關于建立健全香港特別行政區(qū)維護國家安全的法律制度和執(zhí)行機制的決定（草案） a draft decision on establishing and improving the legal system and enforcement mechanisms for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) to safeguard national security

十三屆全國人大三次會議5月21日晚舉行新聞發(fā)布會，大會發(fā)言人張業(yè)遂就會議議程和人大有關工作回答了中外記者提問。

According to an agenda unveiled Thursday, a bill on reviewing a draft decision on establishing and improving the legal system and enforcement mechanisms for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) to safeguard national security will be submitted for deliberation to the third session of the 13th National People's Congress (NPC), which will open on Friday.
根據(jù)會議議程，本次大會將審議《全國人民代表大會關于建立健全香港特別行政區(qū)維護國家安全的法律制度和執(zhí)行機制的決定（草案）》。

十三屆全國人大三次會議大會發(fā)言人張業(yè)遂在新聞發(fā)布會上說，

National security is the bedrock underpinning the stability of the country.
國家安全是安邦定國的重要基石。

Safeguarding national security serves the fundamental interests of all Chinese including Hong Kong compatriots.
維護國家安全是包括香港同胞在內的全國各族人民的根本利益所在。

The fourth plenary session of the 19th Communist Party of China Central Committee clearly required a legal framework and enforcement mechanisms to be established for safeguarding national security in the HKSAR.
黨的十九屆四中全會明確提出：“建立健全特別行政區(qū)維護國家安全的法律制度和執(zhí)行機制”。

The HKSAR is an inseparable part of the People's Republic of China, and the NPC is the highest organ of state power.In light of the new circumstances and need, the NPC is exercising the power enshrined in the Constitution to establish and improve at the state level the legal system and enforcement mechanisms for the HKSAR to safeguard national security, and to uphold and improve the institutional framework of "one country, two systems".
香港特別行政區(qū)是中華人民共和國不可分離的部分。全國人民代表大會是最高國家權力機關，根據(jù)新的形勢和需要，行使憲法賦予的職權，從國家層面建立健全香港特別行政區(qū)維護國家安全的法律制度和執(zhí)行機制，堅持和完善“一國兩制”制度體系，是完全必要的。

政府工作報告 government work report

“兩個維護”、“四個意識”、“四個自信”、“六穩(wěn)”、“六?！?.....政府工作報告里提到的這些縮略語都代表什么呢？

“放管服”改革（簡政放權、放管結合、優(yōu)化服務改革）
streamline the government, delegate power, and improve government services

“兩個維護”（堅決維護習近平總書記黨中央的核心、全黨的核心地位，堅決維護黨中央權威和集中統(tǒng)一領導）
resolutely uphold General Secretary Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and resolutely uphold the Party Central Committee’s authority and its centralized, unified leadership

三大攻堅戰(zhàn)（防范化解重大風險、精準脫貧、污染防治攻堅戰(zhàn)）
the three critical battles against major risks, poverty, and pollution

“四風”（形式主義、官僚主義、享樂主義和奢靡之風）
the practice of formalities for formalities' sake, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance

“四個意識”（政治意識、大局意識、核心意識、看齊意識）
consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment

“四個自信”（中國特色社會主義道路自信、理論自信、制度自信、文化自信）
confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics

“六穩(wěn)”（穩(wěn)就業(yè)、穩(wěn)金融、穩(wěn)外貿(mào)、穩(wěn)外資、穩(wěn)投資、穩(wěn)預期）
ensure stability in employment, financial operations, foreign trade, foreign investment, domestic investment, and expectations

“六保”（保居民就業(yè)、?；久裆?、保市場主體、保糧食能源安全、保產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈供應鏈穩(wěn)定、保基層運轉）
ensure security in job, basic living needs, operations of market entities, food and energy security, stable industrial and supply chains, and the normal functioning of primary-level governments

“兩新一重”（新型基礎設施、新型城鎮(zhèn)化、重大工程）
new infrastructure, new urbanization initiatives and major projects

公共衛(wèi)生領域立法 legislation on public health

受全國人大常委會委托，全國人大常委會委員長栗戰(zhàn)書5月25日向十三屆全國人大三次會議作《全國人民代表大會常務委員會工作報告》。

China's top legislature said it will prioritize legislation on public health this year.
全國人大常委會表示今年將加強公共衛(wèi)生領域立法。

In its annual work report， the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) said it plans to revise the Wildlife Protection Law， the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases， the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law， and the Emergency Response Law in 2020.
全國人大常委會工作報告指出，今年將對野生動物保護法、傳染病防治法、國境衛(wèi)生檢疫法、突發(fā)事件應對法進行修改。

報告指出：

疫情發(fā)生以來，全國人大常委會堅決貫徹黨中央決策部署，迅速行動、依法履職，作出關于全面禁止野生動物非法交易和食用的決定，防范公共衛(wèi)生安全風險，促進社會文明進步。適應國家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化要求，根據(jù)公共衛(wèi)生領域新情況新問題，部署啟動強化公共衛(wèi)生法治保障體系的立法修法工作，為守護人民生命健康安全筑牢法治防線?；貞鐣P切，主動宣傳解讀疫情防控法律，為疫情防控和經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展提供法律支持。
Since the beginning of the Covid-19 outbreak， the NPC Standing Committee has acted promptly and performed its lawful duty while rigorously implementing the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee. We issued the decision to completely ban the illegal trade and consumption of wildlife， thereby protecting against public health risks and promoting the betterment of society. In line with the requirement to modernize China’s governance system and capacity for governance， and in light of new issues and circumstances in the public health field， the Standing Committee arranged for the enactment and revision of laws to strengthen the system of legal guarantees for public health in order to build a stronger line of defense for the health and safety of the people through the rule of law. We responded to public concerns， actively reached out to the public to clarify epidemic prevention and control laws， and provided legal support for anti-epidemic efforts and economic and social development.

十三屆全國人大三次會議大會發(fā)言人張業(yè)遂表示，

China currently has over 30 laws on public health, which have generally withstood the test of the COVID-19 epidemic and played a positive role. There are still some weak links and shortcomings in the legal framework, and the NPC Standing Committee will further strengthen China's public health legislation.
在中國目前有30多部與公共衛(wèi)生防治體系有關的法律，這些法律在這次疫情大考中總體經(jīng)受住了考驗，發(fā)揮了積極作用，但也存在一些短板和不足。下一步，全國人大常委會的一項重要工作，就是通過立法修法進一步完善和強化公共衛(wèi)生法制保障體系。

The formulation or amendment of 17 laws is expected to be finished within the year, and 13 others will be updated in due course.
計劃今明兩年制定修改法律17部，適時修改法律13部。

外國國家豁免法 foreign states immunities law

全國人大代表、北京市社會科學院法學所研究員馬一德在接受記者采訪時表示，建議盡快制定符合我國國情的外國國家豁免法（foreign states immunities law）。

Formulating a foreign states immunities law will protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens as well as foreign investors, said Ma Yide, a deputy to the National People's Congress (NPC) and a law researcher at the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences. It will also counteract malicious litigations raised in countries like the United States towards China over the COVID-19 response, Ma told reporters.
全國人大代表、北京市社會科學院法學所研究員馬一德對記者表示，制定外國國家豁免法將平等保護我國國民和外國投資者合法權益，同時對等反制美國等以新冠肺炎疫情向中國提出的惡意指控。

【知識點】

國家主權豁免（state sovereign immunity）是指國家根據(jù)國家主權和國家平等原則不接受他國管轄的特權。國家主權豁免是國家平等的必然結果。

一般認為，國家及其財產(chǎn)豁免權（state sovereign and property immunity）的內容包括以下三個方面：

1、司法管轄豁免（immunity from jurisdiction）：即未經(jīng)一國同意，他國法院不得受理以該外國國家為被告或者以該外國國家財產(chǎn)為訴訟標的的案件。

2、訴訟程序豁免（immunity from litigation）：即未經(jīng)一國同意，即使放棄管轄豁免，外國法院也不得對該國財產(chǎn)采取訴訟保全措施，不得強制出庭作證以及實施其他訴訟程序上的強制措施。

3、強制執(zhí)行豁免（immunity from forcible execution）：一國同意在他國法院中作為被告或主動作為原告參加民事訴訟，在未經(jīng)該國同意時，他國法院不得根據(jù)本國判決對該國財產(chǎn)實行強制執(zhí)行。

在管轄豁免適用范圍方面，主要有絕對豁免和限制豁免兩種。

絕對豁免（absolute immunity）主張不論一國行為及其財產(chǎn)的性質如何，也不論該國的財產(chǎn)位于何地、為誰所控制，該國及其財產(chǎn)在其他國家法院都享有豁免權，除非該國本身自愿放棄這種豁免權；否則，任何其他國家的法院都無權受理以該國為被告或以該國財產(chǎn)為訴訟標的的民事案件。

限制豁免（limited immunity）則將國家行為分為公法行為(也稱主權行為、統(tǒng)治權行為) 和私法行為(也稱非主權行為、事務權行為、商業(yè)行為) ，并且只對外國國家的公法行為及用于該類行為的國家財產(chǎn)予以管轄豁免，對其商業(yè)行為及用于該類行為的財產(chǎn)則行使管轄權。

馬一德解釋說，

The lack of such a law has emerged as a prominent issue in the current epidemic as some countries, led by the United States, tried to shift the blame for their own governments' incompetence on COVID-19 response.
這一問題在此次疫情中尤為凸顯，以美國為首的部分國家試圖轉嫁本國政府防疫、控疫不力的責任。

Some groups and individuals in some countries even cited the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of the United States to bring litigations to the Chinese government and relevant departments.
甚至一些國家的團體或個人依據(jù)美國的外國主權豁免法對我國政府和相關部門提起訴訟。

"This has trampled on the internationally recognized principle of sovereign immunity, and is also a show of hegemony and power politics," Ma said, stressing the necessity and urgency for China to formulate a foreign states immunities law.
這既是對國家及其財產(chǎn)豁免這一國際法原則的踐踏，也是國際霸權與強權主義的體現(xiàn)，但同時凸顯出我國制定外國國家豁免法的必要性、緊迫性。

China follows the principle of absolute immunity of foreign states and their property, thus Chinese litigants are unable to sue foreign governments from domestic courts, while Chinese governments have often been sued in foreign courts, he added.
遵循外國國家及其財產(chǎn)絕對豁免的一般原則，我國當事人難以在國內法院對他國提起訴訟主張權益，我國政府卻作為被告在外國法院被頻頻起訴。

馬一德表示，在新形勢下，建議重新對國家豁免問題進行審視，由絕對豁免原則轉向國際主流的限制豁免原則，盡快制定符合我國國情的國家豁免法。

From a long-term perspective, adopting a limited immunities principle will show a responsible manner of the Chinese government to foreign investors, ensure stable expectations for the protection of their investments, and facilitate China's new round of opening-up and the development of the Belt and Road Initiative, he said.
長遠來看，采取限制豁免原則將向外國投資者展示中國政府負責任的態(tài)度，為保護其投資提供穩(wěn)定預期，助力我國新一輪對外開放、‘一帶一路’倡議深化發(fā)展。

據(jù)了解，在當前錯綜復雜國際形勢和疫情防控常態(tài)化背景下，這一建議一經(jīng)提出就獲得了代表們的理解、認同和支持，北京代表團代表中超過35人聯(lián)名簽署并提交該議案。該議案目前已被大會議案組接收并分送有關專門委員會研究。

綠色通道 green channel

中國民航局于5月25日下發(fā)了《關于建立復產(chǎn)復工國際客運包機計劃審批“綠色通道”的通知》。

The country's top civil aviation authority said it has set up a "green channel" to streamline the approval procedure for chartered international passenger flights that are out of work-resumption purposes.
民航局表示，已針對復產(chǎn)復工國際客運包機建立“綠色通道”，優(yōu)化工作流程。

通知表示，中外航空公司的國際客運包機（chartered international passenger flights）應取得不定期飛行航班許可（license to operate a non-scheduled international service），暫不需時刻協(xié)調。各航空公司在申請不定期飛行航班許可的同時，即可向運行監(jiān)控中心提交相關預先飛行計劃（pre-flight plan）申請。運行監(jiān)控中心根據(jù)不定期飛行航班許可內容，盡快受理并發(fā)布預先飛行計劃。

對于不定期飛行航班許可申請，申請時限由原來的提前7個工作日調整為提前3個工作日，系統(tǒng)受理時間7×24小時（the application system is accessible 24/7）。

其實，民航局此前已對客貨運航班申請設立了相關綠色通道。

客運方面，民航局早在今年2月即開設了復工復產(chǎn)綠色通道。貨運方面，今年4月3日，民航局下發(fā)了《關于疫情防控期間國際航空貨運建立審批“綠色通道”的通知》，對國際貨運航班（international cargo flights）計劃管理工作程序進行臨時性調整，建立“綠色通道”，進一步優(yōu)化工作流程（optimize procedure）、縮短辦理時間，促進國際貨運航班計劃審批順暢高效。

此外，我國還與多個國家開通“快捷通道”。

China has recently opened a "fast-track lane" with several countries for essential personnel on urgent visits in the areas of commerce, logistics, production and technological services.
中國近期與多個國家開通“快捷通道”，為重要商務、物流、生產(chǎn)、技術服務等急需人員往來提供方便。

民法典 the Civil Code

十三屆全國人大三次會議以2879票贊成、2票反對、5票棄權，高票表決通過《中華人民共和國民法典》。

In addition to general and supplementary provisions, the Civil Code includes six parts on real rights, contracts, personality rights, marriage and family, inheritance, and tort liabilities.
除總則和附則之外，《民法典》包括物權、合同、人格權、婚姻家庭、繼承、侵權責任這六編。

The personal rights, property rights and other lawful rights and interests of the parties to civil legal relations shall be protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by any organization or individual, reads the Civil Code in its opening chapter.
《民法典》在總則部分明確，民事主體的人身權利、財產(chǎn)權利以及其他合法權益受法律保護，任何組織和個人不得侵犯。

保護人格尊嚴

The part on personality rights includes provisions on a civil subject's rights to life, body, health, name, portrait, reputation and privacy, among others.
人格權編包括民事主體享有的生命權、身體權、健康權、姓名權、肖像權、名譽權、隱私權等權利。

The part features stipulations on regulating studies related to human genes or embryos, strengthening privacy protection, banning sexual harassment, and other prominent issues of public concern.
人格權編還對嚴格規(guī)范與人體基因、人體胚胎等有關的科研活動，加強隱私保護，禁止性騷擾，以及其他公眾關注的重要問題進行了規(guī)定。

適應新的實際情況

Data and online virtual assets are also legally protected, according to the Civil Code.
《民法典》規(guī)定，數(shù)據(jù)及網(wǎng)絡虛擬財產(chǎn)也受法律保護。

Personal information includes an individual's name, birthdate, identity card number, fingerprints, home address and phone number, as well as email addresses and location data.
個人信息的范圍包括自然人的姓名、出生日期、身份證件號碼、個人生物識別信息、住址、電話號碼，以及電子郵箱地址和行蹤信息。

此外，《民法典》還對緊急情況下保護個人權利的條款做了微調。

For example, if the guardian of a child is unable to perform his or her duties due to emergencies like being put under medical isolation, primary-level Party committees or civil affairs authorities must take over the guardianship, according to the code.
比如，兒童的監(jiān)護人在醫(yī)學隔離等緊急情況下無法履行監(jiān)護責任的，基層黨委或民政部門必須承擔起監(jiān)護責任。

Lawmakers say drafting the code is not about formulating a new civil law but rather systematically incorporating existing civil laws and regulations, modifying and improving them to adapt to new situations while maintaining their consistency.
人大代表們表示，起草《民法典》并不是制定一部新的民法，而是將現(xiàn)有的民事法律法規(guī)進行系統(tǒng)整合，在保持其一致性的前提下，根據(jù)新形勢進行修訂和完善。

The Civil Code will take effect on Jan 1, 2021.
《民法典》自2021年1月1日起施行。

（中國日報網(wǎng)英語點津 Helen）