10月，中國正式加入“新冠肺炎疫苗實施計劃”；中共中央辦公廳、國務院辦公廳印發(fā)了《深圳建設中國特色社會主義先行示范區(qū)綜合改革試點實施方案（2020－2025年）》；刑事責任年齡擬調整；“兩高一部”發(fā)布指導意見應對“碰瓷”；新修訂的《未成年人保護法》表決通過；部分車型駕照70歲年齡上限將取消；京滬高鐵將推出“靜音車廂”；中國共產(chǎn)黨第十九屆中央委員會第五次全體會議召開，審議通過了《中共中央關于制定國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展第十四個五年規(guī)劃和二〇三五年遠景目標的建議》（proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035）。

新冠肺炎疫苗實施計劃 COVAX

China signed an agreement with Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, officially joining COVAX on Oct 8. This is an important step China has taken to uphold the concept of a shared community of health for all and to honor its commitment of turning COVID-19 vaccines into a global public good.
10月8日，中國同全球疫苗免疫聯(lián)盟簽署協(xié)議，正式加入“新冠肺炎疫苗實施計劃”。這是中國秉持人類衛(wèi)生健康共同體理念、履行自身承諾推動疫苗成為全球公共產(chǎn)品的一個重要舉措。

新冠肺炎疫苗實施計劃”由世界衛(wèi)生組織和全球疫苗免疫聯(lián)盟、流行病防范創(chuàng)新聯(lián)盟共同牽頭成立，擬于2021年底前向全球提供20億劑新冠肺炎疫苗，供應給“自費經(jīng)濟體”和“受資助經(jīng)濟體”。包括我國在內的“自費經(jīng)濟體”需向該計劃承諾為本經(jīng)濟體一定比例人口購買疫苗并繳納預付款，而“受資助經(jīng)濟體”無須繳納預付款，同時享受該計劃補貼。

COVID-19 vaccine development and deployment in China, when available, will be made a global public good. This will be China’s contribution to ensuring vaccine accessibility and affordability in developing countries.
中國新冠疫苗研發(fā)完成并投入使用后，將作為全球公共產(chǎn)品，為實現(xiàn)疫苗在發(fā)展中國家的可及性和可擔負性作出中國貢獻。

中國特色社會主義先行示范區(qū) a pilot demonstration area of socialism with Chinese characteristics

中共中央辦公廳、國務院辦公廳印發(fā)了《深圳建設中國特色社會主義先行示范區(qū)綜合改革試點實施方案（2020－2025年）》。

Supporting Shenzhen to pilot the comprehensive authorized reform measures is another significant step to advance the city's opening-up in the new era and a key move in building a pilot demonstration area of socialism with Chinese characteristics, said the document.
方案指出，支持深圳實施綜合授權改革試點，是新時代推動深圳改革開放再出發(fā)的又一重大舉措，是建設中國特色社會主義先行示范區(qū)的關鍵一招。

方案提出的主要目標是：

In 2020, major reform measures are expected to be taken in the spheres of market-based allocation of production factors, business environment optimization, and the utilization of urban space, while a list specifying the first batch of authorized matters shall be formulated and implemented.
2020年，在要素市場化配置、營商環(huán)境優(yōu)化、城市空間統(tǒng)籌利用等重要領域推出一批重大改革措施，制定實施首批綜合授權事項清單，推動試點開好局、起好步。

In 2022, significant institutional achievements that can be replicated and promoted shall be made in all relevant aspects.
2022年，各方面制度建設取得重要進展，形成一批可復制可推廣的重大制度成果，試點取得階段性成效。

In 2025, landmark achievements shall be scored, with the pilot reform tasks basically completed and providing an essential paradigm for institutional building throughout the country.
2025年，重要領域和關鍵環(huán)節(jié)改革取得標志性成果，基本完成試點改革任務，為全國制度建設作出重要示范。

方案其他要點：

To further optimize business environment, the plan said that the special economic zone will draw up a list of special measures to relax restrictions on sectors including energy, telecommunication, public service, transport and education based on the nationwide negative list.
進一步優(yōu)化營商環(huán)境，在全國統(tǒng)一的市場準入負面清單基礎上，制定深圳放寬市場準入特別措施清單，放寬能源、電信、公用事業(yè)、交通運輸、教育等領域市場準入。

Greater efforts will be made to further loosen limits on foreign investment in cutting-edge technologies, and improve the system of fair competition, the document said.
進一步放寬前沿技術領域的外商投資準入限制。支持完善公平競爭制度。

The city will pilot the legal protection of new intellectual property rights (IPR), establish a compensation system for IPR infringements, and explore legislation in emerging areas.
開展新型知識產(chǎn)權法律保護試點，建立知識產(chǎn)權侵權懲罰性賠償制度，在新興領域加強立法探索。

Shenzhen will also help foreign talent obtain Chinese permanent residence permits and attend professional qualification examinations.
為符合條件的外籍高層次人才申請永久居留提供便利。放寬境外人員參加各類職業(yè)資格考試的限制。

Opening-up in the finance and shipping industries will be strengthened, with more efforts to advance the renminbi internationalization and improve the foreign exchange management system.
擴大金融業(yè)、航運業(yè)等對外開放。支持深圳在推進人民幣國際化方面先行先試，推動完善外匯管理體制。

Foreign institutions will be encouraged to set up securities and fund management companies in the city, the document said.
支持符合條件的外資金融機構在深圳依法發(fā)起設立證券公司、基金管理公司。

野生動物 wild animals

Captive breeding of 45 types of wild animals, including bamboo rats, will be phased out by the end of this year, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration said.
國家林草局表示，對于竹鼠等45種野生動物，要在年底前逐步停止養(yǎng)殖活動。

確需適量保留種源（for the purpose of keeping the species alive）用于科學研究等非食用性目的的，要充分論證工作方案的可行性，并嚴格履行相關手續(xù)。

【詞匯講解】

這里的短語phase out表示“逐步淘汰，逐步停止”，因為phase本身就有“階段”的意思，所以phase out強調的就是分階段、一步一步地停止。比如：They phased out my job in favor of a computer.（他們一步步用電腦取代了我的崗位）。這個短語的名詞形式是phase-out，比如：The project is currently in its phase-out period.（這個項目目前處于逐步收尾階段）。

Another 19 wild animals, including hedgehogs, guinea pigs, nutrias and cobras, will be allowed to be raised for species protection, scientific study, medical use and the pet industry, but stricter regulation of farming and quarantine inspections will be required.
對于刺猬、豚鼠、海貍鼠、眼鏡蛇等19種野生動物，允許用于保留種源、科研、藥用、寵物等非食用性目的的養(yǎng)殖，強化日常監(jiān)督管理，嚴格落實防疫檢疫相關要求。

今年2月24日，十三屆全國人大常委會第十六次會議表決通過了《全國人民代表大會常務委員會關于全面禁止非法野生動物交易、革除濫食野生動物陋習、切實保障人民群眾生命健康安全的決定》。

The decision has made it clear that all wildlife on the protection list of the existing Wild Animal Protection Law or other laws, and all terrestrial wildlife, including those artificially bred and farmed, are banned from consumption.
決定明確規(guī)定，凡野生動物保護法和其他有關法律禁止的，以及人工繁育、人工飼養(yǎng)的陸生野生動物，全面禁止食用。

全面禁止以食用為目的獵捕、交易、運輸在野外環(huán)境自然生長繁殖的陸生野生動物（hunting, trading and transportation of wild terrestrial animals for purposes of consumption）。

對于鴿、兔等人工養(yǎng)殖、利用時間長、技術成熟，人民群眾已廣泛接受的人工飼養(yǎng)的動物（farm-raised animals），決定規(guī)定，列入畜禽遺傳資源目錄的動物，屬于家畜家禽（under the category of poultry and livestock），適用畜牧法的規(guī)定。

青少年犯罪 juvenile delinquency

10月13日，刑法修正案（十一）草案二審稿提請全國人大常委會審議。草案二審稿的一系列新修改引人注目。

* 擬個別調整刑事責任年齡

If a juvenile who has reached the age of 12, but is under 14, commits intentional homicide or inflicts an injury that leads to death under flagrant circumstances, he or she shall bear criminal responsibility upon attestation and approval of the Supreme People's Procuratorate (SPP), according to the draft.
草案規(guī)定，已滿12周歲不滿14周歲的人，犯故意殺人、故意傷害罪，致人死亡，情節(jié)惡劣的，經(jīng)最高人民檢察院核準，應當負刑事責任。

【單詞講解】

英語中關于“青少年犯罪”有一個固定的說法juvenile delinquency/juvenile offending，juvenile讀作[d?u?v?na?l]，指“未成年、青少年”，也可以用作形容詞表示某人“孩子氣的、幼稚的”，與childish、silly意思相近，比如：Don't be so juvenile（別那么幼稚了）。Delinquency這個詞讀作[d?l??kw?nsi]，指“違法行為”，尤指青少年的違法行為，實施違法行為的青少年就可以稱為delinquent。

草案規(guī)定，因不滿16周歲不予刑事處罰的，責令他的家長或者監(jiān)護人加以管教；在必要的時候，依法進行專門矯治教育（corrective education）。

* 擬明確規(guī)定監(jiān)護、收養(yǎng)等人員性侵犯罪

The draft stipulates that guardians and those who adopt underage females aged between 14 and 16 shall be investigated for engaging in criminal sexual activity, regardless of whether the minors agree or not. Others targeted include those who have special duties of giving medical treatment to and educating the juveniles.
草案規(guī)定，對負有監(jiān)護、收養(yǎng)、看護、教育、醫(yī)療等特殊職責人員，與已滿14周歲不滿16周歲未成年女性發(fā)生性關系的，不論未成年人是否同意，都應追究刑事責任。

【單詞講解】

這里的underage和minor都表示“未成年”，二者的區(qū)別在于，underage是形容詞，表示“is legally too young to do something”，也就是“未到法定年齡的”，比如：underage youth（未成年人）、underage drinking（未成年人飲酒行為）等；而minor是名詞，與adult相對，大家應該都很熟悉了，比如：cigarette sales to minors are not allowed（禁止向未成年人銷售香煙）。

此外，草案還明確將“冒名頂替上大學”等行為規(guī)定為犯罪。

草案規(guī)定，盜用、冒用他人身份，頂替他人取得的高等學歷教育入學資格、公務員錄用資格、就業(yè)安置待遇的（identity theft in college admission, public office qualification and employment），處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制，并處罰金。

碰瓷 staged crash fraud

最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部近日聯(lián)合印發(fā)《關于依法辦理“碰瓷”違法犯罪案件的指導意見》，全面加強對此類違法犯罪行為的打擊力度。

The guideline identifies and specifies several illegal acts, such as deliberately crashing a car to claim compensation, and their corresponding punishments.
指導意見針對“碰瓷”手法多樣的情況，進一步明確案件的定性和處罰。

【單詞講解】

這里用deliberately crashing a car to claim compensation來表示“碰瓷”，其實是用了解釋說明的辦法，即“故意撞車以索要賠償”，更簡潔的表達可以是“staged crash fraud”或“staged (auto) accident fraud”。我們都知道stage作為名詞有“舞臺”的意思，用作動詞的時候stage也可以表示“（為了吸引公眾注意而）安排、組織（某件事）”，所以，staged crash/accident都是“刻意制造出來的車禍（意外）”，而最后的fraud正是組織這件事的目的。

指導意見明確，

Acts of fabricating facts, concealing truths and swindling compensation, that meet the relating provisions of the Criminal Law, shall be convicted and punished as the crime of fraud, according to the guideline.
虛構事實、隱瞞真相，騙取賠償，符合刑法有關規(guī)定的，以詐騙罪定罪處罰。

Malicious behavior, including fabricating facts about the infringement of personal or property rights and interests as well as bringing a civil lawsuit on the grounds of a fake civil dispute, shall be punished as the offense of false charges if meeting the relating provisions of the Criminal Law, it adds.
捏造人身、財產(chǎn)權益受到侵害的事實，虛構民事糾紛，提起民事訴訟，符合刑法有關規(guī)定的，以虛假訴訟罪定罪處罰。

The guideline also stipulates that whoever deliberately causes a traffic accident and blackmails the victim utilizing the victim's violation of provisions on road passage, which meets the relating provisions of the Criminal Law, shall be punished as the crime of extortion by blackmail.
“碰瓷”團伙若故意制造交通事故進而利用被害人違反道路通行規(guī)定等相要挾的，符合刑法有關規(guī)定的，以敲詐勒索罪定罪處罰。

【單詞講解】

這里表達“敲詐勒索”時用到了兩個詞：extortion和blackmail。我們先說大家更熟悉的blackmail，這個詞強調的是“對方手里有受害人的某種把柄，并以此為要挾，要求受害人支付錢財”，所以我們通常翻譯為“勒索”。Extortion適用的范圍要比blackmail更廣，除了用黑料要挾受害人以外，還包括用暴力、恐嚇、損壞財物等手段威脅受害人，以得到財物，所以，extortion在法律領域通常翻譯為“恐嚇取財”。

A relatively stable criminal organization formed by three or more persons for committing such blackmail-related crimes jointly should be considered as a criminal group, it said, noting that those in conformity with the identification standard of gang crimes should be investigated, prosecuted and tried accordingly.
三人以上為共同故意實施“碰瓷”犯罪而組成的較為固定的犯罪組織，應當認定為犯罪集團。符合黑惡勢力認定標準的，應當按照黑社會性質組織、惡勢力或者惡勢力犯罪集團偵查、起訴、審判。

消除絕對貧困 eradicate absolute poverty

Tibet Autonomous Region has accomplished the historical feat of eradicating absolute poverty, according to a press briefing held in the regional capital of Lhasa Thursday. By the end of 2019, Tibet had lifted 628,000 people out of poverty and delisted 74 county-level areas from the poverty list, said Wu Yingjie, Communist Party of China chief of Tibet.
西藏自治區(qū)委員會書記吳英杰在發(fā)布會上表示，截至2019年底，西藏74個貧困縣全部摘帽，62.8萬建檔立卡貧困人口全部脫貧，歷史性消除絕對貧困。

【知識點】

脫貧攻堅中經(jīng)常提到的四類重點人群是：建檔立卡貧困戶（households registered as living under the poverty line）、低保戶（people eligible for subsistence allowances）、農(nóng)村分散供養(yǎng)特困人員（individuals who live at home in rural areas in extreme poverty and receive basic assistance）和貧困殘疾人家庭（the families of people with disabilities affected by poverty）。

西藏是全國“三區(qū)三州”深度貧困地區(qū)中唯一的省級集中連片特困地區(qū)（the only contiguous poor area at the provincial level），是脫貧攻堅之初全國貧困發(fā)生率最高（the highest poverty headcount ratio）、貧困程度最深、扶貧成本最高、脫貧難度最大的區(qū)域。

為此，黨中央制定特殊優(yōu)惠政策，西藏各族干部群眾奮發(fā)有為，改變了雪域高原千百年來貧窮落后的面貌。

Since 2016, Tibet has spent 74.8 billion yuan of agriculture-related funds in poverty alleviation, with an average annual increase of over 15 percent, Wu said.
2016年以來，西藏累計統(tǒng)籌整合涉農(nóng)資金748億元用于脫貧攻堅，年均增幅超過15%。

Since 2016, a total of 39.89 billion yuan has been invested in 2,984 poverty alleviation projects, which helped lift more than 238,000 impoverished people out of poverty and benefited more than 840,000 people, according to Wu.
2016年以來，西藏累計投入398.9億元，實施產(chǎn)業(yè)扶貧項目2984個，帶動23.8萬貧困人口脫貧，受益群眾超過84萬人。

To date, the construction of 965 relocation sites has been completed, and 266,000 people have moved into new houses.
截至目前，已建成965個易地扶貧搬遷安置區(qū)（點），26.6萬人搬遷入住。

經(jīng)第三方評估，西藏脫貧攻堅群眾滿意度達99%以上。

消除絕對貧困后，西藏脫貧攻堅將全面轉入鞏固提升階段（consolidate poverty alleviation achievements）。

易地搬遷和職業(yè)培訓堅持群眾自愿

Qizhala, chairman of the regional government of Tibet, told the press briefing that there are no forced vocational education and ensuing employment transfers for local farmers and herders.
西藏自治區(qū)主席齊扎拉表示，不存在強迫當?shù)剞r(nóng)牧民參與職業(yè)培訓和轉移就業(yè)的問題。

With Tibet eliminating absolute poverty and a spate of preferential policies implemented to benefit the people, residents have strong desires to work outside their hometowns and to learn skills. The government answers their desires and demands, Qizhala said.
隨著西藏消除絕對貧困并實施一系列惠民政策，老百姓有強烈的愿望外出打工，老百姓有強烈的愿望想去學技術，而且政府順應了他的愿望和需求。

Vocational education and skills training are popular among local farmers and herders, with them earning a larger proportion of their incomes with skills, said the chairman.
職業(yè)教育和技術培訓在農(nóng)牧民當中很受歡迎，勞動力收入中有技術含量的收入比重在不斷提高。

Local farmers and herders can choose to work within Tibet or in neighboring or other regions, making employment choices of their own free will, Qizhala said.
當?shù)剞r(nóng)牧民可以選擇在西藏就業(yè)，也可以去臨近或其他地區(qū)就業(yè)，就業(yè)選擇自主決定。