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2020年10月新聞熱詞匯總

中國日報網(wǎng) 2020-11-02 10:40

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未成年人保護法 Law on Protection of Minors

10月17日,新修訂的《未成年人保護法》經(jīng)十三屆全國人大常委會第二十二次會議表決通過,自2021年6月1日起施行。

 

The amended Law on Protection of Minors has almost twice as many clauses as the old version of the law and includes a new chapter on internet protection in a bid to protect those under the age of 18 when they are online.
新修訂的《未成年人保護法》比現(xiàn)行法律增加了近一倍條款,并新增“網(wǎng)絡保護”章,以保護未成年人網(wǎng)絡安全。

【單詞講解】

Minor這個詞用法很多,可以用作動詞、名詞和形容詞。在法律上,minor指未滿18歲的人,即“未成年人”。在學校里,minor可以指“輔修(課程)”或者“輔修生”,與major(專業(yè))相對,比如,I'm minoring in computer science./Computer science is my minor.(我輔修計算機科學。)用作形容詞的時候,minor也是與major相對的,表示“次要的、輕微的、小的”,比如,She played a number of minor roles in films.(她在電影里扮演過一些小角色。)

Underage和minor都表示“未成年”,二者的區(qū)別在于,underage是形容詞,表示“is legally too young to do something”,也就是“未到法定年齡的”,比如:underage youth(未成年人)、underage drinking(未成年人飲酒行為)等;而minor是名詞,與adult相對,大家應該都很熟悉了,比如:cigarette sales to minors are not allowed(禁止向未成年人銷售香煙)。

 

針對未成年人沉迷網(wǎng)絡等問題,新修訂的《未成年人保護法》作出規(guī)定:

Internet product and service providers shall not offer minors with products and services that induce addiction, says the revision.
網(wǎng)絡產(chǎn)品和服務提供者不得向未成年人提供誘導其沉迷的產(chǎn)品和服務。

Providers of online services, including game, livestream, audio and video, and social media, shall set up corresponding functions such as time limit, authorization and consumption limit for minors, according to the revision.
網(wǎng)絡游戲、網(wǎng)絡直播、網(wǎng)絡音視頻、網(wǎng)絡社交等網(wǎng)絡服務提供者應當針對未成年人使用其服務設置相應的時間管理、權限管理、消費管理等功能。

 

在應對網(wǎng)絡欺凌方面,新修訂的《未成年人保護法》作出規(guī)定,

The minors under cyberbullying and their parents and guardians have the right to inform the internet service providers to take measures such as deleting, blocking or disconnecting links.
遭受網(wǎng)絡欺凌的未成年人及其父母或者其他監(jiān)護人有權通知網(wǎng)絡服務提供者采取刪除、屏蔽、斷開鏈接等措施。

【單詞講解】

Cyberbullying(網(wǎng)絡欺凌),這個概念指的是人們通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對個人或群體的惡意、重復傷害行為。Bully這個詞作名詞講的時候就是指“惡霸,仗勢欺人者”,比如:I fell victim to the office bully.(我成了辦公室惡霸的欺凌對象),所以,實施網(wǎng)絡欺凌的人是cyberbully,實施校園欺凌的人就叫school bully。

 

Upon receiving the notice, the service provider shall take necessary measures to stop the bullying and prevent the spread of related information, says the revision.
網(wǎng)絡服務提供者接到通知后,應當及時采取必要的措施制止網(wǎng)絡欺凌行為,防止信息擴散。

 

向性侵和欺凌說不

The revision also makes provisions on sexual assault and harassment against minors, stipulating that schools and kindergartens shall not conceal such illegal and criminal acts, and shall promptly report to the public security and education authorities, and cooperate with relevant departments according to law.
對性侵害、性騷擾未成年人等違法犯罪行為,學校、幼兒園不得隱瞞,應當及時向公安機關、教育行政部門報告,并配合相關部門依法處理。


The revised law makes it clear that the country should establish a database of offenders who sexually assault, abuse, abduct or violently harm children and share the information with facilities that work with minors.
國家建立性侵害、虐待、拐賣、暴力傷害等違法犯罪人員信息查詢系統(tǒng),向密切接觸未成年人的單位提供免費查詢服務。

 

強化各方報告義務

Hotel operators should ask children for the phone numbers of their parents or guardians when they try to check in alone or with other adults. The operators must call police quickly if they uncover a suspected crime or violation of the law.
旅館、賓館、酒店等住宿經(jīng)營者接待未成年人入住,或者接待未成年人和成年人共同入住時,應當詢問父母或者其他監(jiān)護人的聯(lián)系方式等有關情況;發(fā)現(xiàn)有違法犯罪嫌疑的,應當立即向公安機關報告。

 

含汞體溫計 mercury thermometers

國家藥監(jiān)局在其網(wǎng)站發(fā)布《國家藥監(jiān)局綜合司關于履行有關事項的通知》。

China will ban the production of mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers nationwide starting in 2026, according to the statement.
通知指出,自2026年起,我國將全面禁止生產(chǎn)含汞體溫計和含汞血壓計產(chǎn)品。

【單詞講解】

Mercury除了在這里表示“汞(水銀)”之外,首字母大寫的時候Mercury還是太陽系八大行星之一“水星”的英文名稱,水星也是太陽系八大行星(eight planets in the solar system)中離太陽最近、體積最小的行星。其他幾個行星按照距離太陽由近及遠的順序排列分別是:Venus(金星)、Earth(地球)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)、Saturn(土星)、Uranus(天王星)、Neptune(海王星)。

Thermometer讀作[θ?(r)'m?m?t?(r)],指“溫度計;體溫計”,這個詞由thermo和meter兩部分組成,thermo表示“熱的,熱力的”,一般用作合成詞的前綴,比如,thermoanalysis(熱分析)等,我們冬季常用的保溫杯就是thermos;meter在這里并不是我們所熟知的距離單位“米”,而是“計量器”,比如,出租車上計程打表的儀器就叫taxi meter。新冠肺炎疫情期間銷售火爆的“額溫槍”是forehead thermometer,機場、地鐵使用的“紅外測溫儀”就是infrared-enabled thermometer。


通知提到:

Medical equipment manufacturers with valid registration certificates and production licenses are allowed to continue their production of such medical devices and will be granted renewal of their certificates until Dec 31, 2025.
已經(jīng)取得醫(yī)療器械注冊證的含汞體溫計和含汞血壓計產(chǎn)品,原注冊證在證書有效期內繼續(xù)有效,注冊證有效期屆滿可以申請延續(xù)注冊,但限定其注冊證有效期不得超過2025年12月31日。


In terms of those who are in the process of acquiring production certification, the administration still will issue registration certificates and production licenses in accordance with the regulation, with the validity period not exceeding Dec 31, 2025.
已經(jīng)按照醫(yī)療器械受理的含汞體溫計和含汞血壓計產(chǎn)品,繼續(xù)按照醫(yī)療器械進行審評審批,準予注冊的,發(fā)給醫(yī)療器械注冊證,限定其注冊證書有效期不得超過2025年12月31日。


【知識點】

汞俗稱水銀,是常溫下唯一呈液態(tài)的金屬(metal which is liquid at ordinary temperatures),大量應用于各種產(chǎn)品和工藝中。汞及其化合物(mercury and its compounds)的產(chǎn)生、使用和排放會造成環(huán)境污染(environmental pollution),嚴重時引起人類和哺乳類動物神經(jīng)、免疫、生殖系統(tǒng)(neural, immune and reproductive systems)的機能紊亂,尤其對胎兒和孕婦有較大影響。


我國是首批加入《關于汞的水俁公約》(the Minamata Convention on Mercury)的國家,該公約簡稱為 《水俁公約》,其目標是保護人體健康和環(huán)境免受汞和汞化合物人為排放和釋放的危害(to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of anthropogenic releases of mercury)?!端畟R公約》得名于日本城市水俁,1950年代后期,水俁當?shù)鼐用袷艿奖还廴镜墓I(yè)廢水(the release of mercury into industrial wastewater)的毒害。全球通過了《關于汞的水俁公約》,以紀念因汞中毒而喪生的眾多遇難者,并要求相關行業(yè)吸取教訓。該公約通過采用現(xiàn)有的較好做法以及較安全替代品,對汞的生命周期進行管控來幫助所有國家。

 

新冠疫苗 COVID-19 vaccine

China currently has 13 vaccine candidates in clinical trials, of which three inactivated vaccines and one adenovirus vector vaccine are in phase three trials, and about 60,000 volunteers have been inoculated with the four vaccine candidates, said Tian Baoguo, deputy head of the Department of Science and Technology for Social Development of the Ministry of Science and Technology.
科技部社會發(fā)展科技司副司長田保國介紹,目前我國已有13個疫苗進入臨床階段。其中,滅活疫苗和腺病毒載體疫苗兩種技術路線共4個疫苗進入三期臨床。截至目前,共計約6萬名受試者接種。

【單詞講解】

關于“疫苗”的幾個詞,vaccine就是“疫苗”本身,vaccinate就是“注射疫苗、接種疫苗”這個動作,而其名詞形式vaccination就是“接種疫苗”這件事。上文中用到的inoculate在表示“接種(疫苗)”這個意思的時候與vaccinate是可以互換使用的,其名詞形式是inoculation,不過inoculate還可以表示“灌輸(思想)”,常用的搭配是inoculate someone with,比如:The teacher inoculated them with the idea that the individual can always make a difference in this world.(老師給他們灌輸?shù)乃枷胧牵瑐€人是可以給這個世界帶來改變的。)


Ⅲ期臨床試驗結果是驗證疫苗保護力(vaccine-induced protection)國際公認的有效性指標。田保國介紹,目前進入Ⅲ期臨床試驗的新冠病毒疫苗,發(fā)生的不良反應基本為輕度不良反應(mild adverse reactions),比如接種部位局部疼痛、紅腫(pain and swelling at the injection site),以及一過性的低燒、發(fā)熱等。

 

今年年底我國疫苗產(chǎn)能或達6.1億劑

國家衛(wèi)生健康委科技發(fā)展中心主任鄭忠偉介紹,

The nation's annual COVID-19 vaccine production capacity could reach 610 million doses this year and it will expand further next year.
預計今年年底我國疫苗的產(chǎn)能能達到6.1億劑。明年我國新冠疫苗的年產(chǎn)能,將在此基礎上有效擴大。

【單詞講解】

Capacity這個詞通常表示“容量;(生產(chǎn))能力”,比如,The stadium has a seating capacity of 50,000.(這個體育館能容納5萬名觀眾);We have enough production capacity to ensure equitable access to a COVID-19 vaccine. (我們有足夠的產(chǎn)能確保新冠疫苗公平分配)。這幾年的《政府工作報告》中經(jīng)常提到的“三去一降一補”就包括“去產(chǎn)能”,完整的說法是:去產(chǎn)能、去庫存、去杠桿、降成本、補短板(cutting overcapacity, destocking, deleveraging, reducing costs and fixing weak links)。

 

生態(tài)環(huán)境質量改善 environmental improvements

China will be able to meet all of its nine pollution control targets during the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-20) period as scheduled. "The environmental improvements in the country after 2015 have been bigger than those in each of the other five-year plan periods," said Zhao Yingmin, vice-minister of ecology and environment, at the news conference.
生態(tài)環(huán)境部副部長趙英民在發(fā)布會上表示,“十三五”時期是迄今為止生態(tài)環(huán)境質量改善成效最大的五年,我國將如期完成“十三五”規(guī)劃綱要確定的9項污染防治指標。

 

【單詞講解】

這里的as scheduled是一個固定搭配,表示“按時、如期”,比如:The train will be leaving as scheduled.(火車會按時發(fā)車)。Schedule這個詞,我們并不陌生,可以用作動詞或名詞表示“安排日程;日程”,比如,I have a hectic schedule this week(我這周要忙死了)。My English lesson is scheduled for 2 pm.(我的英語課安排在下午2點)。值得注意的是,這個詞在英式英語和美式英語中的發(fā)音很不一樣,在英式英語中讀作[??ed?.u?l],在美式英語中讀作[?sked?.u?l],大家不要記混了哦。


從具體指標看,與2015年相比,

2019年全國地表水質量達到或好于Ⅲ類水體(the proportion of surface water with a water quality rating of Grade III or higher)比例上升8.9個百分點,達到74.9%,

地表水質量劣Ⅴ類水體比例(the proportion of water with quality below Grade V)下降6.3個百分點,達到3.4%;

細顆粒物(PM2.5)未達標地級及以上城市濃度(density of PM 2.5 in prefecture-level cities with low air quality standards)下降23.1%,

全國337個地級及以上城市空氣質量優(yōu)良天數(shù)比率(the proportion of days with good air quality in 337 prefecture-level cities)達到82%;

化學需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放總量(discharge of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, and oxynitride)累計分別下降11.5%、11.9%、22.5%、16.3%;

單位GDP二氧化碳排放(carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP)累計降低18.2%。


除地級及以上城市空氣質量優(yōu)良天數(shù)比率這一項指標外,其余8項約束性指標均已完成“十三五”規(guī)劃綱要確定的目標。


針對尚未完成的這一項指標,趙英民介紹,

From January to September, the proportion of days with fairly good air quality in those cities reached 87.2 percent, 5.7 percentage points higher than that of the same period in 2019. The country is expected to meet its ninth goal of at least 84.5 percent of days with good air quality in the 337 monitored cities by year's end.
今年1至9月,地級及以上城市空氣質量優(yōu)良天數(shù)比率為87.2%,同比上升5.7個百分點。預計能夠順利完成“十三五”規(guī)劃綱要確定的“全國337個地級及以上城市空氣質量優(yōu)良天數(shù)比率達到84.5%以上”這個目標。

 

駕照年齡限制 age limit for driving license

China will allow citizens over 70 to apply for driving licenses, on condition that their health meets the requirements for safe driving, the Ministry of Public Security announced.
公安部表示,身體條件達到安全駕駛要求的情況下,70歲以上的人員可以申請駕照。

【單詞講解】

“駕照”可以用driving license或者driver's license表示。根據(jù)現(xiàn)行規(guī)定,想考取駕照的人必須上至少64小時的driving classes held by training schools(駕校課程),包括兩門driving theory(駕照理論)課和兩門driving practice(駕照實踐)課。


允許70歲以上人員申請的駕照類型分別為小型汽車(compact cars)、小型自動擋汽車(compact automatic transmission cars)、輕便摩托車(lightweight motorcycle)。

Applicants over 70 will have to pass tests of their memory, judgment, reaction time and other abilities to ensure they are capable of driving safely. They will also need to have a medical checkup and submit the result each year.
70周歲以上人員考領駕駛證的,增加記憶力、判斷力、反應力等能力測試,保證身體條件符合安全駕駛要求,且需每年進行一次身體檢查,提交體檢證明。

 

其他年齡限制調整

The minimum age requirement for a driver's license for a large coach will be reduced from 26 to 22, and that for a driver's license for a towing vehicle from 24 to 22. The upper age limit for a driver's license for large or medium-sized passenger cars and trucks will be raised from 50 to 60.
對于申請大型客車、牽引車駕駛證的年齡下限由26周歲、24周歲降低至22周歲,申請大中型客貨車駕駛證年齡上限由50周歲調整至60周歲。


擴大體檢醫(yī)療機構范圍

License applicants will be able to have the checkups in nearby medical institutions, including township hospitals, community health service centers and physical examination centers.
駕照申請者可選擇就近的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院、社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務中心、健康體檢中心等醫(yī)療機構進行體檢。


擴大機動車免檢范圍

Excluding minivans, noncommercial cars with seven to nine seats that have been in operation for more than six years but less than 10 years will no longer need to pass an annual inspection. Instead, they will now be inspected once every two years.
對非營運小微型客車(面包車除外)超過6年不滿10年的,由每年檢驗1次調整為每兩年檢驗1次。

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