研究顯示肥胖基因真的存在!網(wǎng)友:我命由天不由我……
中國日報(bào)雙語新聞微信 2019-08-18 09:00
減肥是夏天的主題之一。
來,?上一勺西瓜,戴上耳機(jī),聽雙語君(微信ID:Chinadaily_Mobile)跟你說道說道。
肥胖的原理是什么?
老百姓說的“吃多動(dòng)少”翻譯成科學(xué)家的話就是:
Obesity is the resultant energy imbalance in a person who consistently consumes more calories from food and drink than are needed to power their body’s metabolic and physical functions.
如果一個(gè)人不斷地從食物和飲料中攝入卡路里,并且超過了身體代謝和功能所需的量,那就會(huì)導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)能量失衡——肥胖。
說白了就是熱量失衡。“吃多了動(dòng)少了”就是導(dǎo)致熱量供過于求的原因。
但我們發(fā)現(xiàn),有的人吃得胖,有些人吃不胖,還有人不吃都長胖。
吃不胖的先拖出去,我們來聊聊胖胖的你,有哪些“命不由我”的因素。
肥胖基因真的存在,而且還有400多個(gè)。
“我餓了,我要吃”、“我飽了,不吃了”——這些都是大腦發(fā)出的信號。
The brain regulates food intake by responding to signals received from fat tissue, the pancreas, and the digestive tract. These signals are transmitted by hormones—such as leptin and insulin.
大腦通過響應(yīng)來自脂肪組織、胰腺和消化道的信號來調(diào)節(jié)食物的攝入。這些信號由致輕素、胰島素等激素傳遞。
The brain coordinates these signals with other inputs and responds with instructions to the body: either to eat more and reduce energy use, or to do the opposite.
大腦將這些信號與其他輸入信號進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào),并對身體給出指示:要么吃多點(diǎn),減少能量消耗,要么吃少點(diǎn),多運(yùn)動(dòng)。
而基因就是傳遞這些有關(guān)食物攝入的信號的基礎(chǔ)。
To date, more than 400 different genes have been implicated in the causes of obesity or being overweight, although only a handful of these appear to be major players.
迄今為止,(研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn))有超過400種不同的基因與超重或肥胖的原因有關(guān),但是只有少數(shù)基因似乎是主要因素。
美國疾病控制與預(yù)防中心(CDC)在其官網(wǎng)公布了8個(gè)與病態(tài)肥胖有關(guān)聯(lián)的基因(變體)。
表格中的基因,有的調(diào)節(jié)胰島素合成,有的會(huì)激發(fā)食欲,促使你攝入更多食物,還有的會(huì)促成脂質(zhì)的吸收,加速脂肪組織的生成。
Genes contribute to the causes of obesity in many ways, by affecting appetite, satiety (the feeling of fullness), metabolism, body-fat distribution, and the tendency to use eating as a way to cope with stress.
基因可以多方面影響肥胖的成因,它會(huì)影響食欲、飽腹感、新陳代謝、體脂分布、以及將飲食作為減壓方式的傾向。
基因?qū)δ阌绊懘髥幔?/strong>
其實(shí),每個(gè)人受肥胖基因影響的程度不一。來測測,你是不是那個(gè)“天選之人”:
Genes are probably a significant contributor to your obesity if you have most or all of the following characteristics:
如果你符合下列多數(shù)或全部描述,那么你的肥胖受基因的影響就很大:
You have been overweight for much of your life.
你一生中多數(shù)時(shí)候都很胖。
One or both of your parents or several other blood relatives are significantly overweight. If both of your parents have obesity, your likelihood of developing obesity is as high as 80%.
父母一方或雙方,或者其他血親有嚴(yán)重肥胖。如果你的父母都患有肥胖癥,那么你的患肥胖的幾率可能高達(dá)80%。
You can't lose weight even when you increase your physical activity and stick to a low-calories diet for many months.
就算多動(dòng)并且減少熱量攝入持續(xù)數(shù)個(gè)月體重也不會(huì)減少。
Genes are probably a lower contributor for you if you have most or all of the following characteristics:
如果你符合下列多數(shù)或全部描述,那么基因?qū)δ惴逝值挠绊懢秃苄 ?/p>
You are strongly influenced by the availability of food.
吃多吃少會(huì)顯著影響你的體重。
You are moderately overweight, but you can lose weight when you follow a reasonable diet and exercise program.
你只是微胖,而且少吃多動(dòng)能減重。
You regain lost weight during the holiday season, after changing your eating or exercise habits, or at times when you experience psychological or social problems.
逢年過節(jié)的時(shí)候、改變飲食運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣之后、或者有心理或社交問題時(shí),減下去的體重又會(huì)長回來。
有人認(rèn)為,肥胖這事兒,還可能要怪人類祖先。
根據(jù)“節(jié)儉基因型”假說(the "thrifty genotype" hypothesis),在數(shù)次饑荒中撿了性命的古人們,靠的就是幫助人們少消耗點(diǎn)能量的基因。
Energy is crucial to survival.
能量是生存之本。
Human energy regulation is primed to protect against weight loss, rather than to control weight gain.
人類體內(nèi)的能量調(diào)節(jié)是為了防止體重下降,而不是為了控制體重增加。
The “thrifty genotype” suggests that the same genes that helped our ancestors survive occasional famines are now being challenged by environments in which food is plentiful year round.
“節(jié)儉基因型”(假說)表明,那些幫助我們的祖先在偶發(fā)的饑荒中生存下來的基因,現(xiàn)在正受到全年食物充足的環(huán)境的挑戰(zhàn)。
敢情是祖先為了我們能挺過饑荒,留下來的基因?qū)毑匕 ?/p>
這寶藏我不想要啊。
怎么辦?
跑步——病態(tài)肥胖患者的最佳運(yùn)動(dòng)
你不需要是遺傳學(xué)家,動(dòng)動(dòng)胳膊腿兒,也能抵御基因的影響。
但是鍛煉是個(gè)老生常談的話題,誰都知道少吃多動(dòng)。其中,跑步又是說得最多的鍛煉方式。
巧了,和大多數(shù)人的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件很吻合,臺灣大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究顯示,跑步作為一種最簡單,對器材、裝備、場地要求最少的鍛煉方式,是抵御肥胖基因影響最有效的鍛煉。
對抗肥胖基因最有效的鍛煉
有六種鍛煉方式可以抵消肥胖基因影響,但其中有一種鍛煉格外有效。
Even people whose genes make them prone to obesity can keep the disease in check by jogging, walking or climbing mountains, according to research on more than 18,000 residents of Taiwan.
根據(jù)對臺灣地區(qū)18000多名居民的研究,即使是有肥胖基因的人,也可以通過慢跑、步行或者爬山運(yùn)動(dòng)來控制肥胖癥的惡化。
比起慢跑,夏天貌似更適合游泳——水里出汗也不會(huì)黏糊糊的。不過研究顯示:
Swimming and cycling might not be so successful at mitigating that genetic risk.
游泳和騎自行車在減少遺傳風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方面可能不太有效。
But relatively long sessions of yoga also helped to control obesity, as did fast walking and some forms of ballroom dancing, such as the foxtrot and the waltz.
但是相對長時(shí)間的瑜伽也有助于控制肥胖,類似效果的運(yùn)動(dòng)還有快走和一些舞廳舞蹈,比方說狐步舞和華爾茲。
其實(shí)這么看下來,哪怕是少數(shù)過度肥胖者,都可以做到“我體重由我不由基因”。
當(dāng)然了,身材豐腴還是清瘦都是個(gè)人喜好。不過雙語君(微信ID:Chinadaily_Mobile)提醒你,過度的肥胖還是不可取哦:
Obesity is an important public health problem as it increases the risk of developing diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and other serious diseases.
肥胖是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的公共衛(wèi)生問題,因?yàn)樗黾恿巳藗兓继悄虿?、心臟病、中風(fēng)和其他重病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
為了健康著想,睡前做兩組核心力量吧。
Notes
pancreas/?p??kri?s/ n胰;胰腺
digestive /da??d?est?v/adj消化的
leptin /?lept?n/ n致輕素:由脂肪細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),可使飲食有規(guī)律
insulin /??ns?l?n/ n胰島素
hormone /?h??rmo?n/ n荷爾蒙;激素
obesity /o??bi?s?ti/ n肥胖(癥)
famine /?f?m?n/ n饑荒
diabetes /?da???bi?ti?z/ n糖尿病
編輯:陳月華
實(shí)習(xí)生:曾誠心
來源:中國日報(bào)雙語新聞微信 美國疾病控制與預(yù)防中心 哈佛大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院 Nature