流失文物 lost cultural relics

11月18日，國家文物局副局長關強在國家文物局召開的例行新聞發(fā)布會上表示，今年1月以來，國家文物局與外交、海關等部門緊密合作，在中國駐英國使館大力支持下，歷時10個月，成功將流失英國25年的68件走私文物追索回國。

The cultural relics date from the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) to the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), encompassing a variety of items, mainly ceramics. They are from provinces including Jiangxi, Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Shaanxi, Hebei and Guizhou.
這些文物時間跨度從春秋到清代，質(zhì)地多為陶瓷，地域分布江西、安徽、福建、河南、陜西、河北、貴州等。

【單詞講解】

我們常見的cultural relics里面的relic指“an object, tradition, or system from the past that continues to exist”，即“從過去流傳至今的物件、傳統(tǒng)或體系”，在考古領域多指“從過去遺留下來的物件，沒有現(xiàn)實用處，但多具有歷史意義”或者“遺跡、遺物”等。Artifact，在英式英語中寫作artefact，一般指“手工制品”，在考古領域則多指挖掘出來的“手工制作的（工具、武器、飾品等具有考古或歷史價值的）文物”。因此在表示“歷史文物”的時候，relic涵蓋的范圍要比artifact要廣一些，而且這兩個詞一般都用復數(shù)形式。

Their return brings an end to a quarter-century of China's efforts to retrieve lost cultural relics from overseas, said Guan Qiang, deputy director of the administration.
國家文物局副局長關強表示，這批文物的回歸，為中國政府持續(xù)25年的跨國文物追索行動畫上圓滿句號。

【單詞講解】

這里用常見詞return表示“返還、回歸”很好理解，更加正式的表達可以用repatriate historical artifacts或者名詞形式repatriation of historical artifacts，repatriate表示send something back to its home country（把...送回國），如果是repatriate someone則表示“遣返、遣送回國”。

“追索流散文物”可以用retrieve lost cultural relics/historical artifacts表示。Retrieve 表示“找回，重新獲得”，比如追討官員贓款（retrieve officials' illegal gains），找到遺體（retrieve bodies）等。

1989年，中國接受聯(lián)合國教科文組織1970年《關于禁止和防止非法進出口文化財產(chǎn)和非法轉(zhuǎn)讓其所有權的方法的公約》（the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property），之后與20多個國家就打擊非法文物交易以及流失文物追索返還簽署雙邊協(xié)議（bilateral agreements on fighting the illegal transfer of and facilitating the repatriation of relics）。

金磚國家新工業(yè)革命伙伴關系 BRICS partnership on the new industrial revolution

President Xi Jinping said that China will work with other parties to flesh out the BRICS Partnership on New Industrial Revolution at a faster pace, adding that China will set up an innovation center for such a partnership in Xiamen, Fujian province to advance cooperation on policy coordination, personnel training and project development. Xi made the remarks on Nov 17 when addressing the 12th BRICS Summit via video link.
金磚國家領導人第十二次會晤11月17日以視頻方式舉行，國家主席習近平發(fā)表講話。他表示，中方愿同各方一道加快建設金磚國家新工業(yè)革命伙伴關系。我們將在福建省廈門市建立金磚國家新工業(yè)革命伙伴關系創(chuàng)新基地，開展政策協(xié)調(diào)、人才培養(yǎng)、項目開發(fā)等領域合作。

暴雪 snowstorm

受往年同期罕見的強大暖濕氣流影響，11月19日中國東北及內(nèi)蒙古地區(qū)出現(xiàn)雨雪冰凍大風天氣。

Snowstorms in China's northernmost province of Heilongjiang have grounded more than 100 flights and forced expressways and schools to be closed, local authorities said.
當?shù)卣硎?，黑龍江省暴雪已導?00多個航班取消，高速路和學校也被迫關閉。

【單詞講解】

這里的ground用作動詞，表示“使...停留在地面（港口）不能移動”，多用于輪船、飛機等運輸設備，所以上面這句話我們也可以說more than 100 flights were grounded because of the snowstorm。另外，經(jīng)?？疵绖〉耐瑢W應該能注意到，ground有時候也用來表示家長對做錯事的孩子進行懲罰，不讓他們出去玩，就是“禁足”，比如：My parents grounded me for a week（我爸媽讓我禁足一個星期）或I am grounded for a week（我被禁足一個星期）。

Snowfall of up to 25.8 mm was recorded in cities including Harbin and Mudanjiang, bringing a blanket of snow 17 cm deep in some places, according to the province's meteorological center.
黑龍江省氣象中心的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，哈爾濱、牡丹江等地的降雪達到25.8毫米，部分地區(qū)的積雪厚度達到17厘米。

In Jilin province, heavy rains and strong winds have forced many cities to close their primary and middle schools and kindergartens for one or two days, including in the capital city Changchun, as well as Songyuan and Baicheng.
強降雨和大風迫使吉林省長春市、松原市以及白城市的中小學及幼兒園關閉一至兩天。

The Changchun Longjia International Airport has been closed, with a total of 126 flights canceled and 17 flights delayed as of 3 pm. Train services at three major railway stations in Changchun have also been partially closed.
長春龍嘉國際機場關閉，截至11月19日下午3點，126個航班取消，17個航班延誤。長春市三個主要火車站也部分關閉。

Police in Liaoning province have imposed traffic restrictions on expressways due to the snow, while some highways have been closed.
受降雪影響，遼寧省警方對高速公路采取限行措施，部分道路關閉。

The National Meteorological Center said snow will continue to lower temperatures by 8 to 10 degrees, but will taper off from Friday through Sunday. The snow system will move toward Northwest and North China, including the Xinjiang Uygur and Ningxia Hui autonomous regions, Beijing and Gansu province. Heavy rainfall is expected in some areas.
中央氣象臺表示，降雪將導致氣溫下降8到10度，不過從11月20日至22日，降雪將逐漸減少，并轉(zhuǎn)移至西北、華北的新疆、寧夏、甘肅以及北京等地。部分地區(qū)將出現(xiàn)強降雨。

【單詞講解】

這里的taper off是一個固定搭配的短語，表示“逐漸減少、變小”等意思，比如：Her voice tapered off as she realized everyone was listening.（當她意識到大家都在聽時，她的聲音就越來越小了）。Taper作為動詞，本身也表示“逐漸變小、變細、變窄”等意思，比如：The cave tapered to a narrow passageway.（那個洞穴慢慢變成了一條窄窄的通道）。

嫦娥五號 Chang'e-5

11月24日4時30分，我國在中國文昌航天發(fā)射場，用長征五號遙五運載火箭成功發(fā)射探月工程嫦娥五號探測器。

Chang'e-5, comprising an orbiter,a returner, a lander, and an ascender, with a total takeoff mass of 8.2 tonnes, is expected to accomplish unmanned rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit.
“嫦娥五號”探測器起飛重量8.2噸，包括軌道器、返回器、著陸器、上升器四個部分，將在月球軌道實施無人交會對接。

【知識點】

“嫦娥五號”的英文是Chang'e-5，而我國首個載人飛船“神舟五號”的英文是Shenzhou V。這是因為，在英文報道中，無人航空飛行器、衛(wèi)星、火箭等（unmanned space vessels, satellites, rockets）的編號一般用阿拉伯數(shù)字，而載人飛行器（manned spacecraft）的編號一般用羅馬數(shù)字。

飛天后要進行一系列復雜操作

After it enters the lunar orbit, the lander-ascender combination will separate from the orbiter-returner combination.
嫦娥五號進入月球軌道后，著陸器和上升器組合體將與軌道器和返回器組合體分離。

While the orbiter-returner orbits about 200 km above the lunar surface, the lander-ascender will touch down on the northwest region of Oceanus Procellarum, also known as the Ocean of Storms, on the near side of the moon in early December.
著陸器和上升器組合體在距離月球表面200公里處留軌運行，著陸器承載上升器計劃12月初在月球西北面的“風暴洋”區(qū)域登陸。

About 2 kg of samples are expected to be collected and sealed in a container in the spacecraft.
嫦娥五號將在月球收集2公斤樣本，并進行密封封裝。

Then the ascender will take off with the sample, and dock with the orbiter-returner in orbit. After the samples are transferred to the returner, the ascender will separate from the orbiter-returner.
之后，上升器帶著采集的月球樣品起飛上升，與軌返組合體對接。樣本轉(zhuǎn)送至返回器后，上升器會與軌返組合體分離。

The combination of orbiter and returner will then depart the lunar orbit and return to Earth's orbit, where the pair will break up and the returner will conduct a host of complicated maneuvers to return to a preset landing site in North China's Inner Mongolia autonomous region in mid-December.
接下來，軌返組合體將離開月球軌道，返回地球軌道，并在那里實施分離，返回器將進行一系列復雜的操控，于12月中旬在內(nèi)蒙古自治域的預定地點著陸。

The entire mission is scheduled to last about 23 days, according to the China National Space Administration.
國家航天局表示，整個任務預計持續(xù)約23天。

嫦娥五號與以往的中國探月任務有什么不同？

中國探月工程是我國啟動的第一個探月工程，于2004年1月23日正式啟動，分為繞、落、回三部曲。

1、“繞（orbiting）”就是發(fā)射月球衛(wèi)星，嫦娥一號和嫦娥二號已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)。

2、“落（landing）”就是在月球表面軟著陸，嫦娥三號已實現(xiàn)在月球的正面軟著陸，“嫦娥四號”也已實現(xiàn)在月球背面軟著陸，并在月球背面開展科學探測工作，在全球尚屬首次。

3、“回（sample returning）”就是從月球表面采樣返回地球，就是本次嫦娥五號執(zhí)行的任務，計劃把2千克的月壤樣品帶回地球。

嫦娥五號任務的科學目標主要是開展著陸點區(qū)域形貌探測和地質(zhì)背景勘察（investigate the landing site's geological and topographic features），獲取與月球樣品相關的現(xiàn)場分析數(shù)據(jù)，建立現(xiàn)場探測數(shù)據(jù)與實驗室分析數(shù)據(jù)之間的聯(lián)系；對月球樣品進行系統(tǒng)、長期的實驗室研究，分析月壤結(jié)構、物理特性、物質(zhì)組成（enable scientists to analyze the lunar samples' structure and physical traits），深化月球成因和演化歷史的研究（deepen their research into the moon's origin and evolution）。

貧困縣全部脫貧 all impoverished counties removed from the poverty list

China has achieved the feat of removing all 832 counties from the country's poverty list. The last nine impoverished counties, all in southwest China's Guizhou province, have eliminated absolute poverty, the provincial government announced on Nov 23. An assessment conducted by third-party agencies earlier this month showed that the overall incidence of poverty in the nine counties in Guizhou had been reduced to zero percent, and the satisfaction rate among locals was over 99 percent.
11月23日，貴州省宣布剩余的9個貧困縣消除絕對貧困。至此，我國832個貧困縣全部脫貧。第三方機構本月初進行的評估顯示，貴州省這9個縣的貧困發(fā)生率已降為0，群眾認可度超過99%。

數(shù)字鴻溝 digital divide

11月24日，國務院辦公廳公布《關于切實解決老年人運用智能技術困難的實施方案》，針對老年人運用智能技術遇到的種種“痛點”“難點”，提出解決方案。

The plan sets objectives for work in the 2020-2022 period focusing on seven types of services and scenarios most frequently used by or facing the elderly, such as day-to-day traveling, medical treatment, recreational activities, and civic services.
方案聚焦老年人日常生活涉及的出行、就醫(yī)、文娛、辦事等7類高頻事項和服務場景，提出了2020至2022年期間的工作目標。

By the end of 2022, the level and convenience of smart services for the elderly will be significantly improved, online and offline services will be better coordinated, and long-term mechanisms bridging the digital divide will be established, according to the plan.
方案提出，到2022年底前，老年人享受智能化服務水平顯著提升、便捷性不斷提高，線上線下服務更加高效協(xié)同，解決老年人面臨的“數(shù)字鴻溝”問題的長效機制基本建立。

【單詞講解】

這里的digital divide就是我們所說的“數(shù)字鴻溝”或“信息鴻溝”，也可以用digital gap來表示，指在全球數(shù)字化進程（global digitalization）中，不同國家、地區(qū)、行業(yè)、企業(yè)、社區(qū)之間，由于對信息、網(wǎng)絡技術的擁有程度、應用程度以及創(chuàng)新能力的差別而造成的信息落差及貧富進一步兩極分化的趨勢。

快速發(fā)展的信息技術，讓更多人享受便利的同時，卻在老年人面前劃出一道無形的“鴻溝”。無健康碼出行不便，網(wǎng)上掛號、網(wǎng)上就醫(yī)、網(wǎng)上購物“障礙”重重。

針對這些問題，方案均提出了應對方式。

Improvements will include securing elderly services in emergencies, including optimizing the health screening procedure that requires health codes produced with mobile applications before entering public places, and offering basic services to senior citizens staying at home.
做好突發(fā)事件應急響應狀態(tài)下對老年人的服務保障，包括完善“健康碼”管理便利老年人通行、保障居家老年人基本服務需要。

The plan urged efforts to help the elderly make medical treatment appointments by providing diversified channels and improving the way online appointments are made.
便利老年人日常就醫(yī)，包括提供多渠道掛號等就診服務、優(yōu)化老年人網(wǎng)上辦理就醫(yī)服務。

It also underscored the importance of retaining traditional financial service modes while making online consumption more convenient for this group.
保留傳統(tǒng)金融服務方式、提升網(wǎng)絡消費便利化水平。

To improve the competence of the elderly in terms of technology, measures will be taken to increase the supply of senior-friendly products, redesign internet applications, and enhance technology training for them.
便利老年人使用智能化產(chǎn)品和服務應用，包括擴大適老化智能終端產(chǎn)品供給、推進互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應用適老化改造、開展老年人智能技術教育。

【單詞講解】

這里的-friendly作為后綴，通常用在名詞后面，表示“對...友好的”，比如：user-friendly interface（用戶友好的界面）、environment-friendly（對環(huán)境友好的/環(huán)保的）。

方案提出，到2020年底前，集中力量推動各項傳統(tǒng)服務兜底保障到位，抓緊出臺實施一批解決老年人運用智能技術最迫切問題的有效措施（introduce a string of measures effectively addressing the most pressing problems of the elderly in using smart technologies），切實滿足老年人基本生活需要。

打賞實名制 real-name management for livestreaming reward

國家廣播電視總局近日發(fā)布《關于加強網(wǎng)絡秀場直播和電商直播管理的通知》。

Livestreaming shows and hosts should be clearly classified, based on their content, as music, dance, singing, fitness or games, among other categories, according to the circular.
通知明確，網(wǎng)絡秀場直播平臺要對節(jié)目內(nèi)容和對應主播實行標簽分類管理，按“音樂”“舞蹈”“唱歌”“健身”“游戲”等進行分類標注。

【單詞講解】

Livestreaming是live（讀作 /la?v/）和streaming兩個詞的合成形式，這里的live是形容詞，表示“現(xiàn)場的”，比如我們看春節(jié)晚會的時候，主持人就會說，這里是春晚直播現(xiàn)場，We are here at the live broadcast of the Spring Festival Gala；streaming最初被翻譯成“流媒體”，其實就是在網(wǎng)絡上播放音頻或者視頻文件，比如在線平臺網(wǎng)飛（Netflix）就是一個TV and movie streaming platform（影視劇在線播放平臺），而stream用作動詞的時候，也可以用來表達“在線播放”，比如：Millions of videos are streamed every day on Youtube.（油管上每天播放的視頻有數(shù)百萬個）。那么把live和streaming結(jié)合在一起，就是在線播放現(xiàn)場的音頻或視頻，簡而言之就是“直播”。

“打賞”用戶實行實名制管理

According to the circular, online show and livestreaming platforms should implement real-name management for their hosts and users keen on rewarding hosts. In addition, underage users and those who don't register with their real names should not be allowed to reward hosts.
網(wǎng)絡秀場直播平臺要對網(wǎng)絡主播和“打賞”用戶實行實名制管理。未實名制注冊的用戶不能打賞，未成年用戶不能打賞。

【單詞講解】

在關于“打賞”的英文報道中，我們經(jīng)?？吹降谋硎鍪莟ip和reward。Tip的用法很多，之所以會被用來表示“打賞”，是因為tip用作動詞和名詞的時候，有一個意思是“(pay) a small amount of money to someone who has provided you with a service, in addition to the official payment and for their personal use”（在正常支付賬單之外，給為你提供服務的人員支付的一小筆額外費用，供其個人使用），即“（付）小費”，比如：He gave the porter a tip/He tipped the porter（他給行李員付了小費）。而reward通常指“something (as money) given or offered in return for a service, good behavior, excellent work, etc.”（對接受的服務、良好的表現(xiàn)或者出色的工作等行為做出的獎賞、回報），也可以直接用作動詞來表示“獎賞（某人）”，比如：The company rewarded him for his years of service with a grand farewell party and several presents（公司用一個盛大的派對和很多禮物回饋他多年的工作付出）；Salespeople who are willing to work longer hours will receive significant rewards（主動加班的銷售員會拿到豐厚的回報）。

在看直播的過程中，用戶打賞行為多是因為主播的表現(xiàn)好、內(nèi)容吸引人等因素，而不是主播為用戶提供了什么具體的服務，因此，個人以為這里的“打賞”用reward更合適。

The platforms should also put a cap on rewards given to hosts.
平臺應對最高打賞金額進行限制。

When a user's daily or monthly amount of reward reaches half the limit, the platform should send an alert. Users will be allowed to reward hosts after they confirm through a short messaging service, the circular said.The reward feature will be suspended for users whose daily or monthly limit is reached, it added.
在用戶每日或每月累計“打賞”達到限額一半時，平臺應有消費提醒，經(jīng)短信驗證等方式確認后，才能進行下一步消費，達到“打賞”每日或每月限額，應暫停相關用戶的“打賞”功能。

It stated that the platforms should set a delayed arrival period for the reward, and if a host commits an illegal act, the platform should return the reward to the users.
平臺應對“打賞”設置延時到賬期，如主播出現(xiàn)違法行為，平臺應將“打賞”返還用戶。

失信約束制度 the mechanism for deterring acts of bad faith

日前召開的國務院常務會議，確定完善失信約束制度（the mechanism for deterring acts of bad faith）、健全社會信用體系（the social credit system）的措施，為發(fā)展社會主義市場經(jīng)濟提供支撐。

會議明確了六方面措施：

Administrative departments must determine acts of bad faith on the basis of legally binding documents.
行政機關將特定行為納入公共信用信息，必須嚴格以法律、法規(guī)等為依據(jù)。

The scope and procedures for sharing credit information will be standardized. The principle of legality and necessity will be observed when deciding whether and to what extent credit information is shared and disclosed.
規(guī)范信用信息共享公開范圍和程序。信用信息是否及在何種范圍共享和公開要堅持合法、必要原則。

【單詞講解】

Credit這個詞用法很多，在學校里多用來表示“學分”，比如：He enrolled in a documentary course worth 20 credits（他修了一門紀錄片的課程，有20個學分）；此外，credit還可以用來表示銀行賬戶的“余額”或“信用、信譽”，比如：Jacob found out his bank account was out of credit.（Jacob 銀行卡里沒有余額了），銀行通常在給人貸款之前會進行 “credit check 信用審查”，并給申請者一個 “信用評分 credit score 或 credit rating”；另外，credit還有一個常用意思就是 “贊揚、認可、功勞、榮譽”，比如：You should take all the credits for this accomplishment（這個成就應該完全歸功于你）。

The identification of lists of entities that have carried out serious acts of bad faith will be better regulated. The list will be limited to those who put public health and safety in grave jeopardy, seriously sabotage fair market competition order or disrupt normal social order. The list will not be willfully expanded without authorization.
規(guī)范嚴重失信主體名單認定標準，按照有關規(guī)定嚴格限定為嚴重危害群眾身體健康和生命安全、嚴重破壞市場公平競爭秩序和社會正常秩序等方面的責任主體，不得擅自增加或擴展。具體認定要嚴格履行程序。

Punishment against bad-faith acts will be enforced in accordance with laws and regulations, to make sure that penalties are meted out commensurate with dishonest behaviors.
依法依規(guī)開展失信懲戒，確保過懲相當。

【單詞講解】

這里的commensurate是形容詞，表示“（在大小、重要性、質(zhì)量等方面）相稱的”，通常與with連用，比如：a salary that is commensurate with skills and experience（與技能經(jīng)驗相匹配的薪水）。

A credit repair mechanism will be established. Entities will be allowed to fix negative credit records, unless otherwise stipulated by laws and regulations, should they correct dishonest behaviors and eliminate their adverse impact.
建立有利于自我糾錯的信用修復機制。除法律法規(guī)等另有規(guī)定外，失信主體按要求糾正失信行為、消除不良影響的均可申請信用修復。

The meeting underlined the need to strengthen information security and privacy protection. Illegal collection and transaction of credit information will be strictly cracked down on.
加強信息安全和隱私保護。嚴厲打擊非法收集、買賣信用信息違法行為。

（中國日報網(wǎng)英語點津 Helen）