國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室9月3日發(fā)表《中國(guó)的核安全》白皮書。雙語(yǔ)全文如下：

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中國(guó)的核安全
Nuclear Safety in China

（2019年9月）

中華人民共和國(guó)

國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of
the People’s Republic of China
September 2019

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目錄
Contents

前言
Preface

一、樹立理性、協(xié)調(diào)、并進(jìn)的核安全觀
I. Following a Rational, Coordinated and Balanced Nuclear Safety Strategy

二、構(gòu)建核安全政策法規(guī)體系
II. Building a Policy and Legal Framework on Nuclear Safety

三、實(shí)施科學(xué)有效安全監(jiān)管
III. Ensuring Effective Regulation of Nuclear Safety

四、保持高水平安全
IV. Maintaining High-Level Safety

五、營(yíng)造共建共享的核安全氛圍
V. Co-building and Sharing Nuclear Safety

六、打造核安全命運(yùn)共同體
VI. Building a Community of Shared Future for Nuclear Safety

結(jié)束語(yǔ)
Conclusion

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前言
Preface

原子的發(fā)現(xiàn)和核能的開發(fā)利用，給人類發(fā)展帶來(lái)了新的動(dòng)力，極大增強(qiáng)了人類認(rèn)識(shí)世界和改造世界的能力。同時(shí)，核能發(fā)展也伴生著安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和挑戰(zhàn)。人類要更好利用核能、實(shí)現(xiàn)更大發(fā)展，必須應(yīng)對(duì)好各種核安全挑戰(zhàn)，維護(hù)好核安全。
The discovery of the atom and the subsequent development and utilization of nuclear energy have given a new impetus to the progress of humanity and greatly enhanced our ability to understand and shape the world. Yet nuclear energy has associated risks and challenges. To better utilize nuclear energy and achieve greater progress, we must properly respond to the challenges it poses and ensure nuclear safety.

中華人民共和國(guó)成立初期，面對(duì)國(guó)家建設(shè)和發(fā)展的需要，中國(guó)政府作出了開發(fā)利用核能的重大決定，中國(guó)核事業(yè)（注1）正式起步。近70年來(lái)，中國(guó)核事業(yè)從無(wú)到有、持續(xù)發(fā)展，形成了完備的核工業(yè)體系，為保障能源安全、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境、提高人民生活水平、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。中國(guó)始終把保障核安全作為重要的國(guó)家責(zé)任，融入核能開發(fā)利用全過(guò)程，始終以安全為前提發(fā)展核事業(yè)，按照最嚴(yán)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)施監(jiān)督管理，始終積極適應(yīng)核事業(yè)發(fā)展的新要求，不斷推動(dòng)核安全與時(shí)俱進(jìn)、創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，保持了良好的安全記錄，走出一條中國(guó)特色核安全之路。
In the early days of the People’s Republic of China, due to the requirement for national development, the Chinese government made a major decision to develop and utilize nuclear energy, officially launching its nuclear industry. Over the past 70 years, China’s nuclear industry has grown from scratch, developed steadily, and formed a complete system, which has made an important contribution to ensuring energy security, protecting the environment, improving people’s living standards, and promoting high-quality economic development. China has always regarded nuclear safety as an important national responsibility, and integrated it into the entire process of nuclear energy development and utilization. It has always developed the nuclear industry subject to considerations of safety, implemented regulation in accordance with the strictest standards, and adapted to the new requirements of the nuclear industry. China’s nuclear industry has always developed in line with the latest safety standards and maintained a good safety record, pursuing an innovation-driven path of nuclear safety with Chinese characteristics.

黨的十八大以來(lái)，中國(guó)的核安全事業(yè)進(jìn)入安全高效發(fā)展的新時(shí)期。習(xí)近平主席提出理性、協(xié)調(diào)、并進(jìn)的核安全觀，強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)展和安全并重，倡導(dǎo)打造全球核安全命運(yùn)共同體，為新時(shí)期中國(guó)核安全發(fā)展指明了方向，為推進(jìn)核能開發(fā)利用國(guó)際合作、實(shí)現(xiàn)全球持久核安全提供了中國(guó)方案。在核安全觀引領(lǐng)下，中國(guó)逐步構(gòu)建起法律規(guī)范、行政監(jiān)管、行業(yè)自律、技術(shù)保障、人才支撐、文化引領(lǐng)、社會(huì)參與、國(guó)際合作等為主體的核安全治理體系，核安全防線更加牢固。
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China’s nuclear industry has entered a new period of safe and efficient development. President Xi Jinping proposed a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety strategy, placing equal emphasis on development and safety, and advocating building a community of shared future for global nuclear safety – he has pointed out the direction for China’s nuclear safety for a new era, and provided the Chinese approach to international cooperation in the development and utilization of nuclear energy, and to lasting global nuclear safety. Under the guidance of this strategy, China has gradually built a nuclear safety governance system with legal norms, administrative regulation, industry self-discipline, technical support, personnel support, cultural guidance, public participation, and international cooperation as the pillars. The guarantee of nuclear safety is stronger.

作為構(gòu)建公平、合作、共贏的國(guó)際核安全體系的重要倡導(dǎo)者、推動(dòng)者和參與者，中國(guó)在做好自身核安全的同時(shí)，認(rèn)真履行核安全國(guó)際義務(wù)，大力推動(dòng)核安全雙多邊合作，積極促進(jìn)核能和平利用造福全人類，為全球核安全治理貢獻(xiàn)了中國(guó)智慧、中國(guó)力量。
China is an important advocate, promoter and participant in building a fair, collaborative and mutually beneficial international nuclear safety system. It has done a good job in ensuring its own nuclear safety, fulfilled its international obligations, and promoted bilateral and multilateral cooperation on nuclear safety. We have actively promoted the peaceful use of nuclear energy for the benefit of all humanity and contributed China’s wisdom and strength to global nuclear safety governance.

為介紹中國(guó)核安全事業(yè)發(fā)展歷程，闡述中國(guó)核安全的基本原則和政策主張，分享中國(guó)核安全監(jiān)管的理念和實(shí)踐，闡明中國(guó)推進(jìn)全球核安全治理進(jìn)程的決心和行動(dòng)，特發(fā)布本白皮書。
This white paper is being released to introduce China’s approach to nuclear safety, elaborate on its basic principles and policies, share the concepts and practices of regulation, and clarify China’s determination to promote global nuclear safety governance and the actions it has taken to achieve this.

一、樹立理性、協(xié)調(diào)、并進(jìn)的核安全觀
I. Following a Rational, Coordinated and Balanced Nuclear Safety Strategy

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2014年3月24日，在荷蘭海牙第三屆核安全峰會(huì)上，習(xí)近平主席提出理性、協(xié)調(diào)、并進(jìn)的核安全觀。中國(guó)核安全觀是習(xí)近平新時(shí)代中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義思想在核安全領(lǐng)域的集中體現(xiàn)，是中國(guó)總體國(guó)家安全觀的重要組成部分，是核安全治理領(lǐng)域的重大理論創(chuàng)新，是推進(jìn)國(guó)際核安全進(jìn)程的重要里程碑，為解決核安全全球治理的根本性問(wèn)題，構(gòu)建核安全命運(yùn)共同體指明了原則、方法和路徑。
On March 24, 2014, at the third Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, the Netherlands, President Xi Jinping proposed a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety strategy. China’s nuclear safety strategy is the embodiment of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the nuclear field, an important element of China’s overall national security framework, and a major innovation in the theory of nuclear safety governance. The strategy is an important milestone in promoting international nuclear safety. It lays out the principles and methods for addressing the fundamental issues of global nuclear safety governance and building a community of shared future for nuclear safety.

中國(guó)核安全觀的核心內(nèi)涵是“四個(gè)并重”。全面系統(tǒng)推進(jìn)核安全進(jìn)程，是中國(guó)核安全觀的核心要義，體現(xiàn)為發(fā)展和安全并重、權(quán)利和義務(wù)并重、自主和協(xié)作并重、治標(biāo)和治本并重。
The kernel of China’s nuclear safety strategy is the “Four Emphases”. Systematically promoting nuclear safety in an all-round way is the main purpose of China’s nuclear safety strategy, which is embodied in equal emphasis on development and safety, rights and obligations, independent efforts and coordination, and symptoms and root causes.

——發(fā)展和安全并重，以確保安全為前提發(fā)展核能事業(yè)。發(fā)展是安全的基礎(chǔ)，安全是發(fā)展的條件。發(fā)展和安全是人類和平利用核能的基本訴求，猶如車之兩輪、鳥之雙翼，相輔相成、缺一不可。應(yīng)秉持為發(fā)展求安全、以安全促發(fā)展的理念，讓發(fā)展和安全兩個(gè)目標(biāo)有機(jī)融合、相互促進(jìn)。只有實(shí)現(xiàn)更好發(fā)展，才能真正管控安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；只有實(shí)現(xiàn)安全保障，核能才能持續(xù)發(fā)展。
– We should place equal emphasis on development and safety, and develop the nuclear industry in a context of guaranteed safety. Development is the foundation of safety, while safety is a precondition of development. Development and safety are the basic requirements of humanity for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. We should uphold the concept of seeking safety for development and promoting development with safety, so that the two objectives can be integrated and mutually reinforcing. Only by achieving better development can we truly control safety risks; and only by guaranteeing safety can nuclear energy achieve sustainable development.

——權(quán)利和義務(wù)并重，以尊重各國(guó)權(quán)益為基礎(chǔ)推進(jìn)國(guó)際核安全進(jìn)程。各國(guó)應(yīng)切實(shí)履行核安全國(guó)際法律文書規(guī)定的義務(wù)，全面執(zhí)行聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)有關(guān)決議，鞏固和發(fā)展現(xiàn)有核安全法律框架。同時(shí)，堅(jiān)持公平原則，秉持務(wù)實(shí)精神，尊重各國(guó)根據(jù)本國(guó)國(guó)情采取適合自身的核安全政策和舉措的權(quán)利，尊重各國(guó)保護(hù)核安全敏感信息的權(quán)利。
– We should place equal emphasis on rights and obligations, and promote international nuclear safety on the basis of respect for the rights and interests of all countries. States should effectively fulfill their obligations under the international legal instruments on nuclear safety, fully implement the relevant resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, and consolidate and develop the existing legal framework for nuclear safety. At the same time, we should adhere to the principle of fairness and uphold pragmatism in respecting the right of all countries to adopt their own nuclear safety policies and measures suited to their national conditions, and respecting their right to protect sensitive nuclear safety information.

——自主和協(xié)作并重，以互利共贏為途徑尋求普遍核安全。核安全首先是國(guó)家課題，首要責(zé)任應(yīng)由各國(guó)政府承擔(dān)。各國(guó)政府應(yīng)知責(zé)任、負(fù)責(zé)任，既對(duì)自己負(fù)責(zé)，也對(duì)世界負(fù)責(zé)，加強(qiáng)協(xié)作、共建共享、互利共贏，既從中受益，也作出貢獻(xiàn)，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)核安全進(jìn)程全球化。
– We should place equal emphasis on independent efforts and coordination, and seek universal nuclear safety with a mutually beneficial approach. Nuclear safety is first and foremost a national issue, and the primary responsibility should be borne by the government of each country. Governments should understand and undertake their responsibilities, and be responsible not only to themselves but also to the world. They should strengthen coordination, make joint efforts, share achievements, and seek mutual benefit. We should benefit from and contribute to nuclear safety, and endeavor to globalize nuclear safety.

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——治標(biāo)和治本并重，以消除根源為目標(biāo)全面推進(jìn)核安全努力。完善核安全政策舉措，發(fā)展現(xiàn)代化和低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)核能，堅(jiān)持核材料供需平衡，加強(qiáng)防擴(kuò)散出口控制，深化打擊核恐怖主義國(guó)際合作，消除核安全隱患和核擴(kuò)散風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。各國(guó)應(yīng)團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)，發(fā)展和諧友善的國(guó)家關(guān)系，共同營(yíng)造和平穩(wěn)定的國(guó)際環(huán)境，從根源上解決核恐怖主義和核擴(kuò)散問(wèn)題，實(shí)現(xiàn)核能的持久安全和發(fā)展。
– We should place equal emphasis on symptoms and root causes, and comprehensively promote nuclear safety by eliminating the root causes of risk. We will improve nuclear safety policy measures, develop modern and low-risk nuclear energy, maintain a balance between supply and demand in nuclear materials, strengthen non-proliferation efforts and export control, further international cooperation against nuclear terrorism, and eliminate potential dangers to nuclear safety and risks of nuclear proliferation. All countries should work together to develop harmonious and friendly relations, create a peaceful and stable international environment, and solve the problems of nuclear terrorism and proliferation from the root, thus realizing the lasting safety and development of nuclear energy.

中國(guó)在確保安全基礎(chǔ)上開展核能和平利用，既滿足當(dāng)代人的需要，又不對(duì)子孫后代遺留隱患、構(gòu)成危害，以保障人類文明永續(xù)發(fā)展。中國(guó)核安全工作的基本原則是：安全第一、依法治核，預(yù)防為主、縱深防御，責(zé)任明確、獨(dú)立監(jiān)管，嚴(yán)格管理、全面保障。
China practices peaceful use of nuclear energy on the basis of ensuring safety, which responds to the needs of the people today and will not leave any risk or cause harm to future generations. This practice will guarantee the sustainable development of human civilization.The basic principles of China’s nuclear safety are: putting safety first and exercising nuclear safety governance in accordance with the law, focusing on risk prevention and implementing defense-in-depth, ensuring clear lines of responsibility and independent regulation, and practicing strict management and providing comprehensive guarantees.

——安全第一、依法治核。牢固樹立“安全大于天”的觀念，確保核安全決策不受其他因素影響。不斷健全核安全法律法規(guī)體系，確保依法依規(guī)開發(fā)利用核能。
– Putting safety first and exercising nuclear safety governance in accordance with the law. We should establish the concept that safety is of the utmost importance and ensure that nuclear safety is the paramount consideration in decision-making. We will continue to improve the system of laws and regulations on nuclear safety, and ensure that nuclear energy is developed and utilized in accordance with the law.

——預(yù)防為主、縱深防御。重視通過(guò)成熟的設(shè)計(jì)、高質(zhì)量的建造和運(yùn)行管理，消除隱患，預(yù)防核事故發(fā)生。貫徹縱深防御理念，設(shè)置多道防御屏障和多重保護(hù)，強(qiáng)化防御措施的完整性、獨(dú)立性和有效性。
– Focusing on risk prevention and implementing defense-in-depth. We should concentrate our efforts on eliminating potential risks and preventing nuclear accidents through mature design, high-quality construction, and sound operational management. Following the principle of defense-in-depth, we set up multiple barriers and multiple forms of protection, and strengthen the integrity, independence, and effectiveness of preventative measures.

——責(zé)任明確、獨(dú)立監(jiān)管。核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位對(duì)核安全負(fù)全面責(zé)任。國(guó)家核安全監(jiān)管部門獨(dú)立實(shí)施核安全監(jiān)管；國(guó)家核工業(yè)主管部門、能源主管部門和其他有關(guān)部門按照職責(zé)分工負(fù)責(zé)有關(guān)的核安全管理工作。
– Ensuring clear lines of responsibility and independent regulation. Nuclear facility operating organizations shall take overall responsibility for safety. The national nuclear safety regulatory body implements independent regulation; the nuclear industry and energy authorities, and other relevant authorities are responsible for the management of nuclear safety in accordance with the division of duties.

——嚴(yán)格管理、全面保障。嚴(yán)格落實(shí)核安全法律法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求，通過(guò)行政許可、技術(shù)審評(píng)、監(jiān)督執(zhí)法等方式實(shí)施監(jiān)管。建立核安全工作協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制，完善核安全政策法規(guī)，制定實(shí)施核安全規(guī)劃，培育核安全文化，加強(qiáng)資源配置和能力建設(shè)，全面保障核安全。
– Practicing strict management and providing comprehensive guarantees. We should strictly implement nuclear safety laws, regulations and standards, and carry out regulation through administrative licensing, technical review, surveillance, and law enforcement. We will establish a coordination mechanism for nuclear safety, improve the relevant policies and regulations, formulate and implement relevant plans, foster a nuclear safety culture, and strengthen resource allocation and capacity building, so as to ensure comprehensive nuclear safety.

（注1）本白皮書不包括中國(guó)香港特別行政區(qū)、中國(guó)澳門特別行政區(qū)、臺(tái)灣省相關(guān)情況。

二、構(gòu)建核安全政策法規(guī)體系
II. Building a Policy and Legal Framework on Nuclear Safety

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中國(guó)是核能與核技術(shù)利用大國(guó)，核安全是國(guó)家安全的重要內(nèi)容，政策法規(guī)是核安全的基本保障。中國(guó)從高從嚴(yán)構(gòu)建核安全政策法規(guī)體系，實(shí)施國(guó)家核安全戰(zhàn)略，制定核安全中長(zhǎng)期規(guī)劃，完善核安全法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，確保核安全管理要求從高不從低、管理尺度從嚴(yán)不從寬。
China is a leading country in the application of nuclear energy and technologies. Nuclear safety is critical to national security, and the corresponding policies and laws are the cornerstone of nuclear safety. To achieve optimal management of nuclear safety, China employs the highest standards and strictest requirements in shaping the policy and legal framework, implementing a national strategy, making medium- and long-term plans, and improving laws and regulations concerning nuclear safety.

制定實(shí)施國(guó)家核安全戰(zhàn)略。中國(guó)將開發(fā)利用核能作為促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)快速發(fā)展、建設(shè)美麗中國(guó)的重要戰(zhàn)略，納入國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展中長(zhǎng)期規(guī)劃。中華人民共和國(guó)成立以來(lái)特別是改革開放以來(lái)，中國(guó)核能利用從起步發(fā)展、適度發(fā)展到積極發(fā)展、安全高效發(fā)展，始終堅(jiān)持安全第一，實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展和安全兩個(gè)目標(biāo)相互促進(jìn)、有機(jī)融合。
Formulating a national nuclear safety strategy. China treats the development and utilization of nuclear energy as an important strategy to boost economic and social development and build a beautiful China, including it in the country’s medium- and long-term plans for national economic and social development. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and particularly since reform and opening up, China has committed itself to prioritizing nuclear safety and maintaining a balance between safety and development throughout the stages of initial, early, active, and safe and efficient development.

制定發(fā)布核安全中長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展規(guī)劃。在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展五年規(guī)劃的總體框架下，中國(guó)每五年制定實(shí)施核安全中長(zhǎng)期規(guī)劃，先后發(fā)布了《核安全與放射性污染防治“十二五”規(guī)劃及2020年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)》《核安全與放射性污染防治“十三五”規(guī)劃及2025年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)》，分析了核安全現(xiàn)狀與形勢(shì)，闡明了核安全指導(dǎo)思想和基本原則，明確了核安全目標(biāo)指標(biāo)、重點(diǎn)任務(wù)、重點(diǎn)工程、保障措施，統(tǒng)籌核安全各項(xiàng)工作，有效提升核安全水平和監(jiān)管能力。
Making medium- and long-term development plans for nuclear safety. China makes medium- and long-term development plans for nuclear safety every five years under the framework of the Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development. It has released the 12th Five-year Plan for Nuclear Safety and Radioactive Pollution Prevention and Control and Vision for 2020, and the 13th Five-year Plan for Nuclear Safety and Radioactive Pollution Prevention and Control and Vision for 2025, analyzing the situation, clarifying guidelines and principles, and
defining goal indicators, key tasks and projects, and supportive measures for nuclear safety. These plans have helped to coordinate all efforts to ensure nuclear safety and effectively improved our nuclear safety and regulatory capacity.

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建立系統(tǒng)完備的法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。中國(guó)持續(xù)強(qiáng)化核安全法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建設(shè)，形成了法律、行政法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章相銜接，法規(guī)要求和技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相補(bǔ)充，中央和地方相結(jié)合的法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，實(shí)現(xiàn)了核能開發(fā)利用安全監(jiān)管全覆蓋，為依法治核夯實(shí)了基礎(chǔ)。2003年6月，《中華人民共和國(guó)放射性污染防治法》頒布；2017年9月，《中華人民共和國(guó)核安全法》頒布。截至2019年6月，頒布《民用核設(shè)施安全監(jiān)督管理?xiàng)l例》《民用核安全設(shè)備監(jiān)督管理?xiàng)l例》《核材料管制條例》《核電廠核事故應(yīng)急管理?xiàng)l例》等行政法規(guī)9部，發(fā)布部門規(guī)章30余項(xiàng)和安全導(dǎo)則100余項(xiàng)，制定核安全相關(guān)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1000余項(xiàng)，31個(gè)省、自治區(qū)、直轄市制定地方性法規(guī)文件200余個(gè)。及時(shí)總結(jié)國(guó)內(nèi)外核安全實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，密切跟蹤國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)和核電發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家最新安全要求，不斷更新法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，始終保持國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平。
Establishing a sound system of laws and industrial standards. China continues to strengthen the formulation of the laws on nuclear safety, under which administrative regulations and departmental rules dovetail with the law, the provisions of laws and regulations and technical standards complement each other, and central and local regulations combine to the best effect. This makes the full regulation of nuclear energy development and utilization possible, laying the foundations for the rule of law in this sector. In June 2003, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution was promulgated; in September 2017, the Nuclear Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China was issued. By June 2019, China had enacted nine administrative regulations such as the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Civil Nuclear Facilities, the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Civil Nuclear Safety Equipment, the Regulations on Nuclear Material Control, and the Regulations on Emergency Management of Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants. It had issued over 30 sets of departmental rules and 100 sets of safety guidelines, and formulated over 1,000 national and industry standards related to nuclear safety. Over 200 local regulations have been formulated by China’s 31 provinces and equivalent administrative units. To update legal standards and keep abreast with the most advanced international developments, we have reviewed and summarized domestic and overseas experience in nuclear safety, and closely tracked the latest safety standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency and countries with advanced nuclear technologies.

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三、實(shí)施科學(xué)有效安全監(jiān)管
III. Ensuring Effective Regulation of Nuclear Safety

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中國(guó)把保障核安全作為重要的國(guó)家責(zé)任，成立專門機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)施統(tǒng)一監(jiān)管，建立獨(dú)立、公開、法治、理性、有效的監(jiān)管體系，加強(qiáng)技術(shù)保障和人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，不斷推進(jìn)核安全監(jiān)管體系和監(jiān)管能力現(xiàn)代化，保障了核安全監(jiān)管的獨(dú)立性、權(quán)威性和有效性。
China treats nuclear safety as an important obligation of the state, and exercises unified regulation through special organizations and a regulatory system underpinned by independence, openness, the rule of law, rationality, and effectiveness. To ensure independent regulation of nuclear safety and enhance its authority and effectiveness, China has strengthened technical support and developed a professional team while modernizing the system and the regulatory capacity.

建立健全“三位一體”監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)。實(shí)行核安全、輻射安全和輻射環(huán)境管理的統(tǒng)一獨(dú)立監(jiān)管，建立了總部機(jī)關(guān)、地區(qū)監(jiān)督站、技術(shù)支持單位“三位一體”的核安全監(jiān)管組織體系。1984年，中國(guó)成立國(guó)家核安全局，負(fù)責(zé)民用核設(shè)施安全監(jiān)督管理，制定核安全政策、法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)劃，實(shí)施核安全許可，統(tǒng)籌全國(guó)核安全監(jiān)管工作。設(shè)置華北、華東、華南、西南、西北、東北6個(gè)地區(qū)核與輻射安全監(jiān)督站，作為國(guó)家核安全局派出機(jī)構(gòu)，實(shí)施區(qū)域核安全監(jiān)督檢查。設(shè)立核與輻射安全中心、輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)中心等專業(yè)技術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)，為安全審查、獨(dú)立驗(yàn)證、監(jiān)督執(zhí)法、輻射環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)等提供全方位支持。各級(jí)地方政府結(jié)合實(shí)際設(shè)立監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)或配備專兼職監(jiān)管人員，開展本地區(qū)輻射安全監(jiān)管。
A three-pronged regulatory system. In China, unified regulation over the surveillance of nuclear safety, radiation safety, and the radiation environment is exercised independently, and a three-pronged regulatory system consisting of headquarters, regional offices and technical support organizations is in place. Established in 1984, the National Nuclear Safety Administration is responsible for the regulation of civil nuclear facilities, the formulation of nuclear safety policies, laws, regulations, standards, and plans, the implementation of nuclear safety license management, and the coordination of nuclear safety regulation across the country. To perform nuclear and radiation safety surveillance it has six regional offices in the north, east, south, southwest, northwest, and northeast of China. Professional technical support organizations such as the Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center and the Radiation Monitoring Technical Center provide technical support for nuclear safety review, independent verification, surveillance, law
enforcement, and assessment of the radiation environment. Local governments at all levels regulate regional radiation safety through regulatory organizations or full-time/part-time regulators according to local conditions.

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全鏈條實(shí)施審評(píng)許可。通過(guò)全鏈條安全許可和嚴(yán)格的技術(shù)審評(píng)，強(qiáng)化對(duì)核設(shè)施、核材料、核活動(dòng)和放射性物質(zhì)的安全管控。對(duì)核電廠、研究堆、核燃料循環(huán)設(shè)施以及放射性廢物處理、貯存和處置等核設(shè)施的選址、建造、運(yùn)行和退役活動(dòng)，實(shí)施全生命周期的分階段許可管理；對(duì)持有核材料的單位，實(shí)施核材料許可管理；對(duì)放射性同位素和射線裝置生產(chǎn)、銷售和使用單位，實(shí)施分級(jí)分類輻射安全許可管理；對(duì)放射性物品運(yùn)輸活動(dòng)，實(shí)施運(yùn)輸審批和在線監(jiān)控；對(duì)民用核安全設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)、制造、安裝、無(wú)損檢驗(yàn)單位和放射性物品運(yùn)輸容器設(shè)計(jì)、制造單位，實(shí)施許可管理。建立實(shí)施以風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為指引、以問(wèn)題為導(dǎo)向的審評(píng)方法體系，持續(xù)提升獨(dú)立驗(yàn)證和校核計(jì)算、概率安全分析和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估能力。
Comprehensive review and license management. The government has strengthened safety control of nuclear facilities, materials and activities and radioactive materials through comprehensive safety licensing and rigorous technical review. It exercises full life-cycle and phased license management over the siting, construction, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear power plants, research reactors, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, and facilities that handle the treatment, storage, and disposal of radioactive waste. The government implements license management over licensees that have nuclear materials, and over licensees that produce, sell and use radioisotope and radiation-emitting devices based on categories and levels of radiation. It performs approval and online monitoring over the transport of radioactive materials and implements license management over licensees that design, manufacture, install, and perform nondestructive testing of civil nuclear safety equipment, and licensees that design and manufacture containers for the transport of radioactive materials. A risk-informed and problem-oriented review system has been established, and efforts are being made to enhance the capacity of independent verification and calculations, probabilistic safety assessment, and risk assessment.

全過(guò)程開展監(jiān)督執(zhí)法。堅(jiān)持依法嚴(yán)格對(duì)核設(shè)施和從事核活動(dòng)的單位進(jìn)行監(jiān)督檢查，確保符合核安全法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和許可要求。對(duì)核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位、核安全設(shè)備制造和核技術(shù)利用單位開展常態(tài)化監(jiān)督檢查，覆蓋設(shè)計(jì)、采購(gòu)、制造、建造、運(yùn)行、退役等與核安全有關(guān)的全部物項(xiàng)和活動(dòng)，對(duì)重點(diǎn)核設(shè)施、核活動(dòng)開展駐廠安全監(jiān)督，及時(shí)督促違規(guī)企業(yè)整改，對(duì)違法企業(yè)依法處罰。開展專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)，嚴(yán)肅處理重大質(zhì)量問(wèn)題，嚴(yán)厲打擊違規(guī)操作和弄虛作假行為。建設(shè)全國(guó)統(tǒng)一的核電廠和研究堆經(jīng)驗(yàn)反饋平臺(tái)，交流經(jīng)驗(yàn)、共享信息，有效保障核設(shè)施安全運(yùn)行。
Whole-process surveillance and law enforcement. The government performs rigorous surveillance of nuclear facilities and units that are engaged in nuclear activities in accordance with the law, to ensure compliance with nuclear safety laws, regulations, standards, and licensing requirements. It carries out regular surveillance of units that operate nuclear facilities, manufacture nuclear safety equipment, and utilize nuclear technologies, covering all matters and activities in relation to nuclear safety such as design, purchasing, manufacturing, construction, operation, and decommissioning. The government performs on-site safety surveillance of key nuclear facilities and activities, urges enterprises in violation of relevant regulations to rectify, and punishes those that violate the law. It has initiated special programs to handle major cases caused by quality issues, taking resolute action against operations involving falsification and violation of regulations. A national platform has been set up for nuclear power plants and research reactors to share experience and information, to effectively ensure the safe operation of nuclear facilities.

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全天候監(jiān)測(cè)輻射環(huán)境。建立國(guó)家、省和市三級(jí)輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)體系，建成全國(guó)輻射環(huán)境質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)、重點(diǎn)核設(shè)施周圍輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)督性監(jiān)測(cè)和核與輻射應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)“三張網(wǎng)”，實(shí)現(xiàn)輻射環(huán)境全覆蓋全天候監(jiān)控。截至2019年6月，國(guó)家級(jí)輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)共有1501個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)，包括167個(gè)大氣輻射環(huán)境自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)站、328個(gè)陸地點(diǎn)、362個(gè)土壤點(diǎn)、477個(gè)水體點(diǎn)、48個(gè)海水點(diǎn)、85個(gè)電磁輻射監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)、34個(gè)海洋生物監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)，并建立46套重點(diǎn)核設(shè)施周圍輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)督性監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)和食品放射性物質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)。
Round-the-clock radiation environment monitoring. China has established a three-tier radiation environment monitoring system at state, provincial and municipal level, and three networks – national radiation environment monitoring, surveillance monitoring of radiation environment in the vicinity of key nuclear facilities, and nuclear and radiation emergency monitoring – to monitor radiation environment round-the-clock in all areas. As of June 2019, the state radiation environment monitoring network had 1,501 monitoring sites: 167 automatic monitoring sites for atmospheric radiation, 328 land sites, 362 soil sites, 477 inland water sites, 48 seawater sites, 85 electromagnetic radiation sites, and 34 marine life sites. There were also 46 radiation environment surveillance monitoring systems set up in the vicinity of key nuclear facilities as well as sites set up to monitor radioactivity in food.

提升核與輻射事故應(yīng)急能力。成立國(guó)家核事故應(yīng)急協(xié)調(diào)委員會(huì)，建立國(guó)家、省和核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位三級(jí)核應(yīng)急組織管理體系，組織協(xié)調(diào)核事故和輻射事故應(yīng)對(duì)。建立健全輻射事故應(yīng)急管理體系和事故響應(yīng)與處置機(jī)制，建設(shè)覆蓋全國(guó)的應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)調(diào)度平臺(tái)，督導(dǎo)各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市全覆蓋開展輻射事故應(yīng)急實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練，快速響應(yīng)、妥善處置各類輻射事故。組建300人的國(guó)家核應(yīng)急救援隊(duì)和25支專業(yè)救援分隊(duì)，設(shè)立8類國(guó)家級(jí)核應(yīng)急專業(yè)技術(shù)支持中心，建立3個(gè)核電企業(yè)核事故快速支援基地，建有核輻射損傷救治基地17家，定期開展核應(yīng)急聯(lián)合演習(xí)，提升核事故應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備和響應(yīng)能力。
Improved nuclear and radiation emergency response. China has set up the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Coordination Committee, and formed a three-tier emergency response system at state and provincial level and also at nuclear facility operating organizations, to organize emergency response to nuclear and radiation accidents. The state has established an emergency management system and a response and action mechanism for radiation accidents, and an emergency monitoring and dispatch platform that covers the whole country. All provinces and equivalent administrative units have carried out radiation response drills to enhance their capacity in rapid response and proper action to different types of radiation accidents. China has a 300-member national nuclear emergency rescue team and 25 professional rescue units, 8 types of national nuclear emergency technical support centers, 3 fast support bases for nuclear accidents at nuclear power plants, and 17 medical centers for treating nuclear radiation injuries. Regular joint nuclear emergency drills are carried out to improve preparedness and response.

不斷推進(jìn)隊(duì)伍建設(shè)。著眼于核事業(yè)發(fā)展和核安全監(jiān)管需要，把隊(duì)伍建設(shè)作為百年大計(jì)和基礎(chǔ)工程，大力培養(yǎng)政治強(qiáng)、本領(lǐng)高、作風(fēng)硬、敢擔(dān)當(dāng)，特別能吃苦、特別能戰(zhàn)斗、特別能奉獻(xiàn)的核安全“鐵軍”，逐步形成總部機(jī)關(guān)百人、中央本級(jí)千人、全國(guó)近萬(wàn)人的核與輻射安全監(jiān)管隊(duì)伍。推進(jìn)核安全領(lǐng)軍人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，成立由25位中國(guó)科學(xué)院和中國(guó)工程院院士、100余位行業(yè)內(nèi)權(quán)威專家組成的國(guó)家核安全專家委員會(huì)。加強(qiáng)專業(yè)人才隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，推行核安全專業(yè)人才資質(zhì)管理制度，加強(qiáng)核設(shè)施操縱人員、核安全設(shè)備焊接人員和無(wú)損檢驗(yàn)人員等特種工藝人員資質(zhì)管理，對(duì)核安全關(guān)鍵崗位實(shí)施注冊(cè)核安全工程師制度。建立健全高等院校、科研機(jī)構(gòu)與企業(yè)互聯(lián)互通的人才教育培訓(xùn)機(jī)制，積極拓寬人才培訓(xùn)渠道，加大核安全從業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)力度，不斷提高核安全專業(yè)人才技術(shù)能力和安全素養(yǎng)。截至2019年6月，全國(guó)開辦核工程類專業(yè)的大學(xué)共72家，其中專門設(shè)立核學(xué)院的有47家，每年招收核工程類專業(yè)本科人數(shù)約3000人。
Stronger professional teams. To meet the requirements of the development of the nuclear sector and nuclear safety regulation, China has given top priority to strengthening the professional teams, to develop an “iron army” with strong political convictions, professional capacity, impeccable conduct and a strong sense of responsibility. They will work under pressure, persevere, and dedicate themselves to the cause of nuclear safety. A nuclear and radiation safety regulation team has been formed, consisting of 100 persons at the headquarters, 1,000 persons at the central level, and nearly 10,000 persons nationwide. To cultivate leading figures in nuclear safety, the state has set up a national nuclear safety expert commission composed of 25 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and more than 100 leading experts on nuclear safety. To develop the professional teams, China has enforced qualification management of nuclear safety professionals, strengthened the qualification management of nuclear facility operators, nuclear safety equipment welders, nondestructive testers, and other special posts, and required registered nuclear safety engineers for critical posts. China has established an education and training mechanism involving institutions of higher learning, research institutes, and enterprises, to expand the channels of professional training, strengthen the cultivation of nuclear safety professionals, and enhance their technical competence and safety awareness. As of June 2019, there were 72 universities in China running programs on nuclear engineering, of which 47 had separate schools on nuclear science, enrolling some 3,000 undergraduates in nuclear engineering each year.

大力開展核安全技術(shù)研發(fā)。將核安全科研列入國(guó)家科技計(jì)劃相關(guān)項(xiàng)目，加快推進(jìn)戰(zhàn)略性、基礎(chǔ)性、公益性核安全科技研發(fā)，建成國(guó)家核與輻射安全監(jiān)管技術(shù)研發(fā)中心，開展輻射環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)和技術(shù)審評(píng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究，創(chuàng)新審評(píng)監(jiān)督技術(shù)手段。鼓勵(lì)行業(yè)開發(fā)和推廣應(yīng)用先進(jìn)、可靠的核安全技術(shù)，先進(jìn)反應(yīng)堆及系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)研發(fā)和示范工程建設(shè)取得重要成就，自主研發(fā)的核電廠數(shù)字化儀控系統(tǒng)首次在“華龍一號(hào)”示范工程得到應(yīng)用，大型先進(jìn)壓水堆CAP1400取得重要科技成果，高溫氣冷堆、鈉冷快堆示范工程順利推進(jìn)，小型反應(yīng)堆在不同應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)研發(fā)進(jìn)展順利。持續(xù)推動(dòng)核電裝備國(guó)產(chǎn)化，不斷提升核電裝備制造能力，穩(wěn)步提高百萬(wàn)千瓦級(jí)核電機(jī)組關(guān)鍵設(shè)備自主化、國(guó)產(chǎn)化水平，壓力容器、蒸汽發(fā)生器、主管道、先進(jìn)核燃料、核級(jí)焊材等核安全關(guān)鍵設(shè)備和材料的自主研發(fā)和國(guó)產(chǎn)化取得重大成果，實(shí)現(xiàn)自主安全發(fā)展。
Enhancing R&D in nuclear safety technology. China has included R&D in nuclear safety into national planning for scientific and technological programs, with a focus on work of a strategic nature for basic application and public good. China has established a National Research and Development Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety Regulation, conducted research on key technologies of radiation environment monitoring and technical review, and employed new technology in review and surveillance. The state encourages the nuclear industry to develop and apply advanced and reliable nuclear safety technology. Important results have been achieved in the technological research and demonstration projects on advanced reactors and supporting systems. A proprietary distributed control system (DCS) for nuclear power plants has been applied in the Hualong-1 demonstration project. The pressurized water reactor CAP1400 has made important breakthroughs. Demonstration projects in high temperature gas-cooled and sodium-cooled fast reactors are making headway, and R&D in small reactors for different applications are progressing smoothly. China is using more nuclear power equipment manufactured domestically, and working hard to increase its manufacturing capacity in nuclear power equipment. It has made steady progress to independently produce key equipment of GW-class nuclear power units, achieving key successes in the independent R&D and manufacturing of pressure vessels, steam generators, main pipelines, advanced nuclear fuels, nuclear-grade welding materials, and other key nuclear safety equipment and materials.

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全面實(shí)施核安全改進(jìn)行動(dòng)。日本福島核事故發(fā)生后，中國(guó)政府組織專門力量對(duì)全國(guó)運(yùn)行核電廠、在建核電廠、研究堆和其他重要核設(shè)施開展了歷時(shí)9個(gè)多月的綜合安全檢查，結(jié)果表明，中國(guó)核設(shè)施在選址時(shí)充分考慮了地震、洪水、海嘯等影響，由極端自然事件引發(fā)核事故的可能性極小。為進(jìn)一步提升核設(shè)施安全水平，汲取日本福島核事故教訓(xùn)，中國(guó)政府制定并實(shí)施了核設(shè)施短期、中期、長(zhǎng)期安全改進(jìn)計(jì)劃，增強(qiáng)了核設(shè)施抵御外部事件、預(yù)防和緩解嚴(yán)重事故的能力。
Full implementation of nuclear safety improvements. In the wake of the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan, the Chinese government organized a nine-month safety inspection of the country’s operating nuclear power plants, those under construction, research reactors, and other key nuclear facilities. The result showed a minimal possibility of nuclear accidents, as the sites of China’s nuclear facilities had been selected with full consideration of extreme natural disasters such as earthquake, flood, and tsunami. Learning from Japan’s lesson, the Chinese government has further enhanced its nuclear facility safety by implementing improvement plans for the short, medium, and long terms and by increasing nuclear facilities’ capacity to resist external events and prevent and mitigate serious accidents.