文物保護 protection of cultural relics

Statistics from the National Cultural Heritage Administration showed that by Thursday, more than 500 unmovable cultural relics such as monuments, ancient architecture and bridges in 11 provincial-level regions had been destroyed or damaged by floodwater. Seventy-six of the sites are under national-level protection, and 187 under provincial-level protection.
國家文物局的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，截至7月16日，11省份有500余處不可移動文物因洪災(zāi)受到損壞，其中涉及全國重點文物保護單位76處、省級文物保護單位187處。受損文物包括紀念碑、古建筑以及橋梁等。

【單詞講解】

在考古領(lǐng)域挖掘出來的“（工具、武器、飾品等具有考古或歷史價值的）文物”一般用artifact。而我們常見的cultural relics里面的relic則指“遺跡、遺留物、遺址”等。我們可以說，在表示“歷史遺跡”的時候，relic涵蓋的范圍要比artifact要廣一些，而且這兩個詞一般都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

國家文物局副局長宋新潮介紹，長江流域省份文物受損情況較為嚴重，其中江西160處，安徽144處，湖南62處，四川41處，廣西35處，湖北31處。

The administration has allocated about 3.5 million yuan to a special fund for cultural heritage rescue work in the provinces.
國家文物局已向文物受災(zāi)嚴重的省份撥付文物應(yīng)急搶險資金350萬元。

文物受損成因分析

文物本身防災(zāi)抗災(zāi)能力弱

"Floodwaters have been a major threat to the safety of Chinese cultural heritage throughout history," Song said. "And these old bridges, city walls and houses often have a poor capacity to counter disasters due to the lasting influence of natural erosion and human activities.
洪澇等自然地質(zhì)災(zāi)害歷來是危害文物安全的重要因素。古橋梁、古城墻、古民居等文物建筑年代悠遠，受自然環(huán)境侵蝕和人為活動影響，抵御自然地質(zhì)災(zāi)害能力弱。

Ancient Chinese architecture is usually made of wood, tiles and bricks. When reservoirs in the upper reaches discharge waters, these heritage sites cannot withstand the impact of torrents.
我國文物建筑多為木構(gòu)架結(jié)構(gòu)，主要建筑材料為木材、磚瓦等，一些上游水庫泄洪排澇，這些文物無法承受大流量洪水的沖擊。

防災(zāi)減災(zāi)技術(shù)研究不足

"Speaking of ancient architecture, cultural heritage experts and architects have usually focused on studying their layout, historical context and the structure of components," he said. "However, their capacity to withstand natural disasters has often received less attention, and we have thus lacked a comprehensive system to introduce disaster-prevention technology into renovation work and training programs."
我國文物、建筑學界對文物建筑的保護研究集中在建筑格局、形制、結(jié)構(gòu)等方面，對文物自身具有的防災(zāi)抗災(zāi)功能作用關(guān)注不夠，未能形成系統(tǒng)的文物防災(zāi)理念和技術(shù)體系，文物修繕中防災(zāi)減災(zāi)措施缺少針對性指導(dǎo)。

如何保護文物

有效防范是基礎(chǔ)

He said the administration will coordinate with different government departments to include the safety of heritage sites in the national disaster prevention and mitigation system, with cultural relics to be treated as "key properties", like human life.
國家文物局要督導(dǎo)各地將文物防災(zāi)減災(zāi)納入防災(zāi)減災(zāi)體系，將文物作為和生命一樣的重要財產(chǎn)來看待。

發(fā)揮文物自身防災(zāi)功能

For instance, the Forbidden City in Beijing, China's former imperial palace, has seldom been flooded since its founding 600 years ago due to its superb sewage system. And the sewage system in the historical neighborhood in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, was designed during the Song Dynasty and still functions well today.
北京故宮科學的排水系統(tǒng)使其600余年始終未遭水害，江西贛州古城“福壽溝”是宋代城市排水系統(tǒng)，至今仍發(fā)揮著重要的防汛抗災(zāi)作用。

"An important task is to conduct in-depth studies of the extraordinary capacities of ancient Chinese cities and take full advantage of those functions today," he said.
當前一項重要任務(wù)是組織開展專項系統(tǒng)研究，深入挖掘一些古城本身具有的獨特防災(zāi)體系和抗災(zāi)功能，充分發(fā)揮其在現(xiàn)代城鄉(xiāng)防災(zāi)減災(zāi)中的重要作用。

全國性競賽 national competitions

為規(guī)范個別競賽在組織過程中暴露出的問題，教育部辦公廳日前印發(fā)《關(guān)于進一步加強面向中小學生的全國性競賽活動管理工作的通知》。

The Ministry of Education has asked organizers of national competitions for primary and secondary students to double-check the authenticity and originality of past prize winners.
教育部要求全國性競賽主辦單位對以往獲獎項目的真實性、獨創(chuàng)性進行復(fù)核。

【單詞講解】

在日常對話或者寫作中，real、authentic、true 這三個形容詞出現(xiàn)的頻率都很高。從字面意思上看，它們都帶有“真的”的意思。在具體用法上，它們的區(qū)別在于：real 的主要意思是“真正存在的東西，人或發(fā)生的事件”；強調(diào)不是想象中的，比如：I found a real fossil on the beach. 我在沙灘上找到了一塊真正的化石。

Authentic的一個常用含義是“有根據(jù)的，可靠可信的”。這個詞出現(xiàn)在古董收藏或者是需要鑒別真假的場景下指“真貨”，比如:This is an authentic vase from the Ming dynasty. 這是一個真正的明代花瓶。同時，authentic 這個詞在用來表示我們吃到的東西是“地道的，原汁原味的”，比如： authentic Sichuan street food地道的四川小吃。

True 的意思是“準確的，真實的”，強調(diào)某事的真實性是基于事實的。在表達事情或者感情是“真實的”的情況下，我們往往會用 true，比如，“true love 真愛”，“true feeling 真感情”，The film was based on a true story. 電影是根據(jù)真實故事改編的。

教育部在通知中要求，

National competitions should not far exceed students' cognitive abilities, and parents and others should not participate in the competitions on behalf of the contestants, the ministry said in a notice.
堅決避免參賽項目明顯不符合學生認知能力現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生，堅決防止由家長或其他人代勞等參賽造假行為。

The ministry will continue to strictly scrutinize national competitions, and organizers that are found to be seriously violating regulations will be removed from competition white lists and not be allowed to host competitions again, it said.
教育部將進一步加強對審核通過的競賽的管理，嚴肅查處競賽中出現(xiàn)的違法違規(guī)行為，情節(jié)嚴重的，將從競賽名單中移除，并不再受理舉辦單位舉辦競賽的申請。

Further, competition results are not allowed to be used to decide student admission to primary and middle schools. Rather, admission should be solely based on the proximity of their homes to the schools, the notice said.
各地要繼續(xù)嚴格落實義務(wù)教育免試就近入學政策，不得將任何競賽獎項作為幼升小、小升初升學依據(jù)。

High schools should also not use the results of competitions as bonus points to count toward student admission, it said.
嚴禁將各類競賽獲獎情況作為高中階段學校招生考試（中考）加分依據(jù)。

教育部2018年印發(fā)《關(guān)于面向中小學生的全國性競賽活動管理辦法（試行）》，從2019年開始審核并公布競賽名單，嚴控競賽數(shù)量。

On July 1, the ministry published a white list featuring 35 approved national contests for primary and secondary school students for this year and next year.
7月1日，教育部公布了2020年和2021年面向中小學生的全國性競賽活動名單，確定35項全國性競賽活動。

外教 foreign teachers

7月21日，教育部、科技部、公安部、外交部公布了《外籍教師聘任和管理辦法（征求意見稿）》，明確了外教聘任的資質(zhì)要求、工作許可、簽證申請、居留許可、教師備案等細則。

The draft guideline said education authorities should establish a national information and service platform where education institutions such as schools and tutoring institutions will be able to register, report and seek information about foreign teachers.
征求意見稿指出，教育行政部門應(yīng)建立全國外籍教師綜合信息服務(wù)平臺，學校和培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)等教育機構(gòu)可以在該平臺注冊，登錄平臺備案、查詢外籍教師相關(guān)信息。

【知識點】

這里的外籍教師（foreign teachers），是指由教育機構(gòu)聘任、取得外國人來華工作許可和工作類居留證件、在中國境內(nèi)從事教育教學工作的外籍人員（foreign nationals who are hired by education institutions to work as teachers in China and have acquired work permits and work-type residence permits）。

征求意見稿提出，要建立外籍教師信用記錄制度（a credit system for foreign teachers）。

Those whose behavior is in accordance with Chinese laws and their work contracts, and who teach ethically and well, will have that recorded in the credit system, it said.
外籍教師在聘任期間遵守中國法律、合同約定，教育教學質(zhì)量高、師德師風良好，將會納入信用記錄。

The credit system will also record those who breach their contracts, commit crimes, use drugs, mistreat underage students or illegally engage in religious education. They should be fired and reported to the education authorities.
外籍教師違反合同約定，有犯罪、吸毒行為，有虐待未成年人行為，非法從事宗教教育等行為的，也將計入信用記錄。外籍教師有這些情形之一的，教育機構(gòu)應(yīng)當予以解聘，并報告主管教育行政部門。

外教資質(zhì)要求

All foreign teachers must have no criminal record, infectious diseases, or a history of mental illness, sexual harassment or drug use, it said.
外籍教師應(yīng)當無犯罪記錄，無傳染性疾病和精神障礙史，無性騷擾、吸食注射毒品等行為。

Foreign teachers working at schools should hold a valid work visa, have a bachelor's degree or higher and have at least two years' related teaching experience.
外籍人員從事外籍教師工作的，應(yīng)當辦理外國人來華工作類簽證，應(yīng)當具備學士以上學位和相關(guān)教育機構(gòu)相關(guān)學科2年以上教育教學工作經(jīng)歷或者相關(guān)領(lǐng)域工作經(jīng)歷。

Those working as language tutors at training institutions should hold a valid work visa, be a native speaker, have a bachelor's degree or higher and specific qualifications for teaching a language, it said.
擔任外國語言培訓(xùn)教師的，應(yīng)當具備學士以上學位，取得相應(yīng)的語言培訓(xùn)資質(zhì)且一般從事母語國母語教學。

教育機構(gòu)非法聘任外教、造假將被處罰

Education institutions that hire unqualified foreign teachers or falsify work permits or other credentials will be fined from 1,000 yuan to 10,000 yuan per teacher, and those who seriously violate regulations will have their business permits revoked, it added.
教育機構(gòu)非法聘用未經(jīng)許可和備案的外籍人員任教，或者在申請外籍教師工作許可和其他證明文件過程中偽造文件的，給予每人次1千元以上1萬元以下的罰款，情節(jié)特別嚴重的，由教育行政部門依法吊銷辦學許可證。

火星探測 Mars exploration

7月22日，“天問一號1：1著陸平臺和火星車”正式對外發(fā)布。

The China National Space Administration unveiled on Wednesday details of the nation's first Mars rover, which will be part of the country's first independent Mars mission Tianwen 1. The rover is 1.85 meters tall and weighs about 240 kilograms. It has six wheels and four solar panels and will be able to move at 200 meters per hour on Mars, the administration's Lunar Exploration and Space Program Center revealed.
7月22日，國家航天局公布了我國首個獨立火星探測任務(wù)“天問一號”的火星車詳情。國家航天局探月與航天工程中心發(fā)布的信息顯示，火星車高度有1米85，重量達到240公斤左右，配備6個輪子和4塊太陽能板，能在火星上以200米每小時的速度行進。

【知識點】

2020年4月24日，國家航天局公布：中國行星探測任務(wù)（planetary exploration missions）被命名為“天問（Tianwen）系列”，首次火星探測任務(wù)（first Mars exploration mission）被命名為“天問一號”，后續(xù)行星任務(wù)依次編號?！疤靻枴眮碜灾袊鴤ゴ笤娙饲拈L詩《天問》?！疤靻枴边@個名字表達了中華民族對于真理追求的堅韌與執(zhí)著（the Chinese nation's perseverance in pursuing truth），體現(xiàn)了對自然和宇宙空間探索的文化傳承（culture of exploring nature and the universe）。

據(jù)介紹，火星車將在火星上開展地表成分、物質(zhì)類型分布、地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)以及火星氣象環(huán)境等探測工作。

火星車上搭載了6種有效載荷，包括地形相機（topographic camera）、多光譜相機（multispectral camera）、次表層探測雷達（subsurface penetrating radar）、表面成分探測儀（surface compositions detector）、表面磁場探測儀（surface magnetic field detector）、氣象測量儀（meteorological measuring device），為完成火星表面巡視探測科學任務(wù)提供了保證。

同時，為了適應(yīng)火星地表的特殊環(huán)境，火星車還具備環(huán)境感知（environmental sensing）、障礙識別（barrier identification）、局部路徑規(guī)劃（route planning）及多輪運動協(xié)調(diào)控制等功能。

Tianwen 1 was launched on its Mars mission carried by a Long March 5 rocket from the Wenchang Space Launch Center on Thursday.
7月23日，“天問一號”火星探測任務(wù)搭載長征5號火箭在文昌衛(wèi)星發(fā)射中心實施。

Depending on the two planets' orbits, Mars is 55 million km to 400 million km from Earth. It is estimated it will take the probe seven months to reach Mars.
火星距離地球大約5500萬公里到4億公里，按照這個距離，探測器大約要飛行7個月才能到達火星。

Once the probe is in Mars' orbit, the rover will separate from the probe and descend to the planet's surface with the assistance of an landing module.
探測器進入火星軌道后，火星車將從探測器分離，并在著陸平臺的協(xié)助下在火星表面著陸。

If Tianwen 1 can fulfill its three scientific objectives－orbiting Mars for comprehensive observation; landing on the planet's surface; and exploring Mars' environment, it will become the world's first Mars expedition to accomplish three such goals in one probe.
如果“天問一號”能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對火星“環(huán)繞、著陸、巡視”三大目標，它將成為全世界首個在一次探測任務(wù)中完成三個目標的火星探測任務(wù)。

美國駐成都總領(lǐng)事館 the US Consulate General in Chengdu

2020年7月24日上午，中國外交部通知美國駐華使館，中方?jīng)Q定撤銷對美國駐成都總領(lǐng)事館的設(shè)立和運行許可，并對該總領(lǐng)事館停止一切業(yè)務(wù)和活動提出具體要求。
On the morning of 24 July, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China informed the US Embassy in China of its decision to withdraw its consent for the establishment and operation of the US Consulate General in Chengdu. The Ministry also made specific requirements on the ceasing of all operations and events by the Consulate General.

7月21日，美方單方面挑起事端，突然要求中方關(guān)閉駐休斯敦總領(lǐng)事館，嚴重違反國際法和國際關(guān)系基本準則及中美領(lǐng)事條約有關(guān)規(guī)定，嚴重破壞中美關(guān)系。中方上述舉措是對美方無理行徑的正當和必要反應(yīng)，符合國際法和國際關(guān)系基本準則，符合外交慣例。
On 21 July, the US launched a unilateral provocation by abruptly demanding that China close its Consulate General in Houston. The US move seriously breached international law, the basic norms of international relations, and the terms of the China-US Consular Convention. It gravely harmed China-US relations. The measure taken by China is a legitimate and necessary response to the unjustified act by the US. It conforms with international law, the basic norms of international relations, and customary diplomatic practices.

中美之間出現(xiàn)目前的局面，是中方不愿看到的，責任完全在美方。我們再次敦促美方立即撤銷有關(guān)錯誤決定，為兩國關(guān)系重歸正常創(chuàng)造必要條件。
The current situation in China-US relations is not what China desires to see, and the US is responsible for all this. We once again urge the US to immediately retract its wrong decision and create necessary conditions for bringing the bilateral relationship back on track.

進口肉類食品 imported meat products

為科學指導(dǎo)肉類加工企業(yè)做好新冠肺炎疫情防控工作，有針對性地提高肉類加工企業(yè)的防控意識和防控能力，國務(wù)院應(yīng)對新型冠狀病毒肺炎疫情聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機制綜合組印發(fā)了《肉類加工企業(yè)新冠肺炎疫情防控指南》。

The National Health Commission has ordered meat processing plants in China to clearly identify the sources of their poultry and livestock meat and only accept imports that have obtained negative test results for the novel coronavirus.
國家衛(wèi)健委要求肉類加工企業(yè)把好禽畜肉類來源的追溯關(guān)，進口畜禽肉類食品應(yīng)當具備新冠病毒核酸檢測陰性結(jié)果證明方可入廠。

Meat producers are also required to ramp up cleansing and disinfection of storage facilities, shipping vehicles, packaging and other equipment, the commission said in a guideline released on Thursday.
在7月23日發(fā)布的指南中，國家衛(wèi)健委還要求肉類加工企業(yè)做好畜禽肉類食品轉(zhuǎn)運存放區(qū)域、運輸工具、貨物外包裝及其他相關(guān)用品用具的清潔和消毒。

近期，德國、英國等歐美國家肉類加工企業(yè)相繼出現(xiàn)了新冠肺炎聚集性疫情（cluster outbreak），屠宰、分割、存儲、包裝等工作場所多為人員密集的低溫封閉環(huán)境（crowded, cool and enclosed environment），存在較大的病毒傳播風險。

To fend off the risk from overseas producers, the country has suspended meat imports from 23 foreign companies as of July 10, according to the General Administration of Customs.
為了遏制病毒通過海外廠家傳播的風險，海關(guān)總署的信息顯示，截至7月10日，我國已經(jīng)暫停從23個國家進口肉類產(chǎn)品。

中高風險地區(qū)廠家每天采集5份樣本進行核酸監(jiān)測

According to the guideline, meat producers in medium-to high-risk areas are required to take five samples each from their slaughtering, dissecting and packaging plants for nucleic acid tests daily. Those in low-risk areas are required to collect environmental samples for tests at least once a week.
指南要求，中風險和高風險地區(qū)肉類加工企業(yè)應(yīng)當每天在屠宰車間、分割肉車間、包裝車間采集各5份環(huán)境標本進行核酸監(jiān)測。低風險地區(qū)肉類加工企業(yè)應(yīng)當每周至少進行一次采樣監(jiān)測。

工作人員防護

Workers should stay at least 1 meter from each other on top of taking regular personal protective measures, including taking temperatures, wearing masks and washing hands frequently.
除了測溫、戴口罩以及勤洗手等常規(guī)防控舉措以外，員工之間應(yīng)當保持至少1米的安全距離。

異常狀況處置

Facilities seeing confirmed infections will be shut down temporarily and workers identified as suspected cases or close contacts should undergo medical observations. Their workplaces or dormitories should also be locked down.
發(fā)現(xiàn)確診病例的場所應(yīng)暫時關(guān)閉，并對疑似病例和密切接觸者進行醫(yī)學觀察，對其所在的車間和宿舍進行封閉。