2019年12月新聞熱詞匯總
中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng) 2020-01-01 09:00
12月,各類年終盤點(diǎn)扎堆,先后發(fā)布了2019年十大網(wǎng)絡(luò)用語(yǔ)、2019年十大媒體新詞語(yǔ)以及2019年十大流行語(yǔ),還有年度國(guó)內(nèi)字、詞和國(guó)際字、詞。這個(gè)月迎來澳門回歸20周年,備受關(guān)注的民法典草案首次集體亮相,引發(fā)熱議;2022年冬奧會(huì)志愿者全球招募啟動(dòng),《首都功能核心區(qū)控制性詳細(xì)規(guī)劃(街區(qū)層面)(2018年—2035年)》(草案)公示啟動(dòng)。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)音視頻新規(guī) new rules for online audio and video providers
國(guó)家互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息辦公室、文化和旅游部、國(guó)家廣播電視總局聯(lián)合印發(fā)了《網(wǎng)絡(luò)音視頻信息服務(wù)管理規(guī)定》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“《規(guī)定》”),自2020年1月1日起施行。
Online service providers should acquire qualifications in accordance with laws and administrative regulations before they release audio and video posts for users, the document said. They should establish and improve mechanisms for user registration, content review and information security management, it said.
規(guī)定明確,網(wǎng)絡(luò)音視頻信息服務(wù)提供者應(yīng)當(dāng)依法取得法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定的相關(guān)資質(zhì);應(yīng)當(dāng)建立健全用戶注冊(cè)、信息發(fā)布審核、信息安全管理等制度。
當(dāng)前,網(wǎng)絡(luò)音視頻信息服務(wù)迅速發(fā)展,用戶規(guī)模不斷壯大。
There are currently 608 million online music platform users and 759 million video service users in China.
當(dāng)前,我國(guó)網(wǎng)絡(luò)音樂用戶規(guī)模已達(dá)6.08億,網(wǎng)絡(luò)視頻用戶規(guī)模已達(dá)7.59億。
與此同時(shí),傳播違法和不良信息(disseminate illegal and harmful information)、侵犯人民群眾合法權(quán)益(infringe on the people's legitimate rights and interests)等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)隱患也隨之增加。特別是隨著“深度偽造(deepfake)”等新技術(shù)新應(yīng)用在網(wǎng)絡(luò)音視頻領(lǐng)域的運(yùn)用,這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)一步集聚、放大。
Online service providers or users producing, releasing or disseminating digitally-altered audio or video content based on new technologies like deep learning or virtual reality shall mark them as "not real" in a visible way, according to the regulation.
規(guī)定明確,網(wǎng)絡(luò)音視頻信息服務(wù)提供者和網(wǎng)絡(luò)音視頻信息服務(wù)使用者利用基于深度學(xué)習(xí)、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)等新技術(shù)新應(yīng)用制作、發(fā)布、傳播非真實(shí)音視頻信息的,應(yīng)當(dāng)以顯著方式予以標(biāo)識(shí)。
No one shall generate, release or disseminate fake news or information by using such technologies, the document said.
不得利用基于深度學(xué)習(xí)、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)等新技術(shù)新應(yīng)用制作、發(fā)布、傳播虛假新聞信息。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)音視頻信息服務(wù)提供者應(yīng)建立健全辟謠機(jī)制
網(wǎng)絡(luò)音視頻信息服務(wù)提供者應(yīng)當(dāng)部署應(yīng)用違法違規(guī)音視頻以及非真實(shí)音視頻鑒別技術(shù)(technologies that can identify illegal or fake audio and video contents),發(fā)現(xiàn)音視頻信息服務(wù)使用者制作、發(fā)布、傳播法律法規(guī)禁止的信息內(nèi)容的,應(yīng)當(dāng)依法依約停止傳輸該信息,采取消除等處置措施。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)音視頻信息服務(wù)提供者應(yīng)當(dāng)建立健全辟謠機(jī)制(rumor-refuting mechanism),發(fā)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)音視頻信息服務(wù)使用者利用基于深度學(xué)習(xí)、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)等虛假圖像、音視頻生成技術(shù)制作、發(fā)布、傳播謠言的,應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)采取相應(yīng)的辟謠措施,并將相關(guān)信息報(bào)網(wǎng)信、文化和旅游、廣播電視等部門備案。
2019年度十大網(wǎng)絡(luò)用語(yǔ) Top 10 online buzzwords
12月2日,國(guó)家語(yǔ)言資源監(jiān)測(cè)與研究中心發(fā)布了“2019年度十大網(wǎng)絡(luò)用語(yǔ)”。本次發(fā)布的十個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)用語(yǔ)依次為:不忘初心;道路千萬條,安全第一條;檸檬精;好嗨喲;是個(gè)狼人;雨女無瓜;硬核;996;14億護(hù)旗手;斷舍離。
1、不忘初心 remain true to the original aspiration
“不忘初心”意思是不忘記最初的心愿。
習(xí)近平總書記在黨的十九大報(bào)告中莊嚴(yán)宣告:
“中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人的初心和使命,就是為中國(guó)人民謀幸福,為中華民族謀復(fù)興?!?br>The original aspiration and the mission of Chinese Communists are to seek happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation.
其實(shí),每個(gè)人都有一顆初心的種子,都應(yīng)當(dāng)尋找初心、牢記初心、保持初心,為實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的小目標(biāo)努力奮斗,為實(shí)現(xiàn)中國(guó)夢(mèng)添磚加瓦。
2、道路千萬條,安全第一條 On countless roads ahead, safety comes first.
此語(yǔ)的流行源于電影《流浪地球(Wandering Earth)》中反復(fù)使用的一句臺(tái)詞,后被多地交警作為交通安全宣傳用語(yǔ)采用。網(wǎng)友仿照該句式創(chuàng)造出多種“××千萬條,××第一條”的用法,使這一網(wǎng)絡(luò)用語(yǔ)得到了更廣泛的使用和傳播。
3、檸檬精 green with envy
“檸檬精”字面意思是檸檬成精,指很喜歡酸別人,嫉妒別人(be jealous of someone)。現(xiàn)多用于自嘲式地表達(dá)對(duì)他人從外貌到內(nèi)在、從物質(zhì)生活到情感生活的多重羨慕(envy someone for his/her good looks, wealth or love life)。
在英語(yǔ)里,green這個(gè)詞經(jīng)常用來表達(dá)“嫉妒、羨慕”等意思,除了green with envy以外,還有莎士比亞作品中多次出現(xiàn)過的green-eyed monster。
比如:
Chad is heading off to Spain for the week, and I'm green with envy.
查德這周要去西班牙,我酸了。
4、好嗨喲 be so high/get really high
這個(gè)詞來源于同名網(wǎng)絡(luò)歌曲,經(jīng)過短視頻達(dá)人改編并配合十分魔性的表演,引得許多人模仿,用于表達(dá)很高興和興奮的狀態(tài)。
比如:
Her spirits get really high after a couple of drinks.
幾杯酒下肚,她變得好嗨喲。
5、是個(gè)狼人 someone is a badass/crackerjack
這個(gè)說法由“是個(gè)狠人”演變而來的,意思是“比狠人再狠‘一點(diǎn)’”。通常用來調(diào)侃某人做事不按常理出牌,卻又能取得奇效,給人一種出乎意外的很厲害的感覺。
Badass在美語(yǔ)中是一個(gè)非常流行的口語(yǔ)單詞,你經(jīng)常可以聽到人們用badass來形容不同的人、或者物,可以用作名詞或形容詞。
韋氏在線詞典對(duì)于badass的含義有兩種解釋:likely to cause trouble : tough and dangerous(危險(xiǎn)的、強(qiáng)悍的,可能會(huì)引發(fā)麻煩);very skillful or impressive(技能高超的,令人印象深刻的)。由此可見,badass既可表達(dá)貶義,也可用于褒義,取決于所處的語(yǔ)境。我們可以將其理解為,強(qiáng)悍(兇悍)的、厲害的、拉風(fēng)的、狂拽酷炫的,或是狠角色。不過要記住的是,badass原本是一個(gè)具有冒犯意味的詞,所以只能在非正式場(chǎng)合、口語(yǔ)中使用。
比如:
He is a real badass, finishing that project on such a tight schedule.
工期這么緊的情況下,他還能完成項(xiàng)目,真是個(gè)狼人。
Crackerjack的用法跟badass類似,也是可以用作名詞或形容詞,指“能力超群的(人);極好的(事物)”。比如:He just bought a crackerjack car.(他剛買了一輛超棒的車。)
6、雨女無瓜 none of your business
這個(gè)諧音梗出自電視劇《巴啦啦小魔仙》,劇中游樂王子的扮演者操著一口迷之口音,普通話非常不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。原本的臺(tái)詞“與你無關(guān)”,從他的口中說出來便成了“雨女無瓜”。于是便有網(wǎng)友制作了表情包在社交平臺(tái)上進(jìn)行調(diào)侃。
類似的口頭禪還有:
“你怎么這個(gè)亞子”(你怎么這個(gè)樣子)
Why the hell are you doing this?
“要泥寡”(要你管)
Leave me alone!
7、硬核 hardcore
該詞最早指說唱音樂(hip hop music/rap music)的一種形式,被認(rèn)為更具有力量感。后引申為“核心部分、中堅(jiān)分子”,有厲害、霸氣之義。如:硬核技術(shù)(hardcore technology)指很關(guān)鍵、很核心的技術(shù);說某人很硬核(someone is hardcore)可以指對(duì)方很強(qiáng)硬、很彪悍,跟“是個(gè)狼人”有點(diǎn)類似。
比如:
He is the hardcore engineer here -- we cannot do without him.
他是我們這的硬核工程師,沒他可不行。
8、996 the 996 work schedule
“996”指工作時(shí)間從早上9點(diǎn)到晚上9點(diǎn),一周工作6天(work from 9 am to 9 pm, six days a week),代表著中國(guó)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)盛行的加班文化(overtime culture in internet companies)。
China's Labor Law prescribes that the working hours of an employee should not exceed an average of eight hours daily, or 44 hours a week.
中國(guó)的勞動(dòng)法規(guī)定,員工每天工作不得超過8小時(shí),或每周不超過44小時(shí)。
Employers may extend working hours after consultation with an employee, but shall not exceed three hours a day or 36 hours a month.
雇主可以在與員工協(xié)商后延長(zhǎng)工作時(shí)間,但加班時(shí)間不應(yīng)超過每天3小時(shí)或每月36小時(shí)。
The 996 work schedule, however, can easily ratchet up weekly work to 60 hours.
但996工作制能輕易將工作時(shí)間增加到每周60個(gè)小時(shí)。
9、14億護(hù)旗手 1.4 billion guardians of the national flag
面對(duì)有暴徒在香港把國(guó)旗丟進(jìn)海中的暴行,央視新聞發(fā)布微博話題“五星紅旗有14億護(hù)旗手”并置頂,網(wǎng)友們紛紛留言、刷屏轉(zhuǎn)發(fā),表達(dá)熱愛祖國(guó)、護(hù)衛(wèi)國(guó)旗的真摯感情。
比如:
I'm one of the 1.4 billion guardians of the national flag and I love my motherland.
我是14億護(hù)旗手之一,我愛我的祖國(guó)。
10、斷舍離 simplifying life
一種生活態(tài)度,意思是把那些不必需、不合適、過時(shí)的東西統(tǒng)統(tǒng)斷絕、舍棄,并切斷對(duì)它們的眷戀(discard everything that is unnecessary, outdated or ill-suited and liberate yourself from it),“斷舍離”之后才能過簡(jiǎn)單清爽的生活。
比如:
I'm simplifying my life lately, dumping tons of unwanted things.
我最近正在斷舍離,扔了好多不要的東西。
新能源汽車 new energy vehicles (NEVs)
12月3日,工業(yè)和信息化部發(fā)布《新能源汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃(2021-2035年)》(征求意見稿),描繪新能源汽車未來15年的發(fā)展藍(lán)圖。
Sales of new energy vehicles (NEVs) are expected to make up about 25 percent of the total new car sales and those of intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) will be lifted to about 30 percent by 2025, according to the draft plan.
征求意見稿提出,到2025年,新能源汽車新車銷量占比達(dá)到25%,智能網(wǎng)聯(lián)汽車新車銷量占比達(dá)到30%。
【名詞解釋】
新能源汽車(new energy vehicles,NEVs)指采用新型動(dòng)力系統(tǒng),完全或主要依靠新型能源驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車,具有能耗低(low energy consumption)、污染物排放少(low pollutant emission)等特點(diǎn),主要包括插電式混合動(dòng)力汽車(plug-in hybrid electric vehicle,簡(jiǎn)稱PHEV)、純電動(dòng)汽車(battery electric vehicles ,簡(jiǎn)稱BEV)和燃料電池汽車(fuel-cell electric vehicles)。
智能網(wǎng)聯(lián)汽車(intelligent connected vehicles,ICVs)是指搭載先進(jìn)的車載傳感器、控制器、執(zhí)行器(onboard sensors, controllers and actuators)等裝置,并融合現(xiàn)代通信與網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)車與X(人、車、路、后臺(tái)等)智能信息交換共享(intelligent information exchange and sharing),具備復(fù)雜的環(huán)境感知、智能決策(intelligent decision-making)、協(xié)同控制和執(zhí)行等功能,可實(shí)現(xiàn)安全、舒適、節(jié)能、高效行駛(safe, comfortable, energy-saving and efficient driving),并最終可替代人來操作的新一代汽車。
在研發(fā)方面,征求意見稿重新定義了“三縱三橫”,中國(guó)將形成以純電動(dòng)汽車(battery electric vehicles BEV)、插電式混合動(dòng)力汽車(plug-in hybrid electric vehicle,PHEV)、燃料電池汽車(fuel-cell electric vehicles)為“三縱”,以動(dòng)力電池與管理系統(tǒng)(battery and managing system)、驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)與電力電子(driving motor and power electronics)、網(wǎng)聯(lián)化與智能化技術(shù)(internet and intelligent technologies)為“三橫”的研發(fā)布局。
征求意見稿提出,力爭(zhēng)經(jīng)過15年持續(xù)努力,純電動(dòng)汽車成為主流,燃料電池汽車實(shí)現(xiàn)商業(yè)化應(yīng)用(fuel-cell electric vehicles will be ready for commercial use),公共領(lǐng)域用車全面電動(dòng)化(all vehicles used for public services will be electrically powered),高度自動(dòng)駕駛智能網(wǎng)聯(lián)汽車趨于普及,有效促進(jìn)節(jié)能減排水平和社會(huì)運(yùn)行效率提升。
2018年國(guó)際學(xué)生評(píng)估項(xiàng)目 PISA2018
The latest 2018 Program for International Student Assessment, hosted every three years by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, found that 15-year-olds in Beijing, Shanghai and the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang ranked No 1 in all three core subjects of reading, science and mathematics.
2018年國(guó)際學(xué)生評(píng)估項(xiàng)目(PISA2018)測(cè)試結(jié)果顯示,我國(guó)北京、上海、江蘇、浙江四省市15歲學(xué)生在閱讀、科學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)三個(gè)核心科目中排名第一。國(guó)際學(xué)生評(píng)估項(xiàng)目(PISA2018)測(cè)試由經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織(OECD)發(fā)起組織,每三年進(jìn)行一次。
They are followed by students from Singapore and China's two special administrative regions -- Macao and Hong Kong. The top OECD countries were Estonia, Canada, Finland, and Ireland.
排名緊隨其后的分別是來自新加坡、澳門以及香港特別行政區(qū)的學(xué)生。測(cè)試成績(jī)排名靠前的經(jīng)合組織成員國(guó)為愛沙尼亞、加拿大、芬蘭和愛爾蘭。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
國(guó)際學(xué)生評(píng)估項(xiàng)目(Program for International Student Assessment,PISA)是經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,OECD)于2000年發(fā)起的對(duì)基礎(chǔ)教育進(jìn)行跨國(guó)家(地區(qū))、跨文化的評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目,目的是對(duì)15歲學(xué)生的閱讀、數(shù)學(xué)、科學(xué)素養(yǎng)和運(yùn)用知識(shí)解決現(xiàn)實(shí)問題能力(measure students' ability to use their reading, mathematics and science knowledge and skills to meet real-life challenges)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),反映學(xué)生參與未來生活的能力。PISA參與成員主要是OECD成員國(guó)家(地區(qū)),吸收非成員國(guó)家(地區(qū))參加,每三年進(jìn)行一次,根據(jù)測(cè)評(píng)年份命名。
The OECD's PISA 2018 tested around 600,000 15-year-old students in 79 countries and regions on reading, science, and mathematics. The main focus was on reading, with most students doing the test on computers.
2018年國(guó)際學(xué)生評(píng)估項(xiàng)目共測(cè)試了79個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)60萬名15歲學(xué)生的閱讀、科學(xué)及數(shù)學(xué)能力,其中閱讀為主要考查科目。大部分學(xué)生在計(jì)算機(jī)上答題。
其他測(cè)試結(jié)果還包括:
In B-S-J-Z (China), socio-economically advantaged students outperformed disadvantaged students in reading by 82 score points in PISA 2018. This is not significantly different from the average difference between the two groups (89 score points) across OECD countries.
2018年國(guó)際學(xué)生評(píng)估項(xiàng)目(PISA2018)測(cè)試結(jié)果顯示,我國(guó)四省市社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件較好的學(xué)生在閱讀方面的得分比經(jīng)濟(jì)條件較差學(xué)生高82分,經(jīng)合組織成員內(nèi)部這個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)平均差為89分,二者沒有明顯差異。
School principals in B-S-J-Z (China) reported more staff shortage and less material shortage than the OECD average; and school principals of disadvantaged schools more often reported staff shortage than principals of advantaged schools.
我國(guó)四省市校長(zhǎng)報(bào)告的師資短缺情況高于經(jīng)合組織平均值,報(bào)告的資源短缺情況低于經(jīng)合組織平均值。條件較差學(xué)校的校長(zhǎng)報(bào)告的師資短缺問題多于條件好的學(xué)校校長(zhǎng)。
In B-S-J-Z (China), boys outperformed girls in mathematics by 11 score points. Across OECD countries, boys outperformed girls by five score points. While girls slightly outperformed boys in science (by two score points) on average across OECD countries in PISA 2018, in B-S-J-Z (China) boys outperformed girls in science by 12 score points.
我國(guó)四省市參與測(cè)試的學(xué)生中,男生的數(shù)學(xué)分?jǐn)?shù)比女生高11分,經(jīng)合組織成員國(guó)的男生則比女生高5分。在科學(xué)成績(jī)方面,經(jīng)合組織成員國(guó)的女生平均得分略高于男生(高出2分),我國(guó)四省市則是男生比女生高出12分。
In almost every education system, girls expressed greater fear of failure than boys, and this gender gap was considerably wider amongst top-performing students.
在幾乎所有的參與測(cè)試的教育體系中,女生比男生更擔(dān)心失敗,在成績(jī)好的學(xué)生中尤其如此。
In B-S-J-Z (China), students spent 31.8 hours in the classroom on average, ranking fourth among all 79 countries and regions. The learning efficiency of students in B-S-J-Z (China) ranked 44th, 46th and 54th for reading, math and science, respectively, and the students' satisfaction about learning only ranked 61st.
我國(guó)四省市學(xué)生平均校內(nèi)課堂學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間為31.8小時(shí)/周,在參測(cè)國(guó)家(地區(qū))中排第4位。我國(guó)四省市學(xué)生的閱讀、數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)效率在參測(cè)國(guó)家(地區(qū))中排名分列第44位、第46位、第54位。我國(guó)四省市學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)滿意度在參測(cè)國(guó)家(地區(qū))中排第61位。
冬奧會(huì)志愿者全球招募 global recruitment for Winter Olympics volunteers
According to the Beijing Organizing Committee for the 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games (BOCOG), 27,000 Games volunteers will be needed for the Olympic Winter Games and 12,000 for the Paralympic Winter Games.
北京冬奧組委計(jì)劃招募2.7萬名冬奧會(huì)賽會(huì)志愿者、1.2萬名冬殘奧會(huì)賽會(huì)志愿者。
Successful candidates will be trained to assist organizers in 12 service categories before and during the Games, including international liaison, competition organization, media operations and venue services, in three zones: downtown Beijing, the capital's northwest Yanqing district and Zhangjiakou, according to Beijing 2022 organizers.
北京冬奧組委表示,成功入選的志愿者經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)后將分布于北京、延慶、張家口三個(gè)賽區(qū),參與國(guó)際聯(lián)絡(luò)、競(jìng)賽組織、媒體運(yùn)營(yíng)、場(chǎng)館運(yùn)行等12類志愿服務(wù)。
賽會(huì)志愿者怎么報(bào)名
賽會(huì)志愿者申請(qǐng)人報(bào)名時(shí)間為北京時(shí)間2019年12月5日至2021年6月30日24:00。所有申請(qǐng)人均應(yīng)登錄賽會(huì)志愿者全球招募網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)(vol.beijing2022.cn)提交申請(qǐng)。賽會(huì)志愿者錄用工作將于2021年9月30日前全部完成。
啟動(dòng)儀式上,北京冬奧會(huì)和冬殘奧會(huì)志愿者標(biāo)志也正式發(fā)布。
As a highly significant branding and visual element of the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games Beijing 2022, the volunteer logo is designed to fully arouse the enthusiasm of the volunteers; carry forward and foster the volunteering spirit; and build a culture dedicated to embodying the volunteering spirit.
北京2022年冬奧會(huì)和冬殘奧會(huì)志愿者標(biāo)志是冬奧會(huì)和冬殘奧會(huì)重要的形象景觀元素,是著眼于充分調(diào)動(dòng)志愿者的積極性,弘揚(yáng)和培育志愿服務(wù)精神,打造志愿者文化所作的原創(chuàng)性設(shè)計(jì)。
The red and yellow colour in the logo symbolises passion and hospitality. The motif of the universally-acknowledged sign language for “I love you” manifests global, trending and youthful ideas. The elegant and dynamic "ribbon" represents the rhythm of a heartbeat and showcase the vision for a "Joyful rendezvous upon pure ice and snow".
標(biāo)志顏色由紅色、黃色組成,代表熱情和歡迎。圖形采用國(guó)際通用手勢(shì)“我愛你”,體現(xiàn)國(guó)際化、時(shí)尚化、年輕化。通過飄逸、動(dòng)感的飄帶形式,表達(dá)“心動(dòng)”的感覺,體現(xiàn)“純潔的冰雪,激情的約會(huì)”愿景。
The upper part of the logo resembles a triple "V," signifying a winning streak and the aspirations of volunteers to participate in the Winter Games. The smiling face on the bottom half of the logo aims to inspire dedication, friendship and happiness. A volunteer's smile will light up the Beijing 2022 Games. It is both the legacy of the Beijing 2008 Games and the embodiment of the volunteering spirit of dedication, friendship, mutual assistance and progress.
標(biāo)志上半部圖形由寓意連勝的“VVV”組成,象征志愿者“手拉手” 參與冬奧服務(wù)冬奧的熱情;圖形下半部分“笑臉”表達(dá)了“奉獻(xiàn)、愛與微笑”的主題。志愿者的微笑是北京最好的名片,既是對(duì)2008年北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)的傳承,也是對(duì)志愿精神“奉獻(xiàn)、友愛、互助、進(jìn)步”的體現(xiàn)。
繁體字 traditional Chinese character
Schools should use standard, simplified Chinese in teaching, based on relevant laws, the Ministry of Education said recently, playing down concerns that the use of simplified Chinese is detrimental to preserving cultural heritage.
關(guān)于簡(jiǎn)化漢字“不利于文化傳承”的問題,教育部表示,學(xué)校教學(xué)應(yīng)依法使用規(guī)范漢字。
In response to a proposal made this year by a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the ministry said students can also learn about traditional Chinese when they learn about Chinese classic writings and Chinese calligraphy at school.
在對(duì)今年一份政協(xié)委員提案的回復(fù)中,教育部表示,學(xué)生在經(jīng)典閱讀和書法教育中,會(huì)涉及繁體字教育有關(guān)內(nèi)容。
【背景介紹】
1952年2月5日,在中央教育部的籌劃下,由中國(guó)文字改革協(xié)會(huì)改組合并其他機(jī)構(gòu)組成中國(guó)文字改革研究委員會(huì),收集民間及民國(guó)以來主張漢字簡(jiǎn)化學(xué)者們的建議(suggestions concerning simplifying Chinese characters)。1952年3月25日,文字改革研究委員會(huì)漢字整理組成立,開始著手?jǐn)M定《常用漢字簡(jiǎn)化表草案》。第一次由政府正式公布并成功得到貫徹實(shí)施的簡(jiǎn)體字方案和字表是1956年由中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院公布的《漢字簡(jiǎn)化方案》,并最終制定出了一個(gè)《簡(jiǎn)化字總表(a list of simplified Chinese characters)》?,F(xiàn)在我們通用的是1986年重新發(fā)布的《簡(jiǎn)化字總表》,總共收錄了2235個(gè)字。
關(guān)于簡(jiǎn)化漢字“因簡(jiǎn)害義”“有損漢字的藝術(shù)美和規(guī)律性,不利于文化傳承”的問題,教育部介紹,自古以來,漢字由繁趨簡(jiǎn)的發(fā)展演變趨勢(shì)十分顯著(Chinese characters have undergone constant simplification)。
簡(jiǎn)化字伴隨著漢字的產(chǎn)生而發(fā)展,已有三千多年的歷史。早在甲骨文(oracle bone script)和金文(Chinese Bronze Inscriptions)中,漢字就有了簡(jiǎn)體形式;南北朝以來楷書(regular script)、草書(cursive writing style)、行書(running hand)中也不斷有簡(jiǎn)體字產(chǎn)生?,F(xiàn)行簡(jiǎn)化字即是遵循約定俗成的原則,通過搜集、整理、篩選千百年來在民間通行的簡(jiǎn)體字(collect, sort and select simplified characters widely used for hundreds of years),在廣泛征求意見基礎(chǔ)上確定簡(jiǎn)化字體并經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的試行后確定的,具有歷史繼承性、體系性和深厚的群眾基礎(chǔ)。
從漢字形體構(gòu)成的規(guī)律看,形聲構(gòu)字(pictophonetic characters)是主要的構(gòu)字方法,如果僅從會(huì)意字(associative compounds)方向去理解漢字,就背離了漢字構(gòu)形事實(shí)。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
漢字的造字結(jié)構(gòu)通常有四種,分別為:象形字(pictographs),比如,馬、口、門等;形聲字(pictophonetic characters),一般是一個(gè)偏旁部首加一個(gè)漢字組成,比如,嗎、媽等;會(huì)意字( associative compounds),用兩個(gè)及兩個(gè)以上的獨(dú)體漢字,根據(jù)各自的含義所組合成的一個(gè)新漢字,比如,休、旦等;指事字(self-explanatory characters),當(dāng)沒有、或不方便用具體形象畫出來時(shí),就用一種抽象的符號(hào)來表示。大多數(shù)指事字是在象形字的基礎(chǔ)上添加、減少筆畫或符號(hào),比如,上、下、兇等。
教育部還表示,文字并不完全等同于文化,文字是記錄、傳遞文化信息的工具,中華文化的大量信息是通過漢字記錄下來的(a large amount of information on Chinese culture was recorded in Chinese characters)。要讀懂這些信息首先要能讀懂漢字記錄的各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期的漢語(yǔ)書面語(yǔ),但經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期的歷史發(fā)展,漢語(yǔ)發(fā)生了很大變化,人們現(xiàn)在通過文字資料了解古代文化信息的困難主要在于記錄這些信息的語(yǔ)言從古至今發(fā)生了很大變化,認(rèn)識(shí)繁體字的人不經(jīng)過專門的古漢語(yǔ)、古代文化知識(shí)等的學(xué)習(xí)、培訓(xùn),也一樣讀不懂古典詩(shī)文(people who understand traditional Chinese may not necessarily understand classic writings without proper training),不能了解中華傳統(tǒng)文化、知曉中國(guó)文化的由來。同樣,現(xiàn)在古典詩(shī)文都已經(jīng)有簡(jiǎn)化字版,如果不經(jīng)過專門訓(xùn)練,也一樣讀不懂。
針對(duì)“中小學(xué)繁體字識(shí)讀教育”一事,教育部表示,《中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家通用語(yǔ)言文字法》明確規(guī)定,“學(xué)校及其他教育機(jī)構(gòu)以普通話和規(guī)范漢字為基本的教育教學(xué)用語(yǔ)用字。法律另有規(guī)定的除外”。因此,學(xué)校教學(xué)應(yīng)依法使用規(guī)范漢字。
俄羅斯被禁賽 Russia banned from Olympics
12月9日,世界反興奮劑機(jī)構(gòu)(WADA)執(zhí)委會(huì)在瑞士洛桑宣布,禁止俄羅斯在未來4年參加所有大型國(guó)際賽事。
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) on Monday banned Russia from major global sporting events in the next four years including the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and 2022 World Cup in Qatar after accusing Moscow of falsifying data from an anti-doping laboratory.
因指控莫斯科反興奮劑實(shí)驗(yàn)室數(shù)據(jù)造假,世界反興奮劑機(jī)構(gòu)12月9日宣布,禁止俄羅斯在未來四年參加所有大型國(guó)際賽事,其中包括2020年?yáng)|京奧運(yùn)會(huì)、2022年北京冬奧會(huì),以及2022年卡塔爾世界杯。
Under the sanctions, the Russian flag and anthem are also prohibited from being displayed at major events.
根據(jù)禁令規(guī)定,俄羅斯的國(guó)旗和國(guó)歌也不得在大型賽事中展示。
If the bans are ultimately enforced, Russian athletes who can prove they are untainted by the doping scandal will be able to compete compete under a neutral flag.
如果禁令最終得以實(shí)施,俄羅斯運(yùn)動(dòng)員在能夠證明自己沒有卷入興奮劑丑聞的情況下,可以使用中立旗幟參加比賽。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn):何為大型國(guó)際賽事?】
根據(jù)世界反興奮劑機(jī)構(gòu)官網(wǎng)發(fā)布的新聞稿,這里所說的“大型國(guó)際賽事(major global events)”包括以下四類:
(a) the Youth Olympic Games (summer and winter);
夏季和冬季青年奧運(yùn)會(huì);
(b) the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (summer and winter);
夏季和冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)及殘奧會(huì);
(c) any other event organized by a Major Event Organisation;
由大型賽事組織機(jī)構(gòu)組織的其他比賽;
(d) any World Championships organized or sanctioned by any Signatory.
由任何簽約成員組織或批準(zhǔn)的國(guó)際錦標(biāo)賽。
Wada says Rusada has 21 days to appeal against the ban. If it does so, the appeal will be referred to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (Cas).
世界反興奮劑機(jī)構(gòu)表示,俄羅斯可在21天內(nèi)對(duì)該禁令提出申訴。發(fā)起的申訴將交由國(guó)際體育仲裁法庭受理。
Russian president Vladimir Putin said the country had grounds to appeal against the decision.
俄羅斯總統(tǒng)普京表示,俄方有理由對(duì)該決定提出申訴。
明年歐洲杯未受影響
Despite the ban, Russia will be able to compete at Euro 2020 - in which St Petersburg will be a host city - as European football's governing body Uefa is not defined as a 'major event organization' with regards to rulings on anti-doping breaches.
明年將在圣彼得堡舉行的2020年歐洲杯將不受禁令影響,因?yàn)樵谑澜绶磁d奮劑機(jī)構(gòu)作出的裁決中,歐足聯(lián)未被認(rèn)定為“大型賽事組織機(jī)構(gòu)”。
Fifa said it had "taken note" of Wada's decision, adding: "Fifa is in contact with Wada to clarify the extent of the decision in regards to football."
國(guó)際足聯(lián)表示已經(jīng)“注意到”世界反興奮劑機(jī)構(gòu)的決定,并稱“國(guó)際足聯(lián)正在與世界反興奮劑機(jī)構(gòu)聯(lián)絡(luò),以明確該決定對(duì)足球比賽的影響范圍?!?/p>
The promoters of the F1 Russian Grand Prix 2020 also said they were "confident" the race would go ahead because their contract was signed before the Wada investigation and runs until 2025.
2020年F1俄羅斯大獎(jiǎng)賽宣傳方也表示,他們“相信”比賽會(huì)如期舉行,因?yàn)橘愂潞霞s在世界反興奮劑機(jī)構(gòu)調(diào)查前已經(jīng)簽訂,且有效期到2025年。
【相關(guān)背景】
2017年12月,國(guó)際奧委會(huì)執(zhí)委會(huì)宣布禁止俄羅斯代表團(tuán)參加2018年2月在韓國(guó)平昌舉行的冬奧會(huì),但是允許符合條件的運(yùn)動(dòng)員以中立身份參加個(gè)人或集體項(xiàng)目。
A total of 168 Russian athletes competed under a neutral flag at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.
2018年平昌冬奧會(huì)期間,共有168名俄羅斯運(yùn)動(dòng)員持中立旗參賽。
這些清白的參賽運(yùn)動(dòng)員被稱為“來自俄羅斯的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)員(Olympic Athletes from Russia)”,在平昌冬奧會(huì)上,伴隨他們出現(xiàn)的是國(guó)際奧委會(huì)會(huì)旗(the Olympic flag)、國(guó)際奧林匹克會(huì)歌(the Olympic Anthem),運(yùn)動(dòng)員獲得的任何獎(jiǎng)牌都不屬于俄羅斯。
六穩(wěn)(穩(wěn)就業(yè)、穩(wěn)金融、穩(wěn)外貿(mào)、穩(wěn)外資、穩(wěn)投資、穩(wěn)預(yù)期)
keep employment, the financial sector, foreign trade, foreign and domestic investments, and expectations stable
The Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee held a meeting Friday to analyze and study the economic work for 2020 and make plans for improving conduct and building integrity as well as fighting corruption. "The basic trend of steady long-term growth for China's economy remains unchanged at present and for a period to come," the meeting said, stressing transforming external pressure into motivation for deepening reform and furthering opening-up, and focusing on running China's own affairs well.
中共中央政治局12月6日召開會(huì)議,分析研究2020年經(jīng)濟(jì)工作;研究部署2020年黨風(fēng)廉政建設(shè)和反腐敗工作。會(huì)議強(qiáng)調(diào),當(dāng)前和今后一個(gè)時(shí)期,我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)中向好、長(zhǎng)期向好的基本趨勢(shì)沒有變。我們要善于把外部壓力轉(zhuǎn)化為深化改革、擴(kuò)大開放的強(qiáng)大動(dòng)力,集中精力辦好自己的事。
穩(wěn)就業(yè)
要切實(shí)保障和改善民生,重點(diǎn)解決好高校畢業(yè)生、退役軍人、下崗職工、農(nóng)民工、返鄉(xiāng)人員等重點(diǎn)人群的就業(yè)問題。
We should improve people's living standards and pay particular attention to ensuring employment for key groups such as college graduates, veterans, laid-off and rural migrant workers, as well as those returning to rural areas.
——2019年9月18日,習(xí)近平在河南考察期間強(qiáng)調(diào)
穩(wěn)金融
防范化解金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn),事關(guān)國(guó)家安全、發(fā)展全局、人民財(cái)產(chǎn)安全,是實(shí)現(xiàn)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展必須跨越的重大關(guān)口。
Preventing and defusing financial risks is relevant to national security, overall development, and the security of people's property, and is a key threshold that the country must cross to achieve high-quality growth.
——2018年4月2日,習(xí)近平主持召開中央財(cái)經(jīng)委員會(huì)第一次會(huì)議并講話
穩(wěn)外貿(mào)
我們應(yīng)該堅(jiān)持以開放求發(fā)展,深化交流合作,堅(jiān)持“拉手”而不是“松手”,堅(jiān)持“拆墻”而不是“筑墻”,堅(jiān)決反對(duì)保護(hù)主義、單邊主義,不斷削減貿(mào)易壁壘,推動(dòng)全球價(jià)值鏈、供應(yīng)鏈更加完善,共同培育市場(chǎng)需求。
We need to promote development through opening-up and deepen exchanges and cooperation among us. We need to “join hands” with each other instead of “l(fā)etting go” of each other’s hands. We need to “tear down walls”, not to “erect walls”. We need to stand firm against protectionism and unilateralism. We need to continually bring down trade barriers, optimize global value and supply chains, and jointly foster market demand.
——2019年11月5日,習(xí)近平在第二屆中國(guó)國(guó)際進(jìn)口博覽會(huì)開幕式上的主旨演講
穩(wěn)外資
中國(guó)將堅(jiān)持?jǐn)U大對(duì)外開放,增加商品和服務(wù)進(jìn)口,擴(kuò)大外資市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入,加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù),形成全方位、多層次、寬領(lǐng)域的全面開放新格局。
Going forward, China will open up still wider. We will import more goods and services, ease market access for foreign investments, and step up intellectual property protection. With these efforts, we will break new ground in pursuing all-dimensional, multi-tiered and all-sectoral opening-up in China.
——2019年11月14日,習(xí)近平在金磚國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人巴西利亞會(huì)晤公開會(huì)議上的講話
穩(wěn)投資
要切實(shí)解決中小微企業(yè)融資難融資貴問題,加大援企穩(wěn)崗力度。
Concrete measures should be taken to make financing for medium-sized, small and micro firms easier and affordable, and to stabilize and support employment.
——2019年1月21日,習(xí)近平在省部級(jí)主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部堅(jiān)持底線思維著力防范化解重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)專題研討班開班式上發(fā)表重要講話
穩(wěn)預(yù)期
當(dāng)前,中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)中向好,國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增速連續(xù)多年保持在6%以上的合理區(qū)間。我們將在近期采取措施的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步推出若干重大舉措,加快形成對(duì)外開放新局面,努力實(shí)現(xiàn)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。
The Chinese economy has continued its stable and sound performance, with its GDP growing within a proper range of more than 6% for years running. On top of the steps we have taken recently, China will further unveil major measures aimed at breaking new ground in opening-up and delivering high-quality development.
——2019年6月28日,習(xí)近平在二十國(guó)集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人峰會(huì)上關(guān)于世界經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)和貿(mào)易問題的講話
空氣污染防護(hù) protection against air pollution
國(guó)家衛(wèi)生健康委員會(huì)在官方網(wǎng)站發(fā)布《空氣污染(霾)人群健康防護(hù)指南》,針對(duì)空氣霾污染天氣的健康防護(hù)需求,從知識(shí)傳播、信念培養(yǎng)和防護(hù)技能等方面,給出公眾綜合健康防護(hù)對(duì)策和建議。
The guideline suggested that kindergartens, primary and middle schools as well as indoor gyms be equipped with air purifiers to reduce concentration of PM2.5. Schools should suspend outdoor activities and avoid strenuous exercise indoors, the guideline suggested.
指南建議中小學(xué)、幼兒園及室內(nèi)健身場(chǎng)所等配置空氣凈化器,盡量降低PM2.5濃度;學(xué)校應(yīng)當(dāng)暫停室外集體活動(dòng)并盡量避免室內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】
霧(fog)和霾(haze)的區(qū)別為:霧的相對(duì)濕度(the relative humidity)一般在90%以上,而霾在80%以下,但通常兩者并存。能見度(visibility)在1公里以下的稱為霧,1公里以上但小于10公里的屬于灰霾(dust haze)現(xiàn)象。
較高濃度的細(xì)顆粒物(PM2.5)是形成霾天氣的重要原因之一。大多數(shù)時(shí)間霧和霾這兩種現(xiàn)象混合在一起,統(tǒng)稱為“霧霾天氣(smog)”。
霾污染對(duì)人體的直接健康影響
霾對(duì)健康的直接影響以刺激癥狀和急性效應(yīng)為主,主要表現(xiàn):眼和咽喉部刺激(eye and throat irritation)、咳嗽(cough)、呼吸困難(breathing difficulty)、鼻塞流鼻涕(stuffy nose and runny nose)、皮疹(skin rash)等,上呼吸道感染(upper respiratory tract infection)、哮喘(asthma)、結(jié)膜炎(pink eye)、支氣管炎(bronchitis)等疾病的癥狀增強(qiáng),部分呼吸系統(tǒng)和心血管系統(tǒng)疾病的發(fā)病率、就診率、入院率增高等。
霾污染防護(hù)的重點(diǎn)人群
重點(diǎn)人群主要有三類,第一類為兒童、老人、孕婦等敏感人群(vulnerable groups including children, the elderly and pregnant women);第二類為心肺疾病患者(those suffering from heart and lung diseases),如患有冠心病、心力衰竭、哮喘或慢性阻塞性肺疾病的病人;第三類為長(zhǎng)期在戶外作業(yè)的人員(outdoor workers),如交警、環(huán)衛(wèi)工人、建筑工人等。
重點(diǎn)人群防護(hù)措施和技能
輕度霾天氣(mild smog)時(shí):兒童、老人、孕婦及心肺疾病患者等應(yīng)當(dāng)減少外出及戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)(cut time spent outdoor),多在室內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)或調(diào)整鍛煉時(shí)間,盡量避免霾污染高峰時(shí)段外出鍛煉。
中度霾天氣(moderate smog)時(shí):兒童、老人、孕婦及心肺疾病患者等應(yīng)當(dāng)避免外出及戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)(avoid going outdoor)。
重度霾天氣時(shí)(heavy smog):兒童、老人、孕婦及心肺疾病患者等應(yīng)當(dāng)留在室內(nèi)(stay indoor);重點(diǎn)人群必須外出時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)佩戴配有呼吸閥的防護(hù)口罩(wear protective masks equipped with respirators),佩戴口罩前應(yīng)當(dāng)向?qū)I(yè)醫(yī)師咨詢確認(rèn);戶外作業(yè)人員要佩戴具有防霾功能的口罩(smog-proof masks)?;氐郊抑幸皶r(shí)更換衣物、清洗面部、鼻腔及裸露的皮膚(change clothes and wash their face, nasal cavity and skin exposed to the air)。