糞便樣本 stool specimens

Researchers from multiple organizations, including the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease under Guangzhou Medical University, have successfully isolated a strain of virus from swab sample of an infected patient's feces, said Zhao Jincun, a member of Chinese respiratory expert Zhong Nanshan's research group, at a press conference Thursday.
鐘南山院士團(tuán)隊(duì)專家、呼吸疾病國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室副主任趙金存教授介紹，廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)呼吸疾病國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室等多個(gè)研究機(jī)構(gòu)的研究人員，從一例新冠肺炎患者的糞便拭子標(biāo)本中分離到一株新型冠狀病毒。

The swab sample was provided by the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, said Zhao, also a professor with the laboratory.
該樣本是由珠海中山大學(xué)附屬第五醫(yī)院提供的糞便拭子標(biāo)本。

Meanwhile, a research team led by Li Lanjuan, a renowned Chinese epidemiologist, also isolated novel coronavirus strains from stool specimens of infected patients. Three of the five feces samples tested positive, according to Wu Nanping, deputy director of the State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University.
我國(guó)知名病毒學(xué)家李蘭娟院士團(tuán)隊(duì)近日也同樣從患者糞便樣本中分離到病毒。浙江大學(xué)傳染病診治國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室副主任吳南屏教授介紹，研究人員從5份糞便樣本中分離到了3份新型冠狀病毒陽(yáng)性。

趙金存表示，這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)證實(shí)了排出的糞便的確存在活病毒，不過(guò)目前還沒(méi)有充分的證據(jù)說(shuō)明存在糞口傳播（fecal-oral transmission）。

國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委新聞發(fā)言人、宣傳司副司長(zhǎng)米鋒表示：

Transmission through means of respiratory and contact remain the major routes of the novel coronavirus spreading. Despite digestive tract problems of some patients, either as incipient symptoms or complications, the main clinical symptoms of the disease are fever, general weakness and dry cough, Mi said, adding that the coronavirus isolated from patients' feces is not yet illustrative to prove the change of the transmission route.
不管患者消化道癥狀是初發(fā)癥狀還是并發(fā)癥狀，發(fā)熱、乏力、干咳仍然是最重要的臨床表現(xiàn)。糞便中分離到病毒并不意味著該病主要傳播途徑發(fā)生變化，仍為呼吸道和接觸傳播為主。

Mi said that stomach and intestine symptoms, such as diarrhea, of some patients in the early stages, the positive test for the coronavirus nucleic acid in feces samples of patients and the isolated virus from patients' feces samples indicate the proliferation of the virus can happen in the digestive tract after infection.
部分病例早期的癥狀中有腹瀉等胃腸道的癥狀，患者糞便的標(biāo)本中核酸檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性或分離到病毒，提示感染新冠病毒后，病毒在消化道內(nèi)也可以增殖。

注意個(gè)人和家庭衛(wèi)生

米鋒表示，戴好口罩和做好手衛(wèi)生（wearing masks and keeping hands clean）是最重要、最有效的防護(hù)措施，堅(jiān)持勤洗手、規(guī)范洗手和手消毒（washing hands more frequently, in the right way and disinfection of hands），可以從根本上減少感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

吳南屏建議：大家注意公共衛(wèi)生，多洗手、吃熟食，食物要洗凈燒透（make sure that food is thoroughly cleaned and well cooked），注意個(gè)人衛(wèi)生及必要的污水處理（sewage treatment）。

趙金存表示，提醒大家要更加重視個(gè)人和家庭的清潔，如便后洗手，注意下水道的通暢（make sure the plumbing system run smoothly），以避免有可能出現(xiàn)的糞便病毒的傳播。

血漿治療 plasma therapy

In the latest guideline over the diagnosis and treatment of the virus issued on Feb 5, the top health authorities said plasma of recovering patients could be employed to fight the disease.
國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委員會(huì)2月5日發(fā)布的《新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案(試行第五版)》，提出可采用恢復(fù)期患者的血漿治療新冠病毒。

業(yè)內(nèi)專家指出，從臨床病理發(fā)生過(guò)程看，大部分新冠肺炎患者經(jīng)過(guò)治療康復(fù)后，身體內(nèi)會(huì)產(chǎn)生針對(duì)新冠病毒的特異性抗體（antibodies for the novel coronavirus），可殺滅和清除病毒。

2月8日，以新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案(試行第五版)為指南，首期在武漢市江夏區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院開(kāi)展了3名危重患者的新冠特免血漿治療，目前連同后續(xù)醫(yī)院治療的危重病人超過(guò)了10人。

Seven patients are receiving treatment using the therapy at Jiangxia First People's Hospital, in Wuhan's Jiangxia district, Liu Bende, vice-president of the hospital, said.
武漢市江夏區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院副院長(zhǎng)劉本德表示，該醫(yī)院有7名患者正在接受恢復(fù)期血漿治療。

Twelve to 24 hours after the therapy, patients have seen a decline in indicators of inflammation and a hike in lymphocytes, among other favorable turns.
患者接受治療12至24小時(shí)后，實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)主要炎癥指標(biāo)明顯下降，淋巴細(xì)胞比例上升，血氧飽和度、其他重點(diǎn)指標(biāo)全面向好。

"Of the patients, those in serious condition have not deteriorated so far, while those in a milder condition have showed improvement," he said. "In general, we have not seen serious side effects or complications due to the therapy."
他指出，接受該療法的患者中，重癥患者情況沒(méi)有惡化，癥狀較輕患者情況有改善?？傮w來(lái)說(shuō)，沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)因血漿療法而產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的副作用或并發(fā)癥。

2月13日，湖北省武漢金銀潭醫(yī)院院長(zhǎng)張定宇在發(fā)布會(huì)上懇請(qǐng)康復(fù)后的患者捐獻(xiàn)血漿，共同拯救還在與病魔作斗爭(zhēng)的病人。

那么，符合哪些條件的恢復(fù)期患者的血漿，才會(huì)被采樣并使用？

上海市公共衛(wèi)生臨床中心醫(yī)務(wù)部主任沈銀忠表示，

Cured patients have to meet certain criteria before donating plasma. "First, donors must be in good health… we won't collect their plasma forcefully," Shen said. "They must donate voluntarily."
康復(fù)患者捐獻(xiàn)血漿要符合一些特定的要求，首先，捐獻(xiàn)者身體要健康，我們不可能強(qiáng)行去采他的血，患者要自愿。

江夏區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院副院長(zhǎng)劉本德表示，

Plasma from patients with chronic diseases cannot be used, even if they have recovered from novel coronavirus pneumonia.
患有慢性病的新冠肺炎康復(fù)患者捐獻(xiàn)的血漿也不能使用。

康復(fù)者治愈后多久可以捐獻(xiàn)？

金銀潭醫(yī)院院長(zhǎng)張定宇表示，建議康復(fù)者在治愈兩周后參加捐獻(xiàn)（donate plasma two weeks after full recovery），這樣能保證他體內(nèi)的病毒已經(jīng)得到很好地清除。

野生動(dòng)物違規(guī)交易 illegal trade of wild animals

國(guó)家林草局與國(guó)家市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管總局、公安部、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、海關(guān)總署日前聯(lián)合開(kāi)展打擊野生動(dòng)物違規(guī)交易專項(xiàng)執(zhí)法行動(dòng)，取締和嚴(yán)厲打擊疫情期間野生動(dòng)物違規(guī)交易行為。

Sites used to breed wild animals will be placed under strict isolation, and nearby warning signs are now required, according to an announcement by the five departments released on Friday.
專項(xiàng)執(zhí)法行動(dòng)要求，嚴(yán)格隔離飼養(yǎng)繁育野生動(dòng)物場(chǎng)所，場(chǎng)所周邊應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)置隔離警示標(biāo)識(shí)。

Furthermore, trade or transportation of wild animals and related products are prohibited in both brick and mortar stores and e-commerce platforms. Exceptions are only made for fished aquatic products.
專項(xiàng)執(zhí)法行動(dòng)指出，除捕撈水產(chǎn)品外，嚴(yán)禁各類實(shí)體店及電商平臺(tái)等經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所開(kāi)展任何形式的野生動(dòng)物及制品交易和運(yùn)輸活動(dòng)。

The announcement said any store that breaks the law will be closed, and anybody illegally trading or transporting wild animals will receive heavier punishment in accordance with related laws and regulations.
經(jīng)營(yíng)場(chǎng)所一律查封，違法從事出售、購(gòu)買、利用、運(yùn)輸、攜帶、寄遞野生動(dòng)物及制品等交易活動(dòng)的，依據(jù)相關(guān)法律法規(guī)予以從重處罰。

1月26日，為嚴(yán)防新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎疫情，阻斷可能的傳染源和傳播途徑，市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管總局、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、國(guó)家林草局決定，即日起至全國(guó)疫情解除期間，禁止野生動(dòng)物交易活動(dòng)（impose a temporary ban on the trade of all wild animals across the country）。

In Yunnan province, 2,351 wild animal farms have been temporarily closed to the public, and all administrative approvals related to wild animals have been suspended.
云南省對(duì)2351家野生動(dòng)物人工馴養(yǎng)繁育場(chǎng)所進(jìn)行了封控管理，暫停野生動(dòng)物相關(guān)行政審批。

By Feb 11, the Yunnan forestry security department had handled 186 cases of illegal wild animal trading with 20 suspects being held and 1,405 live animals caught.
截至2月11日，云南省森林公安局處理野生動(dòng)物違法交易案件186起，抓獲嫌疑人20人，收繳野生動(dòng)物活體1405頭（只）。

流行病學(xué)特征 epidemiological characteristics

2月17日，中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心新型冠狀病毒肺炎應(yīng)急響應(yīng)機(jī)制流行病學(xué)組在《中華流行病學(xué)雜志》上發(fā)表新冠肺炎最新研究《新型冠狀病毒肺炎流行病學(xué)特征分析（the epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases）》。

該研究根據(jù)傳染病信息系統(tǒng)中報(bào)告的截至2月11日中國(guó)內(nèi)地所有新冠肺炎共計(jì)72314例病例數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)新冠肺炎流行病學(xué)特征進(jìn)行了描述和分析。

It finds that 80.9% of infections are classified as mild, 13.8% as severe and 4.7% as critical. The number of deaths among those infected, known as the fatality rate, remains low but rises among those over 80 years old.
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，80.9%的新冠病毒感染者為輕癥，13.8%為重癥，4.7%為危重。病死率保持在低位，不過(guò)在80歲以上人群中病死率有所上升。

Looking at the sex ratio, men are more likely to die (2.8%) than women (1.7%).
性別比例方面，男性患者的病死率為2.8%，高于女性（1.7%）。

The study also identifies which existing illnesses put patients at risk. It puts cardiovascular disease at number one, followed by diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and hypertension.
該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)一些現(xiàn)有疾病會(huì)對(duì)感染者病情產(chǎn)生影響，影響最大的是心血管疾病，其次為糖尿病，慢性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病以及高血壓。

The paper says that a total of 3,019 health workers have been infected, 1,716 of which were confirmed cases. Five had died by February 11.
研究指出，共有3019名醫(yī)護(hù)人員感染，其中1716名為確診病例。截至2月11日，已有5名醫(yī)護(hù)人員殉職。

據(jù)國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委官方網(wǎng)站數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2月18日0—24時(shí)，全國(guó)除湖北以外地區(qū)新增確診病例56例，連續(xù)15日呈現(xiàn)下降態(tài)勢(shì)。

The study suggests that the downward trend in the overall epidemic curve could mean that "isolation of whole cities, broadcast of critical information (e.g., promoting hand washing, mask wearing) with high frequency through multiple channels, and mobilization of a multi-sector rapid response teams is helping to curb the epidemic".
該研究指出，疫情總體曲線呈下降態(tài)勢(shì)說(shuō)明“城市封閉管理，多渠道高頻率的關(guān)鍵信息傳播（比如，宣傳洗手、戴口罩等），以及多部門(mén)快速響應(yīng)團(tuán)隊(duì)的發(fā)動(dòng)在抑制疫情方面發(fā)揮了作用”。

診療方案 treatment plan

國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委2月19日發(fā)布《新型冠狀病毒肺炎診療方案（試行第六版）》，在第五版診療方案的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)傳播途徑、臨床表現(xiàn)、治療等多方面內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了修改細(xì)化。

The latest version of the plan abolished different epidemic-related standards inside and outside the epicenter of Hubei province, and will only identify "suspected cases" and "confirmed cases" across the country.
最新版診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)取消了湖北省和湖北省以外其他省份的區(qū)別，統(tǒng)一分為“疑似病例”和“確診病例”兩類。

國(guó)家衛(wèi)健委有關(guān)專家表示，診療方案五次調(diào)整更新，邊實(shí)踐邊總結(jié)邊完善，將很多行之有效的治療經(jīng)驗(yàn)納入指導(dǎo)工作當(dāng)中，不斷提高疾病的規(guī)范化診療水平。

具體來(lái)看，第六版診療方案將“經(jīng)呼吸道飛沫和接觸傳播是主要的傳播途徑”改為“經(jīng)呼吸道飛沫和密切接觸傳播是主要的傳播途徑（the main transmission route is droplet transmission and close contact transmission）?！薄敖佑|”前增加“密切”二字。增加“在相對(duì)封閉的環(huán)境中長(zhǎng)時(shí)間暴露于高濃度氣溶膠情況下存在經(jīng)氣溶膠傳播的可能（aerosol transmission of the novel coronavirus is possible if one is exposed to a highly concentrated mixture in an enclosed area for an extended period）。”

臨床表現(xiàn)上，重癥患者嚴(yán)重者除了“快速進(jìn)展為急性呼吸窘迫綜合征（develop rapidly into Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome）、膿毒癥休克（septic shock）、難以糾正的代謝性酸中毒（difficult-to-tackle metabolic acidosis）和出凝血功能障礙（bleeding and coagulation dysfunction）”外，還可出現(xiàn)“多器官功能衰竭（multiple organ failure）”。

此外，在重癥、危重癥病例的治療（treatment of patients displaying serious or critical symptoms）中，對(duì)康復(fù)者血漿治療（infusions of blood plasma from recovered patients）的適用癥和用法、用量進(jìn)一步細(xì)化。

值得注意的是，診療方案還增加了“出院后注意事項(xiàng)”，患者出院后，因恢復(fù)期機(jī)體免疫功能低下，有感染其他病原體風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，應(yīng)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行14天自我健康狀況監(jiān)測(cè)（recovered patients should monitor health conditions and continue to quarantine themselves for 14 days），佩戴口罩，有條件的居住在通風(fēng)良好的單人房間，減少與家人的近距離密切接觸，分餐飲食，做好手衛(wèi)生，避免外出活動(dòng)。建議在出院后第2周、第4周到醫(yī)院隨訪、復(fù)診（at the second and fourth week after being discharged, they are supposed to revisit the hospital and undergo a checkup）。