2020年12月新聞熱詞匯總
中國日報網(wǎng) 2020-12-31 10:30
12月是總結(jié)的月份,中國媒體十大流行詞和十大新詞語發(fā)布;嫦娥五號完成我國首次地外天體采樣返回任務(wù);海南全省實施“禁塑令”;天津立法禁止收集個人生物識別信息;我國開始重點人群新冠疫苗接種;京雄城際鐵路開通運營;太極拳申遺成功;反食品浪費法草案一審;盲盒制造商上市引熱議;刑法完成新一輪大修,刑事責(zé)任年齡作出調(diào)整;教育部頒布《中小學(xué)教育懲戒規(guī)則(試行)》。
固體廢物 solid waste
生態(tài)環(huán)境部、商務(wù)部、發(fā)展改革委、海關(guān)總署發(fā)布《關(guān)于全面禁止進口固體廢物有關(guān)事項的公告》(以下簡稱《公告》)。
China will ban all imports of solid waste from Jan 1, 2021, authorities have said.The dumping, stacking and disposal of waste products from overseas on Chinese territory will also be banned, according to the notice.
《公告》明確,從2021年1月1日起,我國將全面禁止進口固體廢物,禁止我國境外的固體廢物進境傾倒、堆放、處置。
【知識點】
進口固體廢物(imported solid waste),有時也被稱為洋垃圾(foreign garbage),有時又特指以走私、夾帶等方式進口國家禁止進口的固體廢物(banned solid waste smuggled into China)或未經(jīng)許可擅自進口屬于限制進口的固體廢物。
上世紀80年代,我國開始進口固體廢物作為一種原材料的來源(import solid waste as a source of raw materials)。多年來,盡管國內(nèi)的垃圾處理能力較弱(a weak capacity in garbage disposal),我國一直是全球最大的固體廢物進口國。近年來,部分企業(yè)為獲利,非法將洋垃圾(foreign garbage)運入國內(nèi),對環(huán)境和公眾健康造成威脅(pose a threat to the environment and public health)。
2017年7月18日,中國正式通知世界貿(mào)易組織,從2017年年底開始將不再接收外來垃圾,包括廢棄塑膠(plastic waste)、紙類(paper waste)及紡織品(fabrics)等。
Since the country began to phase out waste imports in 2017, the volume of imported waste has fallen by 68 percent, from 42 million to 13 million metric tons last year, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment said.
生態(tài)環(huán)境部表示,自2017年我國開始逐漸減少廢物進口以來,固體廢物進口量由2017年的4200萬噸減少至2019年的1300萬噸,整體減少了68%。
【單詞講解】
Garbage,rubbish, trash 和 waste 在英語里都有“垃圾、廢物”的意思,它們的區(qū)別在于在哪個說英語的國家更常用。Garbage 是垃圾的美式英語說法;rubbish 是英式英語垃圾的意思;trash 也是美式英語垃圾的意思,但是它也可以用來指不值得尊重的人;waste 是一個正式用語,指沒有利用價值的東西,包括廢品、垃圾、廢物、廢料或者指時間、金錢、精力等的浪費。
From January to Nov 15, the volume was 7.18 million tons, it added.
截至2020年11月15日,全國固體廢物進口總量為718萬噸。
禁塑令 plastics ban
《海南經(jīng)濟特區(qū)禁止一次性不可降解塑料制品規(guī)定》12月1日起正式實施。
Disposable plastic bags and tableware that are non-degradable have been banned from production, sale and use starting Tuesday in China's island province of Hainan.
12月1日起,海南省全面禁止一次性不可降解塑料袋、塑料餐飲具等用品的生產(chǎn)、銷售及使用。
【單詞講解】
在有關(guān)“禁塑令”的報道中,我們經(jīng)常會看到disposable這個詞。Disposable表示“designed to be used once or only a limited number of times and then thrown away(使用一次或限定的次數(shù)之后就可以丟棄的)”,用來形容塑料袋(plastic bags)等制品,多表示“一次性的”,與single-use意思類似;此外disposable還可以表示“可自由支配的”,比如國家統(tǒng)計局發(fā)布的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)中經(jīng)常會有一項是“人均可支配收入”就是per capita disposable income,指的就是扣除各項稅金以及社保繳費后,居民真正拿到手可以自由支配的那部分收入。
The first batch of items to be banned include products such as disposable plastic bags, packaging bags, meal boxes, bowls, drink cups and straws made from non-biodegradable polymers.
列入首批禁塑名錄的產(chǎn)品包括一次性塑料袋、包裝袋、餐盒、碗、水杯以及吸管等不可降解聚合物制品。
On the list of substitutes are items such as biodegradable plastic bags; paper, cloth and linen bags; and reusable baskets made of plastic or other materials such as wicker and bamboo, according to the provincial authorities.
海南省政府表示,可使用的替代品包括可降解塑料袋、紙袋、布袋以及亞麻布袋,可重復(fù)使用的塑料籃子、柳條籃、竹籃等。
自2018年開始,海南率先開展禁止生產(chǎn)銷售使用一次性不可降解塑料制品工作。
Starting in August, the province launched a pilot program on phasing out single-use non-degradable plastic products in places such as Party and government organizations, State-owned enterprises, schools, tourist attractions, big supermarkets and hospitals.
今年8月起,海南分階段、分區(qū)域、分重點在全省黨政機關(guān)事業(yè)單位、國企、學(xué)校、旅游景區(qū)、大型商超、醫(yī)院等重點行業(yè)場所開展“禁塑”試點工作。
【單詞講解】
這里的短語phase out表示“逐步淘汰,逐步停止”,因為phase本身就有“階段”的意思,所以phase out強調(diào)的就是分階段、一步一步地停止。比如:They phased out my job in favor of a computer.(他們一步步用電腦取代了我的崗位)。這個短語的名詞形式是phase-out,比如:The project is currently in its phase-out period.(這個項目目前處于逐步收尾階段)。
培育發(fā)展替代品全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈
Hainan has also been cultivating and developing eco-friendly substitutes for non-degradable plastic products. It is expected to form a complete industrial chain of fully biodegradable materials and products between 2022 and 2023.
海南省一直在培育發(fā)展不可降解塑料產(chǎn)品的環(huán)保替代產(chǎn)品,將于2022年至2023年前后形成全生物降解材料及制品完整產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。
Currently, seven enterprises in the province are able to produce fully biodegradable plastics. By year-end, their production capacity of biodegradable plastic films and bags is set to hit 32,000 tons a year, while that of tableware would reach 11,000 tons a year.
目前已有7家省內(nèi)企業(yè)具備全生物降解塑料制品生產(chǎn)能力,年底可形成膜袋類產(chǎn)能3.2萬噸/年,餐飲具產(chǎn)能約1.1萬噸/年。
今年1月,我國發(fā)布《關(guān)于進一步加強塑料污染治理的意見》,提出到2025年,塑料制品生產(chǎn)、流通、消費和回收處置等環(huán)節(jié)的管理制度基本建立(establish a complete plastics management system),多元共治體系基本形成,替代產(chǎn)品開發(fā)應(yīng)用水平進一步提升(make progress in the development of substitute products),重點城市塑料垃圾填埋量大幅降低(significantly reduce the amount of plastic waste going to landfills),塑料污染得到有效控制(bring plastic pollution under effective control)。
二維碼互通 mutual acceptance of QR code
12月1日起,北京、上海地鐵乘車二維碼實現(xiàn)互聯(lián)互通。
The service, effective on Tuesday, allows the QR code on the respective apps in Beijing and Shanghai to be accepted for payments in the subway system of both cities.
自12月1日起,北京和上海的地鐵乘車二維碼均可用于兩市地鐵系統(tǒng)票款支付。
【單詞講解】
英語中關(guān)于“地鐵”的詞匯包括subway、metro、underground、the tube等,到底用哪個更合適主要取決于你身在何處。Subway多見于美式英語,由sub(在...之下)+way(道路)組合而成,表示“在路面之下運行的線路”,符合美式英式簡單直白的特點。Metro這個詞來源于法語métropolitain,1900年,法國巴黎第一條地鐵就叫metropolitan railroad,之后簡稱為metro,并被吸收進英語詞匯,目前世界上很多城市的地鐵都叫metro。Underground多見于英式英語,但是因為大部分線路都在地下隧道中運行,所以英國人一般都會把地鐵稱為“the tube”。值得一提的是,美式英語中表示“地鐵”的subway在英式英語中卻表示“地下通道”,這一點可不要忽略哦。
Beijing and Shanghai have the largest metro networks in China, each handling more than 10 million passenger trips on a daily basis, with frequent travels between the two cities.
北京和上海擁有全國最龐大的地鐵系統(tǒng),每天的客流量超過1000萬人次,兩地之間的出行也很頻繁。
Authorities in Shanghai said the interconnected payment method is expected to be expanded to more subway systems in other regions.
上海市管理部門表示,這種互聯(lián)互通的支付方式有望推廣到其他地區(qū)的地鐵系統(tǒng)。
上海地鐵禁止電子設(shè)備聲音外放
12月1日,新修訂的《上海市軌道交通乘客守則》開始施行。
Passengers are banned from playing music or videos on speakers of their digital devices or making hands-free mobile phone calls in the subway cars, according to the new rules.
新規(guī)明確,地鐵乘客不得在車廂內(nèi)使用電子設(shè)備外放音樂或觀看視頻,不得開揚聲器打電話。
Passengers who use the speakers of their digital devices will be stopped by metro workers and law enforcement officers, or handed over to the police if they refuse to obey the new rules.
一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)乘客手機外放的行為,地鐵站務(wù)的工作人員和執(zhí)法人員會進行勸阻。實在不聽勸阻的,將送交公安機關(guān)處理。
離婚冷靜期 cooling-off period
《中華人民共和國民法典》將于2021年1月1日起正式施行,其中新增的“離婚冷靜期”受到網(wǎng)民關(guān)注。
Under the Civil Code, which comes into effect on Jan 1, couples will have a 30-day cooling-off period after handing their divorce application to the civil affairs department. During the period, either party can withdraw the application.
《中華人民共和國民法典》將于2021年1月1日起正式施行,其中規(guī)定,夫妻雙方在向民政部門提交離婚申請后,要經(jīng)歷30天“冷靜期”,在此期間,任何一方可撤回申請。
【詞匯講解】
這里的cooling-off來源于動詞短語cool off,可表示“變涼,冷靜”等意思,比如:Make sure you cool off the broccoli in ice water after you boil it.(西藍花用熱水煮過以后記得放冰水里冷卻。)Don't talk to your mother like that! Go to your room and cool off!(不許那樣跟你媽媽說話!回你的房間冷靜一下?。?/p>
After 30 days, if both parties still insist on divorce, they should proceed to the civil affairs department in person and ask for the issuance of their divorce certificates. Otherwise, they will be treated as having withdrawn the application.
三十天后,如果雙方仍然堅持要離婚,雙方要共同親自到婚姻登記機關(guān)申請離婚證,而其間雙方?jīng)]有共同親自到場申請離婚證的,即視為撤回離婚登記申請。
針對網(wǎng)友擔(dān)憂,“離婚‘難度’增大,會不會給婚姻弱勢一方造成更大傷害?”“家暴受害者能順利離婚嗎?”
民政部社會事務(wù)司二級巡視員楊宗濤回應(yīng),
The application system should only be used by couples who had reached an amiable agreement. Situations involving domestic violence are better served through the court system.
關(guān)于離婚冷靜期制度的規(guī)定只適用于協(xié)議離婚。對于有家暴情形的,當(dāng)事人可向法院起訴離婚。
生物識別信息 personal bioinformation
天津市人大常委會于近日表決通過了《天津市社會信用條例》(以下簡稱《條例》)。該《條例》將自2021年1月1日起實施,這也是全國首個公開禁止采集人臉識別信息的法規(guī)。
North China's Tianjin municipality will prohibit businesses and institutes from collecting personal bioinformation starting next year, amid heightened public concerns over the uncontrolled use of facial recognition, now employed in mobile payment, test-taking, and even public restrooms.
華北地區(qū)的天津市將從明年起禁止企業(yè)事業(yè)單位等收集個人生物信息。人臉識別如今已被廣泛應(yīng)用于移動支付、考試甚至公共衛(wèi)生間等場所,這種無序使用狀況引發(fā)公眾擔(dān)憂。
【單詞講解】
這里的municipality指我國行政區(qū)劃中的“直轄市”,完整的表述為 centrally administered municipality(中央直接管轄的城市),直轄市與省(provinces)、自治區(qū)(autonomous regions)相當(dāng),省、自治區(qū)內(nèi)的其他城市我們多用city表示。
個人生物信息(personal bioinformation)通常包括指紋(fingerprints)、掌紋(palm prints)、虹膜(irises)、面部特征(facial patterns)、聲音模式(voice patterns)以及DNA等信息。
《條例》規(guī)定,
Market credit information providers will be banned from collecting information needed for biorecognition and other personal data, including religion, blood type, and medical history.
市場信用信息提供單位不得采集自然人的生物識別信息以及宗教信仰、血型、疾病和病史等其他個人信息。
Personal income, savings, and tax records are also protected from information harvesting unless the collectors informed the clients of possible consequence and sought their written permission.
市場信用信息提供單位不得采集自然人的收入、存款、納稅數(shù)額等信息,但是明確告知提供該信息可能產(chǎn)生的不利后果并取得其書面同意的除外。
【單詞講解】
這里說到信息“采集”的時候用到了collect和harvest這兩個詞,collect本身就表示“收集、采集”等意思,而harvest除了可以替換collect表示相同的意思之外,它更常見的意思是“收割(莊稼、農(nóng)作物)”,動詞、名詞都可以,比如:We've been harvesting corn this week.(我們這周都在收玉米。)bountiful harvests(豐收);由此還可以引申出“收獲(獎項、業(yè)績等)”,比如:the team harvested several awards(團隊獲得了好幾個獎)。
It will target credit service agents, industry associations, as well as enterprises, and public institutes.
該《條例》適用于信用服務(wù)機構(gòu)、行業(yè)協(xié)會以及企業(yè)事業(yè)單位。
發(fā)熱診室 fever clinics
In a bid to strengthen COVID-19 prevention and control measures, China's National Health Commission (NHC) has urged efforts to set up fever clinics in eligible township and community medical institutions.
為加強新冠肺炎防控措施,國家衛(wèi)健委要求在有條件的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院和社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心設(shè)置發(fā)熱診室。
【單詞講解】
這里的clinic多指“a facility (as of a hospital) for diagnosis and treatment of outpatients”,即“診治門診患者的醫(yī)療機構(gòu)”,而在大學(xué)、監(jiān)獄、游輪等場所設(shè)置的“醫(yī)務(wù)室”則多用infirmary表示,這個詞表示“a place where sick people stay and are cared for in a school, prison, summer camp, etc”(學(xué)校、監(jiān)獄、夏令營等場所用來照看病人的地方)。
通知要求:
Such primary-level clinics should conduct pre-examination triage and ensure those with fever have access to services including registration, screening, quarantine, report, treatment and transfer.
所有基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機構(gòu)均應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴格落實預(yù)檢分診,確保實現(xiàn)對發(fā)熱患者的登記、篩查、隔離、報告、治療、轉(zhuǎn)診等功能。
【單詞講解】
這里的triage,讀作[tri?ɑ?],可用作動詞或名詞,表示“the sorting of patients (as in an emergency room) according to the urgency of their need for care”,即“根據(jù)病情緊急程度對患者進行分類”,也就是我們?nèi)メt(yī)院看病時會經(jīng)歷的“分診”。
Fever clinics are meant to ensure services to patients from the beginning to end and guarantee every febrile patient the right to get treated.
發(fā)熱診室應(yīng)嚴格實行首診負責(zé)制,保障每位發(fā)熱患者的就診權(quán)。
Clinics should conduct nucleic acid tests and routine blood tests on all febrile patients. If the clinics are not eligible, such tests should be conducted in collaboration with other institutions.
基層醫(yī)療機構(gòu)需對全部發(fā)熱患者進行核酸檢測和血常規(guī)檢查,不具備檢測能力的,需通過與其他醫(yī)療機構(gòu)合作的方式為發(fā)熱患者提供檢測服務(wù)。
Fever clinics should be isolated from general clinics in medical institutions and equipped with facilities for treatment, protection and sterilization. They should have professional staff with anti-epidemic skills.
醫(yī)療機構(gòu)的發(fā)熱診室應(yīng)當(dāng)與普通門(急)診有隔離屏障,應(yīng)當(dāng)配備診療設(shè)備、防護設(shè)備及消毒設(shè)備等。發(fā)熱診室配備的醫(yī)護人員應(yīng)具備防疫專業(yè)技能。
珠穆朗瑪峰最新高程 new height of Mount Qomolangma
The new height of Mount Qomolangma, the world's highest peak, is 8,848.86 meters, according to a joint announcement by China and Nepal on December 8. President Xi Jinping, exchanging letters with his Nepali counterpart Bidya Devi Bhandari, called Mount Qomolangma "an important symbol of the China-Nepal traditional friendship."
12月8日,國家主席習(xí)近平同尼泊爾總統(tǒng)班達里互致信函,共同宣布世界最高峰珠穆朗瑪峰的最新高程為8848.86米。習(xí)近平指出,珠穆朗瑪峰是中尼兩國世代友好的重要象征。
侵犯他人隱私 invasion of others' privacy
12月9日,四川省成都市公安局成華區(qū)分局通過其官方微博發(fā)布通報稱,泄露成都確診女孩信息男子已被行政處罰。
The Chenghua branch of Chengdu's public security bureau said in a statement that the man surnamed Wang posted a picture on social media containing identity information and travel records of a woman surnamed Zhao, who was confirmed as a COVID-19 patient on Tuesday. Police said Wang's invasion of others' privacy caused baleful effects in society.
成都市公安局成華區(qū)分局在通報中表示,這名王姓男子在社交媒體發(fā)布了一張內(nèi)容涉及12月8日確認新冠肺炎患者趙姓女子個人身份信息以及行動軌跡的圖片,嚴重侵犯他人隱私,造成不良社會影響。
【單詞講解】
這里的baleful屬于GRE詞匯,表示“兇惡的,有害的,惡毒的”等意思,除了上文中的baleful effect以外,還可以用來形容某個人的眼光,比如:Bill shot a baleful glance in her direction.(比爾朝她狠毒地瞥了一眼。)
Invasion of privacy表示“侵犯個人隱私”,也可以用privacy infringement表示。Invasion除了可以表示這種抽象意義上的“侵犯”,也經(jīng)常用來表示具體的侵入或侵犯別國領(lǐng)土,比如:They are ready against the possible invasion.(他們防備可能的入侵。)
12月8日,這名趙姓女子確診后,她的行動軌跡在社交媒體被廣泛傳播,引發(fā)網(wǎng)友熱議。針對她此前曾到過多個酒吧這一事實,網(wǎng)友們反應(yīng)不一。
While some netizens defended her movements as typical in the city known for its vibrant nightlife, others lambasted her for spreading the virus through her party lifestyle.
有些網(wǎng)友為其辯護,認為在成都這樣一個夜生活豐富的城市,她這樣的出行軌跡很正常。另外一些網(wǎng)友則炮轟她這種泡吧的生活方式,稱其導(dǎo)致病毒傳播。
【單詞講解】
這里的lambast雖然也表示“批評”,但是在程度上比我們熟知的criticize要強得多,這個詞表示“criticize someone severely, usually in public”,不只是嚴厲批評,而且通常是公開批評,用來形容網(wǎng)友在社交媒體平臺的各種“言語炮轟”正合適。
Chengdu's public security bureau called on the internet users to express their opinions in a polite and reasonable way. Slander, spreading rumors or infringing upon other people's rights will be punished according to laws, it said.
成都市公安局呼吁廣大網(wǎng)友有禮有節(jié)地表達觀點。污蔑、傳謠或侵犯他人權(quán)利的行為將依法受到處罰。