交叉感染 cross infection

交通運輸部運輸服務司副司長蔡團結2月6日在國務院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機制新聞發(fā)布會上說，針對返程大客流，交通運輸部有針對性地研究相關保障方案，堅決防止疫情通過交通運輸工具傳播，降低客流輸入地區(qū)的輸入性風險。

To contain virus infections during the trips, railways, airports and other public transportation operators have intensified disinfection, ventilation and sanitation of vehicles and stations.
為了防止病毒傳播，鐵路、民航以及其他交通運輸部門均加強了交通運輸工具和場站的消毒、通風和衛(wèi)生清潔。

Passengers will go through body temperature screening at both entrances and exits of operating public transportation stations across the country. People found to have caught a fever above 37.3 degrees Celsius will be transferred to health departments.
乘客進出客運場站均需測溫，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)有乘客體溫超過37.3度，第一時間移交衛(wèi)生健康部門。

Meanwhile, steps have been taken to make sure vehicles are not fully booked to allow a safe distance between passengers, Cai said, adding that temporary isolation areas had been set in the vehicles to avoid cross-infections in case of emergency during the journey.
同時，控制交通運輸工具客座率，確保乘客之間有一定安全距離，此外，預留一部分空間作為突發(fā)情況時的暫時隔離區(qū)域。

【知識點】

這里的“客座率”在英語中有一個專門的表述passenger load factor（PLF），是交通運輸工具全程座位使用情況的一個測算指標，指特定時間段內，購票乘客數(shù)在某個交通運輸工具全部可用座位總數(shù)中所占的比例。

鐵路部門在售票源頭上加強管控，控制旅客列車的客座率，近幾天售票會把旅客列車的客座率控制在50%左右（make sure that train passenger load factor is around 50%），并實行分散售票，列車工作人員在旅客上車以后會引導大家分散就座。

此外，北京地鐵非配合式熱成像體溫測試系統(tǒng)布設車站已增至35座。

Compared with hand-held instruments, the thermal imaging system can automatically measure passengers' temperature, improving passenger flow at subway stations.
與手持型測溫設備相比，熱成像系統(tǒng)能夠自動檢測乘客體溫，縮短地鐵站乘客等待時間。

The thermal imaging system can issue an alert when detecting passengers with abnormal body temperatures and monitor the temperatures continuously, according to Beijing Mass Transit Railway Operation Corporation Ltd.
據(jù)北京地鐵運營有限公司介紹，熱成像系統(tǒng)發(fā)現(xiàn)體溫異常的乘客后，會對其體溫持續(xù)進行監(jiān)測。

氣溶膠傳播 aerosol transmission

The novel coronavirus normally does not suspend or float in the air for long, and currently no evidence has shown that the new virus can be transmitted through aerosol, Feng Luzhao, a researcher of infectious diseases with the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said at the press conference.
中國疾病預防控制中心傳染病預防控制處研究員馮錄召表示，新型冠狀病毒一般不會在空氣長期漂浮，目前沒有證據(jù)顯示新型冠狀病毒通過氣溶膠傳播。

【知識點】

氣溶膠傳播（aerosol transmission，aerosol讀作['er?.sɑl]），是指飛沫在空氣懸浮過程中失去水分而剩下的蛋白質（protein）和病原體（pathogen）組成的核，形成飛沫核（droplet nuclei），可以通過氣溶膠的形式漂浮至遠處，造成遠距離的傳播（float for a long distance and spread the virus）。

Currently, the virus is mainly transmitted via respiratory droplets and contact, said Feng, adding that the virus is normally transmitted within a range of one to two meters.
馮錄召說，新型冠狀病毒主要通過呼吸道飛沫傳播和接觸傳播，而飛沫傳播距離很短，一般1至2米。

He suggested the public to open windows to help with ventilation at least twice a day, which is effective to lower the risks of getting infected.
他建議每天至少兩次開窗通風，這是降低感染風險的有效措施。

他表示，在一般的工作生活條件下，采取正確佩戴口罩的飛沫傳播防護措施，是足以滿足保護普通公眾不被感染的（wearing a mask correctly is enough to protect the general public from the virus）。

農(nóng)產(chǎn)品附著病毒幾率很低

馮錄召表示，病毒通過飛沫、直接接觸等方式污染到蔬菜、肉和水果的幾率很低。

He suggested that raw vegetables, meats and fruits should be washed with running water, in the meantime, people should only eat cooked vegetables and meats and fruits without peels.
他建議，蔬菜、肉、水果買回家后需先用流水清洗。蔬菜、肉類不要生食，需炒熟吃，水果盡量削皮。

The virus would die in 30 minutes at a temperature of 56 degrees Celsius, Feng said, adding that cooking temperatures usually reach 100 degrees Celsius or even higher.
馮錄召說，病毒在溫度56℃狀態(tài)下，30分鐘內就能被殺死，而炒菜等溫度能達到100℃甚至更高。

Feng urged people to wash their hands more frequently, especially after dealing with these agricultural products. He also advised people to use different kitchen wares, like cutting boards and knives, for raw and cooked food, respectively.
處理蔬菜、肉類、水果后要及時洗手。處理生食和熟食的切菜板及刀具要分開。

假陰性 false nagetive results

Reports that nucleic acid tests have returned false-negative results for people infected with the novel coronavirus have prompted medical workers to deploy multiple measures to identify infections and implement rigorous isolation measures amid the viral epidemic.
一些新型冠狀病毒感染者的核酸檢測結果出現(xiàn)“假陰性”，這類報告促使醫(yī)護人員采取多重措施確診感染者，并采取更加嚴格的隔離措施來防控疫情。

據(jù)《新京報》報道，一位武漢來京的發(fā)熱肺炎患者2月5日在中日醫(yī)院呼吸四部確診為新型冠狀病毒感染肺炎。

An infected patient in Beijing tested negative three times for the virus through routine throat swab nucleic acid tests. The case was eventually confirmed by extracting samples from the lower respiratory tract — a more intrusive procedure.
此例患者入院前三次咽拭子新冠病毒核酸檢測均為陰性，入院后從下呼吸道提取樣本檢測才發(fā)現(xiàn)新冠病毒核酸陽性。

公開資料顯示，除中日醫(yī)院這名“假陰性”患者外，浙江、寧夏、福建、天津已出現(xiàn)多例核酸檢測“假陰性”病例。

針對這一情況，2月9日，國務院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機制新聞發(fā)布會稱，任何病毒的核酸檢測結果都不可能是100%陽性，對新冠病毒的核酸檢測也不例外，“假陰性”在所難免。

Gao Zhancheng, head of the respiratory and critical care department at Peking University's People's Hospital, said a range of factors will impact the accuracy of nucleic acid testing, including the severity of symptoms, the illness' development, the extraction method and the circumstances at laboratories.
北京大學人民醫(yī)院呼吸與危重癥醫(yī)學科主任高占成說，核酸檢測結果也受患者病情輕重、疾病不同階段、取樣方式方法、實驗室檢測條件影響。

"Nucleic acid testing targeting other viruses also cannot ensure full accuracy. However, such testing remains an irreplaceable way to confirm infection," he told a news conference held by the State Council's Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism on Sunday.
“任何病毒的核酸檢測結果都不可能是100%陽性，但對于確診新冠肺炎，核酸檢測是不可或缺的手段?！备哒汲稍?日的國務院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機制新聞發(fā)布會上說。

"Under the current treatment guideline, suspected cases who have tested negative for the virus once are also required to be quarantined at designated facilities for strict observation."
“初次檢測陰性的疑似患者，按照現(xiàn)行國家衛(wèi)健委診療方案要求，還需在定點醫(yī)院隔離觀察。”

對于假陰性是否會導致漏診的問題，專家們表示，不必過分擔心，病例的確診和排除，除了核酸檢測，還將結合流行病學史（ epidemiological records）、臨床癥狀（clinical symptoms）、CT影像（ CT scan imaging）等判斷。

新冠肺炎 COVID-19

2月11日，世界衛(wèi)生組織總干事譚德塞宣布，將新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎命名為“COVID-19”。

"We now have a name for the disease and it's COVID-19," WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told reporters in Geneva.
在日內瓦，世界衛(wèi)生組織總干事譚德塞對記者表示：“我們將這個疾病命名為COVID-19?！?/p>

這個名字COVID-19來源于corona（冠狀）、virus（病毒）以及disease（疾?。┤齻€詞，而19則代表這個疾病出現(xiàn)的年份2019年。新冠肺炎疫情是在2019年12月31日上報至世界衛(wèi)生組織的。

譚德塞指出：

"We had to find a name that did not refer to a geographical location, an animal, an individual or group of people, and which is also pronounceable and related to the disease," the WHO chief said.
我們要取的名字不能指向某個地理位置、某個動物、某個人或群體，同時這個名字要易讀，且與該疾病相關。

"Having a name matters to prevent the use of other names that can be inaccurate or stigmatizing. It also gives us a standard format to use for any future coronavirus outbreaks."
正式命名可以阻止其他不準確或者污名化名稱的使用，同時，也讓我們在今后的冠狀病毒疫情命名時有標準可循。

新型冠狀病毒名稱為SARS-CoV-2

The virus itself has been designated SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
新型冠狀病毒的名稱則由國際病毒分類委員會指定為SARS-CoV-2。

冠狀病毒（coronavirus）是一個病毒大家族，其中包括引起普通感冒的病毒，以及曾經(jīng)造成重大疫情的：

? 嚴重急性呼吸綜合征（Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome，SARS）冠狀病毒；

? 中東呼吸綜合征（Middle East Respiratory Syndrome，MERS）冠狀病毒。

此前，世界衛(wèi)生組織建議使用的臨時名稱，英文叫“2019-nCoV”。2019指代病毒被發(fā)現(xiàn)的年份，后面的nCoV是“新型冠狀病毒”英文翻譯new/novel coronavirus的縮寫。

為什么給病毒起名講究這么多？

美國約翰斯·霍普金斯健康安全中心高級學者、助理教授克麗絲特爾·沃森（Crystal Watson, senior scholar and assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security）表示雖然當下焦點都放在了公共衛(wèi)生應對上，不過病毒命名工作也值得優(yōu)先處理。

"The naming of a new virus is often quite delayed and the focus until now has been on the public health response, which is understandable."
“給新病毒的命名通常都會滯后許多，而且到目前為止，焦點都放在公共衛(wèi)生應對上，這是可以理解的?！?/p>

"But there are reasons the naming should be a priority."
“但是，病毒命名工作應該優(yōu)先處理，是有原因的?！?/p>

她給出了幾點原因：

? "The name it has now is not easy to use and the media and the public are using other names for the virus," says Dr Watson.
“目前的病毒名稱用起來并不方便，而媒體和公眾都在使用病毒的別名?！?/p>

? "The danger when you don't have an official name is that people start using terms like China Virus, and that can create a backlash against certain populations."
“沒有正式名稱的危險在于，人們開始使用諸如‘中國病毒’等表述，這會導致人們對部分特定人群產(chǎn)生強烈抵制?！?/p>

? With social media, unofficial names take hold quickly and are hard to take back, she says.
她說，非官方的名稱很容易在社交媒體上迅速流行起來，這很難撤回。

其實，給病毒起名不慎，早已有前車之鑒。

The H1N1 virus in 2009 was dubbed "swine flu". This led Egypt to slaughter all of its pigs, even though it was spread by people, not pigs.
2009年的甲型H1N1流感病毒曾另被稱作“豬流感”，結果導致埃及屠宰了境內全部的豬。但其實這種流感病毒是由人傳播，而不是豬傳播。

正式名稱不合適也可能引發(fā)各種潛在問題。

世界衛(wèi)生組織就曾在2015年批評過“中東呼吸綜合征” （MERS：Middle East Respiratory Syndrome）這一名稱。

命名中含有地區(qū)信息，這就可能招致不必要的地域歧視。畢竟病毒只是在這一地區(qū)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的，沒人能夠證明世界上其他地方就不存在該病毒。

世衛(wèi)組織在一篇聲明中說道：

"We've seen certain disease names provoke a backlash against members of particular religious or ethnic communities, create unjustified barriers to travel, commerce and trade, and trigger needless slaughtering of food animals."
“我們注意到某些疾病的名稱煽動起了對特定宗教或是族裔成員的抵制，對旅行、商業(yè)和貿易造成不正當?shù)恼系K，并且引發(fā)了對食用動物不必要的屠殺?！?/p>

2015年，世衛(wèi)組織發(fā)布了命名新型人類傳染病的指導原則，要求名稱中不能包含以下信息：

◆ 地理位置
geographical locations

◆ 人名
people's names

◆ 動物或食物的名字
the name of an animal or a kind of food

◆ 指向特定文化或行業(yè)
references to a particular culture or industry

臨床診斷病例 clinically diagnosed cases

Hubei province reported 14,840 new cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia on Wednesday, compared to 1,638 new cases reported on Tuesday, according to the province’s health commission on Thursday morning.
湖北省衛(wèi)健委2月13日早晨發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2月12日，該省新增新冠肺炎病例14840例，而2月11日，湖北省的新增病例為1638例。

通報顯示，湖北省新增新冠肺炎病例14840例(含臨床診斷病例13332例)。

什么是臨床診斷病例（clinically diagnosed cases）？為什么要新增臨床診斷病例？

In a statement released on Thursday morning, the commission said it now considers patients who are clinically diagnosed as having the novel coronavirus disease as confirmed patients when releasing the figures. Previously only patients testing positive for the virus were regarded as confirmed patients in Hubei.
湖北省衛(wèi)健委在通報中表示，湖北省將臨床診斷病例數(shù)納入確診病例數(shù)進行公布。此前，只有病毒檢測為陽性的患者才能被納入確診患者。

隨著對新型冠狀病毒肺炎認識的深入和診療經(jīng)驗的積累，針對湖北省疫情特點，國家衛(wèi)生健康委辦公廳、國家中醫(yī)藥管理局辦公室印發(fā)的《新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎診療方案（試行第五版）》在湖北省的病例診斷分類中增加了“臨床診斷”，以便患者能及早按照確診病例接受規(guī)范治療，進一步提高救治成功率。

中央指導組專家、北京朝陽醫(yī)院副院長童朝暉表示：

Revising the diagnosis standard can help doctors give a diagnosis for the disease. They can now give a diagnosis relying on a combination of factors, such as lung images, physical conditions and epidemiological history.
修訂診斷標準有益于臨床醫(yī)生對疾病多一個判斷。在臨床工作中，我們從肺部影像、體征以及流行病學史等方面綜合診斷。