2020年4月新聞熱詞匯總
中國日報網(wǎng) 2020-05-01 09:00
4月,依舊是疫情防控的一個月。國內(nèi)疫情風險穩(wěn)步降低,海外疫情還在發(fā)展,我國采取了一系列嚴防輸入的疫情防控舉措。本月重點熱詞有:全國哀悼日、5G消息、糧食安全、就業(yè)歧視、零號病人以及北京突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件響應降級。
現(xiàn)場祭掃活動 on-site commemorative activities
4月1日,在國務院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機制召開的新聞發(fā)布會上,民政部社會事務司副司長范瑜在回答記者提問時表示,目前“外防輸入、內(nèi)防反彈”的要求不能放松,今年清明除了現(xiàn)場祭掃以外,倡導多樣化的祭掃方式。
Nine provinces, including Central China’s Hubei province, have suspended on-site commemorative activities during the three-day holiday from Saturday to Monday, according to Fan.
范瑜表示,湖北省等9省已經(jīng)決定暫停4月4日至6日期間的清明現(xiàn)場祭掃活動。
She said that some provinces and cities require people to follow strict reservation rules for tomb sweeping.
她指出,還有一些省市要求人們嚴格遵守祭掃預約規(guī)定。
比如有的地方規(guī)定,居家或者集中觀察期未滿的人員是不能預約現(xiàn)場祭掃的(those who are under home quarantine or concentrated observation are not allowed to make reservations for on-site commemorative activities),有關人員要自覺遵守。
預約成功后要按預約時間和規(guī)定的人數(shù)前去祭掃。
除了現(xiàn)場祭掃外,為了鞏固疫情防控成果,今年清明祭掃活動還大力推廣非現(xiàn)場祭掃方式。
The Ministry of Civil Affairs encourages people to mourn their ancestors and deceased family members in more civil and eco-friendly ways, such as organizing commemorative activities at home or online.
民政部倡導人們用更加文明環(huán)保的方式祭祀先輩和逝去的親人,比如,居家追思或網(wǎng)絡祭掃。
Some civil affairs departments have opened online platforms for commemoration.
一些民政部門已經(jīng)開通了網(wǎng)上祭掃平臺。
Staff members at funeral parlors also offer charity services, for example, helping deliver flowers and send condolences, to reduce risks of infection due to mass gatherings.
殯葬服務機構工作人員也會提供公益性代祭服務,比如,代獻花、留言寄語等,以降低因人群聚集而帶來的感染風險。
范瑜說,
The control measures may bring inconvenience to the public but we believe that cherishing the health of living people is the best consolation to the deceased.
對清明節(jié)祭掃的相關限制措施,大家可能覺得很繁瑣,但是我們認為,生者的健康平安是對逝者最好的告慰。
全國哀悼日 national day of mourning
為表達全國各族人民對抗擊新冠肺炎疫情斗爭犧牲烈士和逝世同胞的深切哀悼,國務院發(fā)布公告,決定2020年4月4日舉行全國性哀悼活動。
China will hold a national mourning Saturday for martyrs who died in the fight against the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and compatriots died of the disease, according to the State Council.
在此期間,全國和駐外使領館下半旗志哀,全國停止公共娛樂活動。
During the commemoration, national flags will fly at half-mast across the country and in all Chinese embassies and consulates abroad, and public recreational activities will be suspended across the country.
【單詞講解】
“下半旗”除了可以用這里的flags fly at half-mast表達之外,用flags fly at half-staff也是可以的。為什么會用mast和staff這兩個詞呢?因為mast本意是“桅桿”,后來也用來指“旗桿”,而staff其實是flagstaff的縮寫,flagstaff相當于flagpole,本身就是“旗桿”的意思。
4月4日10時起,全國人民默哀3分鐘,汽車、火車、艦船鳴笛,防空警報鳴響。
At 10:00 am Saturday, Chinese people nationwide will observe three-minute silence to mourn for the deceased, while air raid sirens and horns of automobiles, trains and ships will wail in grief.
【單詞講解】
“默哀”比較常用的英文表達是observe (three-minute) silence (for someone)或者pay silent tribute (to someone)。Tribute可以表示“(對死者的)致敬,悼念,致哀”。例如:an obituary tribute(悼辭);此外,tribute還可以表示“頌詞”,例如:a birthday tribute(生日祝福)。
糧食安全 food security
4月4日下午,國務院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機制就做好疫情期間糧食供給和保障工作情況舉行發(fā)布會。
有記者提問,受新冠肺炎疫情影響,不少國家開始限制糧食出口,特別是哈薩克斯坦、越南等國開始宣布限制小麥、大米出口。在這種情況下我們身邊可能會有些人因為擔心食品短缺而進行囤積搶購,請問我國糧食安全總體形勢如何?
【詞匯講解】
在英語里,“糧食安全”用food security表示,而food safety則表示“食品安全”。這二者的區(qū)別是:food security強調(diào)的是確保人們都能得到維持健康生活所需要的糧食,主要跟糧食的供應和人們獲取的渠道有關;而food safety強調(diào)的是確保人們吃進嘴里的食物在生產(chǎn)、存儲和銷售等環(huán)節(jié)都符合衛(wèi)生健康標準。
China has ample food production and grain reserves despite the novel coronavirus impact, so there is no need to hoard groceries, officials have said.
有關負責人表示,雖然有新冠肺炎疫情影響,但我國糧食產(chǎn)量豐、庫存足,沒有必要囤積糧食。
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部發(fā)展規(guī)劃司司長魏百剛用四組數(shù)字對上述問題進行了回應。
第一組數(shù)據(jù),糧食產(chǎn)量。
The country has recorded a long streak of bumper years, with grain output reaching a record of 663.9 billion kg last year.
我國糧食生產(chǎn)連年豐收,去年的產(chǎn)量達到6639億公斤,創(chuàng)歷史新高。
第二組數(shù)據(jù),人均糧食占有量。
The per capita output of grain in China has been higher than the world average since 2010.
2010年以來,我們國家人均糧食占有量持續(xù)高于世界平均水平。
第三組數(shù)據(jù),糧食庫存量。
The repertory of rice and wheat in the country is enough for the whole population for one year.
小麥和稻谷庫存大體相當于全國人民一年的消費量。
第四組數(shù)據(jù),我國谷物進口量。
China imported 14.68 million tons of grain last year, accounting for 2% of the total consumption in the country.
中國去年凈進口1468萬噸,僅占全國谷物消費量的2%左右。
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司司長潘文博在發(fā)布會上表示,
China has unveiled a series of "unconventional measures" to stabilize grain production, including setting region-specific grain plantation targets, offering subsidies for farmers and raising minimum prices for state procurement of rice, which secured a good start this year and would ensure stable grain production for the whole year.
今年我國采取了一系列“超常規(guī)”措施穩(wěn)住糧食生產(chǎn),包括按地區(qū)設定今年糧食種植目標,為農(nóng)民提供補貼,提高糧食最低收購價等,糧食生產(chǎn)有了一個好的開局,能夠穩(wěn)住今年糧食生產(chǎn)。
We have the confidence and determination to hold firm our rice bowl.
我們有信心、有決心端牢中國人的飯碗。
健康信息 health information
中國民用航空局、中華人民共和國海關總署4月7日發(fā)布關于中國籍旅客乘坐航班回國前填報防疫健康信息的公告。
Chinese passengers who are going to fly from 26 countries, including the United States, Italy and Spain, to China are required to submit their health information prior to boarding the plane, the country's civil aviation regulator said on Tuesday.
民航局4月7日表示,從美國、意大利、西班牙等26國回國的中國籍旅客需在乘坐航班前填報個人健康信息。
具體要求如下:
Passengers who already booked air tickets to China must report their personal information, health status and recent travel history on a daily basis starting from Wednesday via a WeChat mini-program before boarding. Under special circumstances, the information can be submitted with the help of someone else.
自2020年4月8日起,已購票旅客在登機前需要提前通過防疫健康碼國際版微信小程序,逐日填報個人資料、健康狀況、近期出行情況等信息。特殊情況可由他人代為填報。
Passengers who take the flights during the transition period between Wednesday and April 22 should report the related information every day ahead of their flights. Passenger who plan to fly after April 22 need to report the information daily for two weeks before boarding.
2020年4月8日至4月22日為過渡期。過渡期內(nèi)乘坐航班的中國籍旅客,應于4月8日起連續(xù)逐日填報。過渡期后乘坐航班的,應于登機前第14天起連續(xù)逐日填報。
【詞匯講解】
這里的“過渡期”用transition period表示,transition指的是從一種狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變到另一種狀態(tài)的過程,即“過渡,轉(zhuǎn)變”,比如: difficult transition from childhood to adulthood(從童年到成年的艱難轉(zhuǎn)變)。另外一個與transition拼寫很接近的詞transitory表達的是“轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的、短暫的”意思,比如:transitory happiness(轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的幸福)。
People who do not fill out the information as required will not be allowed to board, and passengers who failed to report it truthfully cannot continue their trip and need to bear corresponding legal responsibilities.
未按上述要求填報的,將無法登機。旅客填報虛假信息,將導致行程受阻,并須承擔相應法律責任。
公告中所列國家為:意大利、美國、西班牙、德國、伊朗、法國、韓國、瑞士、英國、荷蘭、奧地利、比利時、挪威、葡萄牙、瑞典、澳大利亞、巴西、土耳其、馬來西亞、丹麥、加拿大、以色列、捷克、愛爾蘭、菲律賓、泰國。
5G消息業(yè)務 5G messaging service
4月8日,中國移動、中國電信、中國聯(lián)通聯(lián)合舉行線上發(fā)布會,共同發(fā)布《5G消息白皮書》。
Falling under the technical name of rich communication services, or RCS, the 5G messaging service is designed to replace current short messages with a system that is richer, provides phone book polling, and can transmit in-call multimedia.
5G消息,其技術名稱為“富媒體通信/富通信服務”,旨在用一個更加豐富的體系取代現(xiàn)有的短信服務,可以提供通訊錄查詢以及通話時多媒體傳輸。
據(jù)介紹,5G消息業(yè)務(5G messaging service)是終端原生基礎短消息服務的全新升級(an upgrade to the existing standard SMS messaging),依照交互方式大致可分為兩類:即個人用戶之間(P2P communication),以及企業(yè)與個人用戶之間的信息交互(B2C reach)。
對于個人用戶而言,5G消息將打破傳統(tǒng)短信對每條信息的長度限制(no word limits),內(nèi)容方面也將突破文字局限,實現(xiàn)文字、圖片、音頻、視頻、位置等信息的有效融合(an integration of texts,images, audio, video and location information)。
對于企業(yè)而言,5G消息將為其提供與個人用戶之間的信息交互接口(interaction between businesses and individuals)。企業(yè)可通過文字、語音、選項卡等富媒體方式向用戶輸出個性化服務與咨詢。
With the new messaging service, for instance, consumers don't have to download a variety of mobile apps. They can directly buy train tickets and book flights by sending messages.
比如,使用5G消息后,用戶不需要下載各種移動應用軟件,可以直接通過消息窗口購買火車票或者預訂航班。
此外,5G消息還支持加密傳輸(encrypted transmission)、圖形密碼(graphic verification code)等信息交互方式,可提供信息安全保障,保護用戶隱私。
簡單而言,5G消息是短信和彩信的升級版,可以發(fā)送圖文、音視頻等更加豐富的內(nèi)容信息;與現(xiàn)有即時通訊類APP的區(qū)別是,5G消息以手機號作為用戶ID,無需另外安裝APP,也無需添加好友或關注企業(yè)號碼,即可實現(xiàn)消息收發(fā)(send and receive messages without friending others or following business accounts)。
The global telecom industry association GSMA has reached a consensus that RCS will become the mandatory function of 5G smartphones.
全球移動通信系統(tǒng)協(xié)會已達成共識,5G消息將成為5G手機的必備功能。
The three telecom carriers disclosed in March that they would invest about 180 billion yuan on 5G this year. They will also build 550,000 5G base stations this year.
三大運營商上月透露,他們今年將在5G領域投資1800億元,年內(nèi)建設55萬個5G基站。
伴侶動物 companion animal
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部近日制訂了《國家畜禽遺傳資源目錄(征求意見稿)》,就畜禽目錄向社會公開征求意見。
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has excluded dogs from its draft list of edible terrestrial animals.
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部在這份目錄征求意見稿中未將狗列為可食用陸生動物。
The draft has proposed as edible species the 18 traditional forms of livestock including pigs, cattle, chickens and ducks, alongside 13 special species including ostriches, silver foxes and minks.
該目錄包括可食用的傳統(tǒng)畜禽18種,包括豬、牛、雞、鴨等,特種畜禽13種,包括鴕鳥、銀狐、水貂等。
在針對目錄的說明中,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部專門提到,
Excluding dogs - an essential human companion animal - is a common global practice and is considered a sign of civilization.
狗是人類伴侶動物,不將其列入目錄是國際通行的做法,也是文明的象征。
今年2月《全國人民代表大會常務委員會關于全面禁止非法野生動物交易、革除濫食野生動物陋習、切實保障人民群眾生命健康安全的決定》發(fā)布以來,關于哪些動物能吃,引發(fā)了廣泛的社會討論,《目錄》的制定意味著這一問題將有官方定論。
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部表示,在目錄制訂過程中,主要掌握四個原則:
一是堅持科學,列入目錄的畜禽須經(jīng)過長期人工飼養(yǎng)馴化(long-term breeding and taming by human),有穩(wěn)定的人工選擇經(jīng)濟性狀;
二是突出安全,優(yōu)先保障食品安全(food safety)、公共衛(wèi)生安全(public health safety)、生態(tài)安全(environmental safety);
三是尊重民族習慣(respect ethnic customs),考慮多民族生產(chǎn)生活需要和傳統(tǒng)文化等因素;
四是與國際接軌,參照國際通行做法和國際慣例(follow global practice)等。
目錄里包括的動物有哪些?
目錄包括傳統(tǒng)畜禽和特種畜禽共31個種,其中傳統(tǒng)畜禽18種:豬、普通牛、瘤牛、水牛、牦牛、大額牛、綿羊、山羊、馬、驢、駱駝、兔、雞、鴨、鵝、火雞、鴿、鵪鶉;特種畜禽13種:梅花鹿、馬鹿、馴鹿、羊駝、珍珠雞、雉雞、鷓鴣、綠頭鴨、鴕鳥、水貂、銀狐、藍狐、貉。
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部表示,列入目錄的畜禽(livestock),適用《畜牧法》,由畜牧獸醫(yī)主管部門管理;目錄所列物種的野外種群(wild population of the listed species),以及目錄之外的陸生野生動物(wild terrestrial animals),適用《野生動物保護法》,由林業(yè)和草原部門管理。
就業(yè)歧視 job discrimination
隨著湖北地區(qū)疫情防控形勢好轉(zhuǎn),各地復工復產(chǎn)進程加速,外出務工的湖北籍勞動者不斷增多。但有媒體報道,一些地方出現(xiàn)了湖北籍勞動者受到區(qū)別對待、難找工作甚至被無故辭退的情況。
China's top legislature has called on governments to offer more aid to laborers from regions hit hard by the novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak when they return to work to help them overcome difficulties such as discrimination and ensure fair employment and the orderly resumption of production.
全國人大常委會呼吁各級政府為新冠肺炎疫情嚴重地區(qū)的務工人員返崗提供支持,幫助他們解決就業(yè)歧視等困難,確保就業(yè)公平及有序復工。
全國人大常委會法工委社會法室主任郭林茂今表示:
Labor is a basic constitutional right of citizens, and the Chinese Labor Law is clear on guaranteeing fair employment and prohibiting job discrimination.
勞動權是憲法賦予公民的一項基本權利。我國勞動法律對保障勞動者公平就業(yè)、禁止就業(yè)歧視作了明確規(guī)定。
規(guī)定主要包括以下幾個方面:
一是就業(yè)促進法規(guī)定,國家把擴大就業(yè)放在經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的突出位置(uphold the importance of expanding employment in the country's economic and social development),各級人民政府應當創(chuàng)造公平就業(yè)環(huán)境(ensure employment equality),多渠道擴大就業(yè)(expand job opportunities in various ways)。
二是根據(jù)勞動法、就業(yè)促進法,國家保障勞動者公平就業(yè),反對任何形式的就業(yè)歧視。用人單位以勞動者地域不同為由解除勞動合同,也違反勞動合同法相關規(guī)定,應承擔相應法律責任(employers who terminated contracts on the grounds of employees' place of origin were in breach of the Chinese Labor Contract Law and should bear legal liability)。
三是各級人力資源和社會保障部門依法對用人單位執(zhí)行勞動法律、法規(guī)的情況進行監(jiān)督檢查(monitor whether the applicable laws are being enforced),對違法行為予以制止,并責令改正(deter and correct employers' misconduct)。
郭林茂指出,
People from Hubei, especially those from Wuhan, capital of the province, were tenacious and brave during the outbreak, with strict enforcement of the epidemic control rules and extremely great efforts in fighting the disease, so we need to provide more help for them when they return to work.
在疫情防控戰(zhàn)中,湖北人民特別是武漢人民不畏艱險、頑強不屈,自覺服從疫情防控大局需要,主動投身疫情防控斗爭,付出了極大努力。我們需要為湖北籍勞動者返崗就業(yè)提供更多幫助。
Regional discrimination in recruitment damages laborers' equal employment rights. It is neither legal nor beneficial in consolidating the results of epidemic control work and promoting social economic development.
地域歧視損害了勞動者公平就業(yè)的權利,既不合法,更不利于鞏固疫情防控成果和促進經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展。
滅活疫苗 inactivated vaccines
國務院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機制科研攻關組表示,我國兩款新冠病毒滅活疫苗獲得國家藥品監(jiān)督管理局一二期合并的臨床試驗許可,相關臨床試驗同步啟動。
The two vaccines are China's first batch of COVID-19 inactivated vaccines that have obtained clinical trial approval. Using killed pathogenic microorganisms for enhancing the immunogenicity, the vaccines have advantages of mature production process, controllable quality standards and wide protection range.
此次獲批進入臨床試驗的兩款滅活疫苗是我國首批獲得臨床研究批件的新冠病毒滅活疫苗,是一種殺死病原微生物但仍保持其免疫原性的疫苗,具有生產(chǎn)工藝成熟、質(zhì)量標準可控、保護范圍廣等優(yōu)點。
They can be used for large-scale vaccination, and their safety and effectiveness can by judged by internationally accepted standards.
這兩款疫苗可用于大規(guī)模接種,并且有國際通行標準來判斷疫苗的安全性和有效性。
疫苗對疫情防控至關重要。疫情發(fā)生以來,國務院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機制科研攻關組專門設立疫苗研發(fā)專班,按照滅活疫苗(inactivated vaccines)、重組蛋白疫苗(recombinant protein vaccines)、腺病毒載體疫苗(adenovirus vector vaccines)、減毒流感病毒載體活疫苗(vaccines using attenuated influenza virus as vectors)、核酸疫苗(nucleic acid vaccines)5條技術路線共布局12項研發(fā)任務,目前均在穩(wěn)步推進。
China has laid a solid foundation for research in inactivated vaccines, which has been widely used to fight hepatitis A, influenza, hand-foot-and-mouth disease and poliomyelitis.
我國的滅活疫苗有較好研究基礎,甲肝滅活疫苗、流感滅活(裂解)疫苗、手足口病滅活疫苗、脊髓灰質(zhì)炎滅活疫苗等均已廣泛應用。
這兩款新冠病毒滅活疫苗分別由國藥集團中國生物武漢生物制品研究所、北京科興中維生物技術有限公司聯(lián)合有關科研機構開發(fā)而成。
據(jù)了解,上述獲得臨床試驗許可的企業(yè)具備大規(guī)模滅活疫苗生產(chǎn)能力(the capacity for large-scale production),根據(jù)國家相關法律法規(guī),已為緊急使用做好準備。