療等特殊職責(zé)的人員，與該未成年女性發(fā)生性關(guān)系的，最高可判處10年有期徒刑。奸淫不滿十四周歲的幼女的，以強(qiáng)奸論，從重處罰。

Meanwhile, people who rape girls under the age of 10 will receive a sentence of at least 10 years in prison and could even face life imprisonment or the death penalty.
奸淫不滿十周歲的幼女的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

The amended law also calls for harsher punishment－a sentence of five years or more－for people who have repeatedly committed child molestations, have acted indecently against multiple children, have committed such offenses in public or have molested juveniles in a cruel manner.
猥褻兒童多人或者多次的；聚眾猥褻兒童的，或者在公共場所當(dāng)眾猥褻兒童，情節(jié)惡劣的，處五年以上有期徒刑。

京雄城際鐵路 Beijing-Xiong'an intercity railway

The Beijing-Xiong'an intercity railway opened to traffic on Dec 27, connecting the Chinese capital with the Xiong'an New Area. The railway is 91 kilometers long and has a maximum design speed of 350 kilometers per hour. Passengers can take high-speed trains from Beijing West Railway Station directly to Xiong'an New Area with the shortest commuting time at 50 minutes. The journey between Beijing Daxing International Airport and Xiong'an will be about 19 minutes.
北京至雄安新區(qū)城際鐵路（京雄城際鐵路）12月27日全線開通運(yùn)營。線路全長91公里，最高設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)速350公里。北京西站至雄安新區(qū)間最快旅行時(shí)間50分鐘，大興機(jī)場至雄安新區(qū)間最快19分鐘可達(dá)。

教育懲戒 school discipline

教育部制定的《中小學(xué)教育懲戒規(guī)則（試行）》12月29日頒布，2021年3月1日起實(shí)施。

In its first official guideline on teachers' rights to discipline students, the Ministry of Education said primary and secondary school teachers have the authority to hand out punishment and clarified the kinds of punishment not allowed.
教育部第一次以部門規(guī)章的形式對教育懲戒做出規(guī)定，規(guī)定中小學(xué)教師和學(xué)?？梢詫W(xué)生實(shí)施的教育懲戒方式，同時(shí)明確了教師實(shí)施懲戒過程中被禁止的行為。

【知識點(diǎn)】

《規(guī)則》對教育懲戒（school discipline）的定義是“學(xué)校、教師基于教育目的，對違規(guī)違紀(jì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行管理、訓(xùn)導(dǎo)或者以規(guī)定方式予以矯治（manage, discipline or correct the students who break rules and regulations），促使學(xué)生引以為戒、認(rèn)識和改正錯(cuò)誤的教育行為”，明確教育懲戒不是懲罰（discipline is not punishment），而是教育的一種方式。

根據(jù)程度輕重，《規(guī)則》將教育懲戒分為一般教育懲戒、較重教育懲戒和嚴(yán)重教育懲戒三類。

一般教育懲戒適用于違規(guī)違紀(jì)情節(jié)輕微的學(xué)生，包括點(diǎn)名批評（named and shamed）、做口頭或者書面檢討（make oral or written apology）、增加額外教學(xué)或者班級公益服務(wù)任務(wù)（do extra homework or classroom chores）、一節(jié)課堂教學(xué)時(shí)間內(nèi)的教室內(nèi)站立（stand in the classroom for one class period）、課后教導(dǎo)（receive after-school discipline）等；

較重教育懲戒適用于違規(guī)違紀(jì)情節(jié)較重或者經(jīng)當(dāng)場教育懲戒拒不改正的學(xué)生，包括德育工作負(fù)責(zé)人訓(xùn)導(dǎo)（receive counseling）、承擔(dān)校內(nèi)公共服務(wù)（perform public service on campus）、接受專門的校規(guī)校紀(jì)和行為規(guī)則教育（isolated for discipline）、被暫?；蛘呦拗茀⒓佑斡[以及其他集體活動（extracurricular activities suspended）等；

嚴(yán)重教育懲戒適用于違規(guī)違紀(jì)情節(jié)嚴(yán)重或者影響惡劣，且必須是小學(xué)高年級、初中和高中階段的學(xué)生，包括停課停學(xué)（suspended from school）、法治副校長或者法治輔導(dǎo)員訓(xùn)誡（see a school counselor）、專門人員輔導(dǎo)矯治（go through correction session）等。

《規(guī)則》細(xì)化了禁止實(shí)施的七類不當(dāng)教育行為：

一是身體傷害，如擊打、刺扎等（corporal punishment such as striking or poking students with sharp objects）；

二是超限度懲罰（hand out excessive punishment），超過正常限度的罰站、反復(fù)抄寫，強(qiáng)制做不適的動作或者姿勢（make them assume physically uncomfortable positions），以及刻意孤立（intentional isolation）等間接傷害身體、心理的變相體罰；

三是言行侮辱貶損，辱罵或者以歧視性、侮辱性的言行侵犯學(xué)生人格尊嚴(yán)（verbally abuse students）；

四是因個(gè)人或者少數(shù)人違規(guī)違紀(jì)行為而懲罰全體學(xué)生（punish all students for an individual offense）；

五是因?qū)W生個(gè)人的學(xué)習(xí)成績而懲罰學(xué)生（punish students for poor academic performance）；

六是因個(gè)人情緒、好惡實(shí)施或者選擇性實(shí)施教育懲戒（hand out punishments based on their personal preference）；

七是指派學(xué)生代替自己對其他學(xué)生實(shí)施教育懲戒（ask students to punish their peers）。

（中國日報(bào)網(wǎng)英語點(diǎn)津 Helen）