為了阻止新冠病毒的傳播，人們已經(jīng)停止握手，改為其他問(wèn)候方式。握手是從什么時(shí)候起成為現(xiàn)代通用的問(wèn)候方式的呢？歷史學(xué)家表示，這個(gè)真不太好說(shuō)。

Shaking hands seems like a gesture that has been around forever. Indeed, a throne base from the reign of ancient Assyria's Shalmaneser III in the 9th century BCE clearly shows two figures clasping hands. The Iliad, usually dated to the 8th century BCE, mentions that two characters “clasped each other's hands and pledged their faith.” Centuries later, Shakespeare wrote in As You Like It that two characters “shook hands and swore brothers.” It might seem like shaking hands is an ancient custom, the roots of which are lost to the sands of time.

握手作為一種打招呼的方式似乎一直都存在。確實(shí)，公元前9世紀(jì)亞述國(guó)王撒縵以色三世統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的寶座上就刻著兩個(gè)人握手的圖案。通常認(rèn)為創(chuàng)作于公元前8世紀(jì)的《伊利亞德》也提到，兩個(gè)角色“握住彼此的手，以表忠心”。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)之后，莎士比亞在《皆大歡喜》中寫(xiě)道，兩個(gè)角色“握手并結(jié)為兄弟”。握手也許看起來(lái)是一種古老的習(xí)俗，但隨著時(shí)間的流逝，已經(jīng)難以尋根溯源。

Except.

不過(guò)也未必。

Historians who have pored over old etiquette books have noticed that handshaking in the modern sense of a greeting doesn’t appear until the mid-19th century, when it was considered a slightly improper gesture that should only be used with friends. But if Shakespeare was writing about shaking hands a few hundred years earlier, what happened?

翻遍禮儀典籍的歷史學(xué)家注意到，握手作為現(xiàn)代的問(wèn)候方式直到19世紀(jì)中期才出現(xiàn)，當(dāng)時(shí)握手被認(rèn)為是一種有點(diǎn)不得體的姿勢(shì)，只有在朋友之間才能使用。但既然莎士比亞在幾百年前就把握手寫(xiě)進(jìn)了書(shū)中，那么這中間發(fā)生了什么呢？

DEFINING THE HANDSHAKE
握手的內(nèi)涵

According to author Torbj?rn Lundmark in his Tales of Hi and Bye: Greeting and Parting Rituals Around the World, the problem comes in differing definitions of the handshake. The early handshakes mentioned above were part of making deals or burying the hatchet; Shalmaneser III’s throne base references him honoring a treaty with the Babylonian king during a revolt. In the Iliad, Diomedes and Glaucus shook hands when they realized they were “guest-friends,” and Diomedes proclaimed “Let’s not try to kill each other.” Shakespeare was similarly referencing settlement of a conflict.

根據(jù)作家托爾伯恩·德馬克的著作《打招呼的故事：世界各地歡迎和告別的禮儀》，問(wèn)題來(lái)自握手定義的差別。上述的早期握手是達(dá)成協(xié)議或和解的一部分：撒縵以色三世的寶座上刻畫(huà)的是他在一次叛亂中履行和巴比倫國(guó)王的合約；在《伊利亞德》中，狄俄墨得斯和格勞克斯在意識(shí)到他們是“客人朋友”時(shí)握了手，狄俄墨得斯宣稱“讓我們不要再與彼此為敵”；同樣，莎士比亞也是在描述解決沖突的場(chǎng)面。

bury the hatchet: v. 和解；停戰(zhàn)

The modern handshake as a form of greeting is harder to trace. Traditionally, the origins are often given to the Quakers. But as Dutch sociologist Herman Roodenburg—the chief authority for the history of handshaking—wrote in a chapter of an anthology called A Cultural History of Gesture, “More than in any other field, that of the study of gesture is one in which the historian has to make the most of only a few clues”.

作為問(wèn)候方式的現(xiàn)代握手起源更難追溯。傳統(tǒng)上，人們通常認(rèn)為貴格會(huì)信徒是最早用握手來(lái)打招呼的。但荷蘭社會(huì)學(xué)家赫爾曼·盧登伯格——握手史的權(quán)威人物——在選集《手勢(shì)的文化歷史》的一章中寫(xiě)道：“和其他領(lǐng)域相比，歷史學(xué)家只能通過(guò)寥寥無(wú)幾的線索來(lái)研究手勢(shì)?！?/p>

One of the earliest clues he cites is a 16th-century German translation of the French writer Rabelais’s Gargantua and Pantagruel. When one character meets Gargantua, Rabelais writes (in one modern English translation), “he was greeted with a thousand caresses, a thousand embraces, a thousand good-days.” But according to Roodenburg, the 16th-century German translation adds references to shaking hands.

他提到的最早的一個(gè)線索是16世紀(jì)法國(guó)作家拉伯雷的《巨人傳》的德語(yǔ)譯本。在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)譯本中，當(dāng)一個(gè)角色遇到卡岡都亞時(shí)，拉伯雷寫(xiě)道：“歡迎他的是一千個(gè)愛(ài)撫、一千個(gè)擁抱和一千個(gè)問(wèn)候?！钡潜R登伯格指出，16世紀(jì)的德語(yǔ)譯本提到了握手。

There's additional evidence for a handshaking tradition in that era: In 1607 the author James Cleland (believed to have been a Scotsman living in England) proclaimed that instead of things like bowing down to everyone’s shoes and kissing hands, he’d rather “retaine our good olde Scottish shaking of the two right hands together at meeting with an vncouered head".

還有一個(gè)握手傳統(tǒng)起源于那個(gè)年代的證據(jù)：1607年作家詹姆士·克雷蘭德（據(jù)認(rèn)為是生活在英格蘭的一個(gè)蘇格蘭人）宣稱，與其讓他深深地鞠躬和親吻別人的手，他寧愿“保持古老的蘇格蘭習(xí)俗，在會(huì)面時(shí)低頭伸出右手相握”。

HANDSHAKING—BACK TO THE FUTURE
握手的歷史回顧

A popular hypothesis suggests that Cleland’s statements against bowing were actually a wish to go back to a potentially very traditional (though poorly recorded) method of greeting in Europe. As the centuries progressed, handshaking was replaced by more ‘hierarchical’ ways of greeting—like bowing. According to Roodenburg, handshaking survived in a few niches, like in Dutch towns where they’d use the gesture to reconcile after disagreements. Around the same time, the Quakers—who valued equality—also made use of the handshake. Then, as the hierarchies of the continent weakened, the handshake re-emerged as a standard greeting among equals—the way it remains today.

一個(gè)流傳較廣的假說(shuō)認(rèn)為，克雷蘭德反對(duì)鞠躬的聲明其實(shí)是想回到歐洲傳統(tǒng)的問(wèn)候方式（盡管鮮有記載）。幾百年間，握手被更為“等級(jí)化”的問(wèn)候方式取代了——比如鞠躬。盧登伯格稱，握手作為打招呼的方式在一些偏僻的地方保留了下來(lái)，比如荷蘭的某些城鎮(zhèn)居民會(huì)用握手來(lái)言和。大約在同一時(shí)期，重視平等的貴格會(huì)信徒也采用了握手的問(wèn)候方式。隨著歐洲大陸的等級(jí)制度被削弱，握手重新成為地位相同的人之間通用的打招呼方式，直至今日。

Not everyone fell in love with the handshake, however. According to an article from December 1884, “the usage has found its way into other nations, but so contrary is it to their instinct, that, in France, for example, a society has been recently formed to abolish ‘le shake-hands’ as a vulgar English innovation.”

不過(guò)，不是每個(gè)人都喜歡握手的問(wèn)候方式。1884年12月的一篇文章曾寫(xiě)道：“這種用法已經(jīng)普及到其他國(guó)家，但是法國(guó)人認(rèn)為這實(shí)在有違本性，于是近日就成立了一個(gè)社團(tuán)來(lái)廢除握手的問(wèn)候方式，認(rèn)為這是粗俗的英格蘭人的發(fā)明。”

As for why shaking hands was deemed a good method of greeting, rather than some other gesture, the most popular explanation is that it incapacitates the right hand, making it useless for weapon holding. In the 19th century it was argued that shaking hands without removing gloves was quite rude and required an immediate apology. One 1870 text explains that this “idea would also seem to be an occult remnant of the old notion that the glove might conceal a weapon.”

至于為什么握手被視為一種打招呼的好方法，而非其他，最普遍的解釋是它占用了右手，讓其無(wú)法持有武器。在19世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為戴著手套握手是一種相當(dāng)無(wú)禮的行為，需要立刻道歉。1870年的一段文字解釋說(shuō)“這種想法似乎也是老觀念的一種神秘延續(xù)，舊時(shí)認(rèn)為手套可能會(huì)隱藏武器”。

incapacitate[??nk??p?s?te?t]: vt. 使無(wú)能力；使不能；使不適于

Sadly, in a world where obscure Rabelais translations provide critical evidence, the true reason may remain forever elusive.

可悲的是，在一個(gè)只有拉伯雷的不知名譯本能提供關(guān)鍵證據(jù)的世界，握手的真正起源可能會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)不為人所知。

英文來(lái)源：Mental Floss

翻譯&編輯：丹妮