2019年11月新聞熱詞匯總
中國日報(bào)網(wǎng) 2019-12-01 10:00
人口老齡化 population aging
近日,中共中央、國務(wù)院印發(fā)了《國家積極應(yīng)對人口老齡化中長期規(guī)劃》(以下簡稱《規(guī)劃》)?!兑?guī)劃》近期至2022年,中期至2035年,遠(yuǎn)期展望至2050年,是到本世紀(jì)中葉我國積極應(yīng)對人口老齡化的戰(zhàn)略性、綜合性、指導(dǎo)性文件。
The plan requires establishing the basic institutional framework for tackling population aging by 2022. By the middle of the century, a mature institutional arrangement that meets the needs of a great modern socialist country should be put into place.
《規(guī)劃》明確,到2022年,我國積極應(yīng)對人口老齡化的制度框架初步建立;到本世紀(jì)中葉,與社會主義現(xiàn)代化強(qiáng)國相適應(yīng)的應(yīng)對人口老齡化制度安排成熟完備。
【知識點(diǎn)】
人口老齡化(population aging)是世界各國都在面臨的一個(gè)社會現(xiàn)象。聯(lián)合國《2019世界人口展望》的數(shù)據(jù)顯示:
By 2050, one in six people in the world will be over age 65 (16%), up from one in 11 in 2019 (9%). By 2050, one in four persons living in Europe and Northern America could be aged 65 or over.
到2050年,65歲以上人口占全世界總?cè)丝诘谋壤龑⒂?019年的9%上升到16%,歐美地區(qū)65歲以上人口將占該地區(qū)總?cè)丝诘乃姆种弧?/p>
In 2018, for the first time in history, persons aged 65 or above outnumbered children under five years of age globally. The number of persons aged 80 years or over is projected to triple, from 143 million in 2019 to 426 million in 2050.
2018年,全世界65歲以上人口的總數(shù)首次超過5歲以下人口總數(shù)。預(yù)計(jì)到2050年,80歲以上人口總數(shù)將是2019年的三倍,由1.43億增加至4.26億。
《規(guī)劃》從5個(gè)方面部署了應(yīng)對人口老齡化的具體工作任務(wù)。
一是夯實(shí)應(yīng)對人口老齡化的社會財(cái)富儲備。
It calls for improving the national income distribution system, steadily increasing the pension reserves and establish a fairer and more sustainable social security system.
通過完善國民收入分配體系,穩(wěn)步增加養(yǎng)老財(cái)富儲備,健全更加公平更可持續(xù)的社會保障制度。
二是改善人口老齡化背景下的勞動(dòng)力有效供給。
This requires improving the quality of new members of the labor force, establishing a lifelong learning system for senior citizens, and striving to achieve fuller employment and create better quality jobs.
通過提升新增勞動(dòng)力質(zhì)量、構(gòu)建老有所學(xué)的終身學(xué)習(xí)體系,實(shí)現(xiàn)更高質(zhì)量和更加充分就業(yè)。
三是打造高質(zhì)量的為老服務(wù)和產(chǎn)品供給體系。
A high-quality health service system including health education, disease prevention and treatment, rehabilitation nursing, long-term nursing and hospice care should be established, according to the plan.
建立和完善包括健康教育、預(yù)防保健、疾病診治、康復(fù)護(hù)理、長期照護(hù)、安寧療護(hù)的高質(zhì)量老年健康服務(wù)體系。
四是強(qiáng)化應(yīng)對人口老齡化的科技創(chuàng)新能力。
The plan also values the application of technology in responding to population aging including strengthening the development of assistive technologies for senior citizens.
加大老年健康科技支撐力度,加強(qiáng)老年輔助技術(shù)研發(fā)和應(yīng)用。
五是構(gòu)建養(yǎng)老、孝老、敬老的社會環(huán)境。
It also calls for fostering a social environment in which senior citizens are respected, cared for, and live happily in their later years. The legal system will be improved to protect the lawful rights and interests of senior citizens.
建設(shè)養(yǎng)老、敬老、讓老人安度晚年的社會環(huán)境,強(qiáng)化應(yīng)對人口老齡化的法治環(huán)境,保障老年人合法權(quán)益。
教育懲戒 school discipline
為保障和規(guī)范教師依法履行教育、管理學(xué)生的職責(zé),維護(hù)師道尊嚴(yán),促進(jìn)學(xué)生全面發(fā)展、健康成長,教育部近日對外發(fā)布《中小學(xué)教師實(shí)施教育懲戒規(guī)則(征求意見稿)》,公眾可于2019年12月22日前提出反饋意見。
The regulation prohibits punishments that directly cause physical pain to students, such as hitting and poking with sharp objects, and punishments that violate students' dignity, such as insults and discriminatory or insulting words and acts.
該規(guī)則禁止教師以擊打、刺扎等方式,實(shí)施直接造成身體痛苦的體罰行為,以及辱罵或者以帶有歧視、侮辱的言行貶損等侵犯學(xué)生人格尊嚴(yán)的行為。
【名詞解釋】
本規(guī)則所稱教育懲戒(school discipline),是指教師和學(xué)校在教育教學(xué)過程和管理中基于教育目的與需要,對違規(guī)違紀(jì)、言行失范的學(xué)生進(jìn)行制止、管束或者以特定方式予以糾正(to stop, discipline or correct in certain way the students whose behavior is inappropriate or breaks rules and regulations),使學(xué)生引以為戒,認(rèn)識和改正錯(cuò)誤的職務(wù)行為。
直接造成身體痛苦的體罰行為在英語里叫corporal punishment或physical punishment。
征求意見稿指出,教師實(shí)施教育懲戒,應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循育人為本、合法合規(guī)、過罰適當(dāng)、保障安全的原則,并根據(jù)學(xué)生違規(guī)違紀(jì)行為采取一般懲戒、較重懲戒、嚴(yán)重懲戒等懲戒行為。
一般懲戒
教師在課堂教學(xué)、日常管理中,根據(jù)學(xué)生違規(guī)違紀(jì)情形,可以采取以下方式當(dāng)場進(jìn)行教育懲戒:
(一)點(diǎn)名批評(name and shame);
(二)責(zé)令賠禮道歉、做口頭或者書面檢討(make oral or written apology);
(三)適當(dāng)增加運(yùn)動(dòng)要求(do additional physical exercise);
(四)不超過一節(jié)課堂教學(xué)時(shí)間的教室內(nèi)站立或者面壁反省(forced standing that lasts no longer than one class session);
(五)暫扣學(xué)生用以違反紀(jì)律、擾亂秩序或者違規(guī)攜帶的物品(confiscate objects that were used in disturbing activities);
(六)課后留校教導(dǎo)(keep them at school for further discipline);
(七)學(xué)校校規(guī)規(guī)定的其他適當(dāng)措施。
較重懲戒
學(xué)生違反校規(guī)校紀(jì),情節(jié)較重或者經(jīng)現(xiàn)場教育懲戒拒不改正的,教師經(jīng)學(xué)校德育工作負(fù)責(zé)人同意,可以實(shí)施以下教育懲戒措施,并應(yīng)當(dāng)通知家長:
(一)暫?;蛘呦拗茖W(xué)生參加課程表以外的游覽、社會實(shí)踐以及其他外出集體活動(dòng)(extracurricular activities suspended);
(二)承擔(dān)校內(nèi)公共服務(wù)任務(wù)(perform public service on campus);
(三)由學(xué)校學(xué)生德育工作負(fù)責(zé)人予以訓(xùn)導(dǎo)(disciplined by teachers in charge of moral education);
(四)在學(xué)校設(shè)置的專門教育場所隔離反省或者接受專門的校規(guī)校紀(jì)、行為規(guī)則教育(isolated for discipline);
(五)要求家長到校陪讀(presence of parents required);
(六)學(xué)校校規(guī)規(guī)定的其他適當(dāng)措施。
嚴(yán)重懲戒
學(xué)生違規(guī)違紀(jì)、行為失范,屢教不改的,或者嚴(yán)重影響教育教學(xué)秩序的,或者有欺凌同學(xué)、辱罵毆打教師等惡劣情節(jié)的,教師應(yīng)當(dāng)提請學(xué)校采取以下措施進(jìn)行教育懲戒:
(一)給予不超過一周的停課或者停學(xué),要求家長帶回配合開展教育(suspended from school for no more than one week);
(二)由法治副校長或法治輔導(dǎo)員予以訓(xùn)誡(disciplined by vice headmaster in charge of school governance);
(三)安排專門的教育場所,由專業(yè)人員進(jìn)行輔導(dǎo)、矯治(go through correction session at a designated place);
(四)改變教育環(huán)境或者限期轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)(transfer to another school within a limited period of time);
(五)學(xué)校校規(guī)規(guī)定的其他適當(dāng)措施。
嫦娥四號任務(wù)團(tuán)隊(duì) Chang'e 4 Lunar Landing Mission Team
當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間11月25日,英國皇家航空學(xué)會2019年度頒獎(jiǎng)典禮在英國倫敦舉行,中國嫦娥四號任務(wù)團(tuán)隊(duì)獲得本年度團(tuán)隊(duì)金獎(jiǎng)。
The Team Gold Medal presented to China's Chang'e 4 Lunar Landing Mission Team is the first award ever that was presented to a team from China by the Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS) since its inception 153 years ago.
中國嫦娥四號任務(wù)團(tuán)隊(duì)獲得的團(tuán)隊(duì)金獎(jiǎng)是英國皇家航空學(xué)會成立153年來首次向中國項(xiàng)目頒發(fā)的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。
【知識點(diǎn)】
英國皇家航空學(xué)會(the Royal Aeronautical Society,RAeS)成立于1866年,是國際上歷史悠久的航空航天專業(yè)組織,該學(xué)會設(shè)立年度獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng),旨在表彰世界范圍內(nèi)在航空航天領(lǐng)域取得杰出成就的團(tuán)隊(duì)和個(gè)人(leaders in aviation and aerospace recognized for their significant contributions)。
嫦娥四號任務(wù)團(tuán)隊(duì)為啥得獎(jiǎng)?
英國皇家航空學(xué)會獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)委員會主席比爾·特雅克(Bill Tyack)指出:
The team earned the Team Gold Medal for its outstanding achievement of the first soft landing on the far side of the moon.
嫦娥四號首次在月球背面實(shí)現(xiàn)軟著陸,這是了不起的成就,獲得團(tuán)隊(duì)金獎(jiǎng)實(shí)至名歸。
Another first for the mission was the release of a piggyback microsatellite during the Earth-moon transfer orbit, which orbited the moon for astronomical observation.
該任務(wù)團(tuán)隊(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)的另一個(gè)第一次是在地月轉(zhuǎn)移軌道期間發(fā)射搭載的微衛(wèi)星,沿月球軌道進(jìn)行天文觀測。
中國探月工程總設(shè)計(jì)師吳偉仁院士率嫦娥四號任務(wù)團(tuán)隊(duì)代表,受邀參加了此次頒獎(jiǎng)典禮。吳偉仁表示:
The award is a testimony of increasing international recognition of China's lunar exploration project and its overall aerospace development.
這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)說明中國的探月工程以及整體的航天事業(yè)發(fā)展正逐步受到國際社會的認(rèn)可。
Space exploration is a common aspiration shared by humankind, which is very significant for the future of human society. Therefore, we expect more international cooperation to jointly explore outer space and pursue scientific discoveries.
太空探索是全人類共同的夢想,對人類社會未來的發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。因此,我們希望有更多的國際合作,共同助力人類太空探索與科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)。
嫦娥四號成績單亮眼
The Chang'e-4 probe made the first-ever soft landing on the Von Karman Crater in the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the far side of the moon on Jan 3, 2019.
2019年1月3日,嫦娥四號探測器成功著陸在月球背面艾特肯盆地馮·卡門撞擊坑。
According to the China National Space Administration (CNSA), the lander has worked for more than 300 days, far beyond its design life, while the rover has traveled more than 300 meters despite the complexity of the topography on the far side of the moon.
國家航天局表示,截至目前,嫦娥四號在月球背面的工作時(shí)長已超過300天,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出設(shè)計(jì)壽命;“玉兔二號”巡視器克服月背復(fù)雜地形等障礙,行駛里程也已超過300米,實(shí)現(xiàn)了“雙三百”的突破。
在2018年發(fā)射并部署在地-月拉格朗日2點(diǎn)的“鵲橋”號中繼星支持下,嫦娥四號著陸器與“玉兔二號”巡視器分別開展了就位探測和巡視勘察,取得了一系列重要的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)成果,其中包括:
It has acquired geographic information on, among others, the topography, structure and composition of the landing area.
獲取了著陸區(qū)形貌、構(gòu)造、成分等地質(zhì)信息。
It has also made discoveries of rock which are of great scientific value for revealing the geographic evolution of the South Pole-Aitken Basin and early evolutionary history of the lunar crust.
獲得對揭示艾特肯盆地地質(zhì)演化乃至月殼早期演化歷史等科學(xué)問題具有重要價(jià)值的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
In addition, the mission has collected a lot of data and initial findings in areas such as neutral atoms, neutrons on the lunar surface and low-frequency radio spectrums.
在中性原子、月表中子與輻射劑量及低頻射電頻譜等領(lǐng)域獲取了大量數(shù)據(jù),并取得了初步分析結(jié)果。
嫦娥五號計(jì)劃明年發(fā)射
Chang'e-5 is scheduled to be launched next year and is expected to bring back samples from the moon.
嫦娥五號計(jì)劃明年發(fā)射,并實(shí)現(xiàn)月面采樣返回。
攜號轉(zhuǎn)網(wǎng) mobile number portability
China launched a mobile number portability program across the country Wednesday, allowing cellphone subscribers to switch service carriers without changing phone numbers, according to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.
工信部11月27日宣布在全國推出攜號轉(zhuǎn)網(wǎng)服務(wù),手機(jī)用戶可以在不換號碼的情況下更換電信服務(wù)運(yùn)營商。
所謂“攜號轉(zhuǎn)網(wǎng)”,就是號碼可攜帶、移機(jī)不改號,手機(jī)用戶可以在不換號碼的情況下更換不同的基礎(chǔ)電信運(yùn)營商,原手機(jī)號碼繼續(xù)保留,在英語里一般用mobile number portability表示,也可以更直觀地說switch telecom networks without changing number。
2018年12月1日,天津、海南、江西、湖北、云南五省(市)率先進(jìn)行攜號轉(zhuǎn)網(wǎng)試運(yùn)行。
As of Nov 26, about 3.16 million subscribers have completed number porting in five pilot provincial-level regions, showed MIIT data.
工信部的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,截止11月26日,試運(yùn)行的五省市約有316萬用戶完成攜號轉(zhuǎn)網(wǎng)。
試運(yùn)行期間,不少想攜號轉(zhuǎn)網(wǎng)的用戶遇到了一些“門檻”和問題。比如,“在網(wǎng)協(xié)議”沒到期怎么辦?靚號轉(zhuǎn)出有無特殊要求?……針對社會普遍關(guān)注的問題,工信部、運(yùn)營商及業(yè)內(nèi)專家進(jìn)行回應(yīng)。
“在網(wǎng)協(xié)議”沒到期怎么辦?
手機(jī)號已綁定的套餐業(yè)務(wù)尚在運(yùn)行(ongoing mobile phone plans),手機(jī)與家庭寬帶捆綁的優(yōu)惠套餐(special offers covering mobile phone plan and internet service)仍然有效,有“親情號(family plans)”,視頻通話(video call)等業(yè)務(wù)未取消……很多用戶在轉(zhuǎn)網(wǎng)時(shí)遇到諸如此類的“門檻”。
三家運(yùn)營商在啟動(dòng)大會上表示,協(xié)議有效期限的問題均已調(diào)整。“在網(wǎng)協(xié)議”也將更加透明公開(more transparent deals),并將及時(shí)向用戶說明不能轉(zhuǎn)網(wǎng)的具體原因,提供便捷的辦理途徑(easier access to mobile number portability program)。
靚號轉(zhuǎn)出有無特殊要求?
一些用戶反映,因購買靚號(auspicious mobile phone numbers)使得攜號轉(zhuǎn)網(wǎng)受到制約——或要等到合約期滿,或要支付違約金。
運(yùn)營商回應(yīng)稱,沒有針對靚號攜出提出額外要求(no extra procedure needed for such numbers),只要到了在網(wǎng)協(xié)議期限就不受影響。
哪些渠道可以辦理?
根據(jù)運(yùn)營商公布的實(shí)施細(xì)則,目前用戶辦理攜號轉(zhuǎn)網(wǎng),需要提前發(fā)送短信查詢資格、申請授權(quán)碼(authorization code),憑借授權(quán)碼和有效證件到攜入方營業(yè)廳辦理。如申請方不符合轉(zhuǎn)網(wǎng)條件,需辦理業(yè)務(wù)解綁(cancel existing mobile phone plans),符合條件后才能攜出。
國家醫(yī)保藥品目錄 the catalog of medicines covered by national medical insurance system
國家醫(yī)療保障局11月28日召開新聞發(fā)布會表示,70個(gè)新藥被納入國家醫(yī)保藥品目錄,價(jià)格平均下降了60.7%。
Eight domestically-produced medicines that are seen as "major innovations" and have just hit the market in recent years are among the new additions to the catalog of medicines covered by national medical insurance system, said the National Healthcare Security Administration (NHSA) at a press conference.
國家醫(yī)療保障局在新聞發(fā)布會上表示,新增醫(yī)保藥品目錄中包括8個(gè)近年來上市的國產(chǎn)重大創(chuàng)新藥品。
【知識點(diǎn)】
國家醫(yī)保藥品目錄(the catalog of medicines covered by national medical insurance system)是基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)(basic medical insurance)、工傷保險(xiǎn)(work-related injury insurance)和生育保險(xiǎn)(maternity insurance)基金支付藥品費(fèi)用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。目錄所列西藥部分(western medicine)、中成藥部分(Chinese patent medicine)、協(xié)議期內(nèi)談判藥品部分(catalogued medicine for renewal)和中藥飲片部分(prepared ready-for-use traditional Chinese medicine)所列藥品為基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、工傷保險(xiǎn)和生育保險(xiǎn)基金準(zhǔn)予支付費(fèi)用的藥品。
據(jù)悉,本輪國家醫(yī)保目錄調(diào)整談判共涉及150個(gè)藥品(the latest round of negotiations targeted 150 medicines),包括119個(gè)新增談判藥品(119 new additions to the negotiation)和31個(gè)續(xù)約談判藥品(31 existing ones for renewal)。119個(gè)新增談判藥品談成70個(gè),價(jià)格平均下降60.7%。其中,腫瘤、糖尿病等治療用藥的降幅平均在65%左右。31個(gè)續(xù)約藥品談成27個(gè),價(jià)格平均下降26.4%。
國家醫(yī)保局醫(yī)藥服務(wù)管理司司長熊先軍說,
Some drugmakers have provided the lowest prices in the world for Chinese patients.
部分藥品生產(chǎn)方給中國患者開出了全球最低價(jià)。
It is estimated that due to major price cuts resulting from negotiations and reimbursement from the national medical insurance system, the out-of-pocket amounts paid by patients will drop by between 80 and 95 percent.
保守估計(jì),通過談判降價(jià)和醫(yī)保報(bào)銷,總體上患者個(gè)人負(fù)擔(dān)將降至原來的20%以下,個(gè)別藥品降至5%以下。
The updated list now contains 2,709 drugs, 64 more than the original version released in 2017.
本次更新后的藥品目錄共收錄藥品2709個(gè),與2017年版相比,凈增64個(gè)。
新版藥品目錄將從2020年1月1日期實(shí)行。
(中國日報(bào)網(wǎng)英語點(diǎn)津 Helen)