正當(dāng)防衛(wèi) justifiable defense

最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部近日聯(lián)合發(fā)布《關(guān)于依法適用正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)制度的指導(dǎo)意見》，對(duì)依法準(zhǔn)確適用正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)制度作出較為全面系統(tǒng)的規(guī)定。

The premise of justifiable defense is the existence of unlawful infringement, which includes not only infringement on the right to life and health, but also the violation of personal freedoms, public and private property, among other rights, according to the guideline.
指導(dǎo)意見明確，正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的前提是存在不法侵害。不法侵害既包括侵犯生命、健康權(quán)利的行為，也包括侵犯人身自由、公私財(cái)產(chǎn)等權(quán)利的行為。

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)（justifiable defense），指對(duì)正在進(jìn)行不法侵害行為的人采取的制止不法侵害的行為，對(duì)不法侵害人造成一定限度損害的，屬于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

我國(guó)《刑法》第二十條對(duì)正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的規(guī)定是：

為了使國(guó)家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利免受正在進(jìn)行的不法侵害，而采取的制止不法侵害的行為，對(duì)不法侵害人造成損害的，屬于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。
If a person employs an act to stop an unlawful infringement for the purposes of avoiding the said infringement for the State's or the public interest or for his own or another person's right of the person, property right or any other right, thus causing harm to the unlawful infringer, the said act shall be regarded as a justifiable defense and the said person shall not bear criminal responsibility.

正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)明顯超過(guò)必要限度造成重大損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕或者免除處罰。
If a justifiable defense apparently exceeds the limits of necessity, thus causing a serious harm, the person involved shall bear criminal responsibility, but be given a mitigated punishment or be exempt from punishment.

對(duì)正在進(jìn)行行兇、殺人、搶劫、強(qiáng)奸、綁架以及其他嚴(yán)重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防衛(wèi)行為，造成不法侵害人傷亡的，不屬于防衛(wèi)過(guò)當(dāng)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。
If a person employs an act of defense to an immediate violent crime of committing physical assault, homicide, robbery, rape, kidnapping or any other crime seriously endangering the safety of another person, thus causing bodily injury or death to the unlawful infringer, the said act shall not be regarded as a defense that exceeds the limits of necessity, and the said person shall not bear criminal responsibility.

其中，“正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)明顯超過(guò)必要限度造成重大損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任”指的就是“防衛(wèi)過(guò)當(dāng)（excessive defense）”。

在正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)制度的具體適用上，指導(dǎo)意見還提出了 “十個(gè)準(zhǔn)確”規(guī)則。例如，要準(zhǔn)確把握正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的起因條件（causal conditions for justifiable defense）、準(zhǔn)確把握正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的時(shí)間條件（timing of justifiable defense）、準(zhǔn)確把握防衛(wèi)過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)囊鈭D條件（intentions of excessive defense）、準(zhǔn)確把握防衛(wèi)過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)男塘P裁量（punishment for excessive defense）及特殊防衛(wèi)的認(rèn)定條件等。

If someone finds that others are causing damage to national or public security, efforts to stop them will also be regarded as self-defense. For example, passengers can stop people trying to grab steering wheels or attack bus drivers while vehicles are in motion, according to the guideline.
指導(dǎo)意見明確，阻止危害國(guó)家或公共安全的行為被視為正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)。比如，在行駛的車輛上，乘客對(duì)于正在進(jìn)行的拉拽方向盤、毆打司機(jī)等行為，可以實(shí)行防衛(wèi)。

In addition, when a person is attacked by a group of people, he or she can fight back not only against the attackers as self-defense, but also those organizing or instigating the attack at the scene, it added.
對(duì)于多人共同實(shí)施不法侵害的，既可以針對(duì)直接實(shí)施不法侵害的人進(jìn)行防衛(wèi)，也可以針對(duì)在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)共同實(shí)施不法侵害的人進(jìn)行防衛(wèi)。

學(xué)位互認(rèn) mutual recognition of qualifications and academic degrees

China has established educational cooperation and exchange with 188 countries and regions and 46 international organizations, and forged agreements with 54 countries on mutual recognition of qualifications and academic degrees in higher education,said Liu Jin, director of the Department of International Cooperation and Exchanges of the MOE.
教育部國(guó)際合作與交流司司長(zhǎng)劉錦表示，中國(guó)已與188個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)、46個(gè)重要國(guó)際組織建立了教育合作與交流關(guān)系，與54個(gè)國(guó)家簽署了高等教育學(xué)歷學(xué)位互認(rèn)協(xié)議。

【單詞講解】

這里的forge原意是“鍛造、鑄造”（heat the metal and then hammer and bend it into the required shape），后引申出“制定、建立”等意思，比如：forge an agreement/forge a good relationship with...（與...簽署協(xié)議/建立良好的關(guān)系）等。此外，forge這個(gè)詞還用來(lái)表示“偽造”，比如：forge passport（偽造護(hù)照）、forge one's signature（偽造某人的簽名），所以其名詞形式forgery就表示“偽造罪；贗品”，比如：this painting is a forgery.（這幅畫是贗品）。

中國(guó)致力于提高雙向留學(xué)質(zhì)量

China is the world's largest source of international students, with about 1.4 million Chinese now studying abroad.
中國(guó)是全球最大留學(xué)生源地國(guó)，目前在海外的留學(xué)生約140萬(wàn)人。

Meanwhile, an increasing number of foreign students choose to study in China. The Chinese government has set up the "Silk Road" scholarship program to help train talents for countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative.
同時(shí)，來(lái)華留學(xué)生數(shù)量持續(xù)增加。中國(guó)政府設(shè)立了“絲綢之路”獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金項(xiàng)目，助力“一帶一路”人才培養(yǎng)。

【單詞講解】

離開自己所在的國(guó)家去其他國(guó)家和地區(qū)的學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)深造的所有學(xué)生統(tǒng)稱為international students（國(guó)際學(xué)生/留學(xué)生），對(duì)于本國(guó)的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，從其他國(guó)家來(lái)我國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生就是foreign students，而離開我們國(guó)家去外國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生則是overseas students，學(xué)成回國(guó)的“海歸”就是overseas returnees。這幾年很流行的“出國(guó)游學(xué)”就是overseas study tour。

劉錦表示，

Despite the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, China will further deepen cooperation and exchange with other countries in the education sector.
雖然受到新冠肺炎疫情影響，中國(guó)仍將繼續(xù)致力于深化拓展與世界各國(guó)在教育領(lǐng)域的互利合作和交流互鑒。

商業(yè)短信 commercial short messages

工信部發(fā)布《通信短信息和語(yǔ)音呼叫服務(wù)管理規(guī)定（征求意見稿）》，擬對(duì)商業(yè)性短信息及商業(yè)性電話的發(fā)送和撥打作出限制，意見反饋截止到9月30日。

The draft regulations say organizations or individuals should not send any commercial short messages or make any commercial calls to users without their consent or request, or after they have been explicitly rejected.
意見稿提出，任何組織或個(gè)人未經(jīng)用戶同意或者請(qǐng)求，或者用戶明確表示拒絕的，不得向其發(fā)送商業(yè)性短信息或撥打商業(yè)性電話。

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

商業(yè)性短信息（commercial short messages）或商業(yè)性電話（commercial calls），是指用于介紹、推銷商品、服務(wù)或者商業(yè)投資機(jī)會(huì)的短信息或電話（short messages or calls used for introduction or marketing of products, services or business investment opportunities）。

Basic telecommunication business operators would not be allowed to provide any access services or communication resources for organizations and individuals that have not obtained business licenses for telecommunication services to engage in commercial short message and voice call services.
基礎(chǔ)電信業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)營(yíng)者不得為未取得電信業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)營(yíng)許可的單位或者個(gè)人提供用于經(jīng)營(yíng)短信息和語(yǔ)音呼叫服務(wù)的接入服務(wù)及通信資源。

【單詞講解】

這里的engage in表示“從事、參與”等意思，通常情況下我們多用engage someone in something這個(gè)固定搭配，比如：You can engage the kids in a game this afternoon so that I can get some work done.（下午你讓孩子們玩游戲，這樣我就能干點(diǎn)兒活。）如果用這個(gè)搭配的被動(dòng)形式，就是someone is engaged in doing something，表示“忙于做某事”，比如：Dad is engaged in fixing the car, so he can't talk right now.（爸爸忙著修車呢，沒(méi)空講話。）另外，我們看美劇的時(shí)候，經(jīng)常會(huì)聽到指揮官對(duì)手下的隊(duì)員們說(shuō)“do not engage”，意思就是“（遇到敵人）不要交戰(zhàn)”，這種情況下engage就是不及物動(dòng)詞，表示“enter into conflict or battle”。

Suppliers of short message services should make sure users have agreed to or asked to receive commercial short messages before sending them out, with records of user consent to be kept for at least five months.
短信息服務(wù)提供者發(fā)送端口類商業(yè)性短信的，應(yīng)當(dāng)確保有關(guān)用戶已同意或請(qǐng)求接收，并保留用戶同意憑證至少5個(gè)月。

婚姻登記 marriage registration

民政部、全國(guó)婦聯(lián)近日聯(lián)合印發(fā)《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)新時(shí)代婚姻家庭輔導(dǎo)教育工作的指導(dǎo)意見》。

Local authorities in China have been asked to compile teaching materials and roll out tutoring sessions aimed at preparing young couples for married life and to introduce a ceremony for marriage certificate presentation to the marriage registration procedure, the guideline said.
指導(dǎo)意見要求，各地要編寫婚前輔導(dǎo)教材，推出婚前輔導(dǎo)課程，幫助當(dāng)事人做好進(jìn)入婚姻狀態(tài)的準(zhǔn)備，同時(shí)還要在婚姻登記流程中引入頒證儀式。

【單詞講解】

這里的marriage registration（婚姻登記）是兩人結(jié)婚必經(jīng)的法定流程，只有在民政部門正式登記才算是合法夫妻（legally wedded couple）。關(guān)于“結(jié)婚”的英文表達(dá)，最簡(jiǎn)單的就是A marries/weds B，其他常用的表達(dá)還有，to tie the knot, to walk down the aisle, to get hitched等。To tie the knot（喜結(jié)連理）至少在13世紀(jì)就用來(lái)表示“結(jié)婚”的意思了，knot在很多文化中都被視為“堅(jiān)不可摧的承諾”之意。To walk down the aisle則指舉行婚禮時(shí)，新娘由家人陪伴走過(guò)教堂或禮堂的過(guò)道，來(lái)到新郎身旁，然后舉行儀式。To get hitched更形象地表現(xiàn)了婚姻中兩個(gè)人的關(guān)系，hitch本意是“拴住、套住”，get hitched就是兩個(gè)人拴在一起。

根據(jù)意見要求，各地要著力提升結(jié)婚頒證服務(wù)水平，縣級(jí)以上婚姻登記機(jī)關(guān)至少設(shè)立一個(gè)獨(dú)立的頒證大廳，探索將頒證儀式引入結(jié)婚登記流程并實(shí)現(xiàn)頒證儀式常態(tài)化（include the certificate-issuing ceremony in the regular marriage registration procedure），通過(guò)引導(dǎo)婚姻當(dāng)事人宣讀結(jié)婚誓言（take wedding vows）、領(lǐng)取結(jié)婚證，在莊重神圣的儀式中宣告婚姻締結(jié)，讓當(dāng)事人感悟銘記婚姻家庭蘊(yùn)含的責(zé)任擔(dān)當(dāng)（better comprehend the responsibility that comes with marriage）。

婚姻家庭關(guān)系調(diào)適和離婚輔導(dǎo)

The guidelines also called for improving mechanisms for family dispute mediation and divorce counseling, and required marriage registries at the county level and above to set up mediation rooms.
意見同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)，要深化婚姻家庭關(guān)系調(diào)適和離婚輔導(dǎo)，縣級(jí)以上婚姻登記機(jī)關(guān)要設(shè)置婚姻家庭糾紛調(diào)解室。

They should also explore effective ways to intervene in faltering relationships and provide support during the cooling-off period before a divorce is granted, it said.
探索離婚冷靜期內(nèi)對(duì)當(dāng)事人開展婚姻危機(jī)干預(yù)的有效方法和措施，并對(duì)當(dāng)事人提供支持。

鴻蒙系統(tǒng)2.0 HarmonyOS2.0

Huawei Technologies Co said on Thursday that its in-house operating system HarmonyOS will be used in smartphones next year, marking a breakthrough in Chinese companies' efforts to commercialize self-developed operating systems and to build their own globally competitive software ecosystems.
華為9月10日宣布，其自有的鴻蒙操作系統(tǒng)明年將用于智能手機(jī)，這標(biāo)志著中國(guó)企業(yè)在自主操作系統(tǒng)商用以及建立具有全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的自有軟件生態(tài)系統(tǒng)方面有了重大突破。

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

在2019年開發(fā)者大會(huì)上，華為正式發(fā)布鴻蒙操作系統(tǒng)?！傍櫭伞痹跐h語(yǔ)詞典里解釋是：古人認(rèn)為天地開辟之前是一團(tuán)混沌的元?dú)?，這種自然的元?dú)饨凶鲽櫭?。但鴻蒙系統(tǒng)的英文名卻并沒(méi)有直接采用漢語(yǔ)拼音HongMeng，而是取名Harmony。余承東是這樣解釋的：“‘鴻蒙’中文有‘開天辟地’的意思，最接近的英語(yǔ)單詞就是Genesis（讀作['d?en?s?s]）。用漢語(yǔ)拼音太難發(fā)音了，所以我們?nèi)∶鸋armony，希望給世界帶來(lái)更多和平（peace）、方便（convenience）?！?/p>

這里的OS是operating system的簡(jiǎn)寫形式，比如蘋果的操作系統(tǒng)就是iOS，安卓的操作系統(tǒng)就是Android OS。

HarmonyOS is already used in Huawei's smart TV products. With the upgrade of the system, HarmonyOS will be used in smartwatches, personal computers and other Internet of Things (IoT) devices later.
鴻蒙操作系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在華為智能電視產(chǎn)品中使用，隨著系統(tǒng)升級(jí)，未來(lái)智能手表、個(gè)人電腦以及其他物聯(lián)網(wǎng)設(shè)備也將使用鴻蒙操作系統(tǒng)。

本次開發(fā)者大會(huì)上，華為面向全球首發(fā)了HMS Core 5.0。

HMS是華為移動(dòng)服務(wù)（Huawei Mobile Services）的簡(jiǎn)寫形式，是華為為其設(shè)備生態(tài)系統(tǒng)提供的一套應(yīng)用程序和服務(wù)，這是華為構(gòu)建應(yīng)用生態(tài)的第一步。HMS是華為云服務(wù)的合集，包含華為賬號(hào)、應(yīng)用內(nèi)支付、華為推送服務(wù)、華為云盤服務(wù)、華為廣告服務(wù)、消息服務(wù)、付費(fèi)下載服務(wù)、快應(yīng)用等服務(wù)。

Huawei said the mobile applications integrated with HMS so far have exceeded 96,000. The number of developers of HMS now stands at over 1.8 million.
華為表示，在全球180萬(wàn)開發(fā)者的支持下，目前已有超過(guò)9.6萬(wàn)個(gè)應(yīng)用集成HMS Core。

鴻蒙OS將正式開源

Huawei has also promised to make HarmonyOS open source, which means anyone can freely examine the system specification to make sure there's no problem.
華為同時(shí)承諾讓鴻蒙操作系統(tǒng)開源，這意味著任何人都可以自由查看系統(tǒng)詳情確保運(yùn)行順暢。

The code for small Internet of Things (IoT) devices with 128 megabytes or less storage is available now.
目前，鴻蒙系統(tǒng)已對(duì)128MB以下小型物聯(lián)網(wǎng)終端設(shè)備開源。

The code for larger devices will be freely published in April 2021, and the remaining code will be available for download by October 2021.
2021年4月將面向內(nèi)存更大一些的終端設(shè)備開源、2021年10月以后將面向其余設(shè)備開源。