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2019年7月新聞熱詞匯總

中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng) 2019-08-01 09:40

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7月,北上廣等城市實(shí)施國(guó)六排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn);北京也開(kāi)始推行垃圾強(qiáng)制分類;支付寶刷臉支付應(yīng)網(wǎng)友要求推出美顏功能;良渚古城遺址入選聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)名錄;教育部表示將進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)來(lái)華留學(xué)生與中國(guó)學(xué)生的管理和服務(wù)趨同化;《長(zhǎng)安十二時(shí)辰》熱播帶火西安取景地旅游;本月起,我國(guó)高校不再招收第二學(xué)士學(xué)位生。

 

國(guó)六排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn) China VI vehicle emission standards

Sales and registrations of new vehicles in regions including Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hebei province and Guangdong province now have to comply with the "China VI" vehicle emission standards, which is believed to be one of the world's strictest rules on automobile pollutants.
北京、上海、天津、河北、廣東等地區(qū)銷售和登記注冊(cè)的新車都需符合國(guó)六排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn),該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被認(rèn)為是全世界最嚴(yán)格的機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一。

【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】

國(guó)六排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(China VI vehicle emission standards)全稱為“國(guó)家第六階段機(jī)動(dòng)車污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(China's stage 6 vehicle emission standards)”,分為對(duì)輕型車以及重型柴油車兩類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),全稱分別為《輕型汽車污染物排放限值及測(cè)量方法(中國(guó)第六階段)(Stage 6 Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles)》,以及重型柴油車污染物排放限值及測(cè)量方法(中國(guó)第六階段)(Stage 6 Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles)》。由環(huán)境保護(hù)部、國(guó)家質(zhì)檢總局分別于2016年12月23日、2018年6月22日發(fā)布。其中,輕型汽車(light-duty vehicles)指包括輕型汽油車(light-duty gasoline vehicles)、輕型燃?xì)廛嚕╨ight-duty natural gas vehicles)、輕型柴油車(light-duty diesel vehicles)和輕型兩用燃料汽車(light-duty dual-fuel vehicles)。輕型車國(guó)六標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用分步實(shí)施的方式,設(shè)置國(guó)六a和國(guó)六b兩個(gè)排放限值方案,分別于2020年和2023年實(shí)施。

 

自2019年7月1日起,北京市重型燃?xì)廛嚕╤eavy-duty natural gas vehicles)以及公交和環(huán)衛(wèi)重型柴油車(heavy-duty diesel buses and cleaning vehicles)執(zhí)行國(guó)六b排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn);自2020年1月1日起,輕型汽油車(light-duty gasoline vehicles)和重型柴油車(heavy-duty diesel vehicles)執(zhí)行國(guó)六b排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

According to official data, emissions from some 6.21 million vehicles were responsible for 45 percent of Beijing's concentration of small, breathable particles known as PM2.5, a key indicator of air pollution.
官方數(shù)據(jù)顯示,目前北京市機(jī)動(dòng)車保有量近621萬(wàn)輛,從北京市新一輪的細(xì)顆粒物(PM2.5)來(lái)源解析看,本地排放貢獻(xiàn)中移動(dòng)源污染占比最大,達(dá)45%。


相比國(guó)五標(biāo)準(zhǔn),輕型車國(guó)六b標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值加嚴(yán)了40%至50%;增加了實(shí)際道路行駛排放控制要求(real-world driving emission requirements);蒸發(fā)排放控制要求更加嚴(yán)格(evaporative emission-control requirements),排放限值降低了65%,需安裝車載加油油氣回收系統(tǒng)(OR VR),對(duì)加油過(guò)程的油氣排放進(jìn)行控制(refueling emission control);同時(shí)增加了排放質(zhì)保期的要求,低溫排放試驗(yàn)一氧化碳(CO)和碳?xì)洌℉C)限值(low-temperature testing requirement and emission limits for CO and THC)加嚴(yán)1/3,并引入了嚴(yán)格的車載診斷系統(tǒng)(on-board diagnostics)控制要求。

重型車國(guó)六b標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與國(guó)五標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比,大幅加嚴(yán)了污染物排放限值,氮氧化物(NOx)加嚴(yán)了77%,顆粒物(Particle Matter)加嚴(yán)了67%,新增顆粒物個(gè)數(shù)(particulate number)和氨(ammonia)的限值,此外,提出更加嚴(yán)格的自動(dòng)監(jiān)控要求和排放油耗聯(lián)合管控的要求。

2018年6月27日,國(guó)務(wù)院正式印發(fā)《打贏藍(lán)天保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)三年行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》,對(duì)積極調(diào)整運(yùn)輸結(jié)構(gòu)(adjust transportation systems),發(fā)展綠色交通體系(advance green transport)等方面做出要求。其中提出:“2019年7月1日起,重點(diǎn)區(qū)域、珠三角地區(qū)、成渝地區(qū)提前實(shí)施國(guó)六排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。推廣使用達(dá)到國(guó)六排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的燃?xì)廛囕v。”

據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),截至目前全國(guó)范圍已有15個(gè)省、直轄市出臺(tái)了國(guó)六排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提前實(shí)施的文件。

 

數(shù)據(jù)安全檢查 data security checks

The four-stage campaign aims to finish data security checks on all telecom companies, 50 major internet companies and 200 popular applications by the end of October, according to an action plan released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.
工信部發(fā)布的行動(dòng)方案分為四個(gè)階段,今年10月底前完成全部基礎(chǔ)電信企業(yè)、50家重點(diǎn)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)以及200款主流App數(shù)據(jù)安全檢查。

【單詞講解:security和safety的區(qū)別】

Security強(qiáng)調(diào)的是免受來(lái)自外部或內(nèi)部“蓄意或惡意”的傷害,采取必要的措施防止這樣的傷害發(fā)生,確保國(guó)家、組織或個(gè)人正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),比如:national security(國(guó)家安全)、public security(公共安全),以及這里提到的data security(數(shù)據(jù)安全)。

Safety強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)、組織或個(gè)人按照自己的機(jī)制正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的“穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)”。單位的“生產(chǎn)安全”是work safety,工廠里時(shí)常掛著的橫幅上寫(xiě)的“安全第一”就是safety first。因?yàn)榘踩a(chǎn)的所有保障措施都是為了讓工廠的生產(chǎn)正常進(jìn)行,避免發(fā)生工人意外受傷的事件。

“食品安全”在英語(yǔ)里有兩個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)的表達(dá),分別是food security和food safety。Food security強(qiáng)調(diào)的是確保人們都能得到維持健康生活所需要的糧食,主要跟糧食的供應(yīng)和人們獲取的渠道有關(guān);而food safety強(qiáng)調(diào)的是確保人們吃進(jìn)嘴里的食物在生產(chǎn)、存儲(chǔ)和銷售等環(huán)節(jié)都符合衛(wèi)生健康標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。


方案明確了本次專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)的目標(biāo),即通過(guò)集中開(kāi)展數(shù)據(jù)安全合規(guī)性評(píng)估(data security and compliance assessment)、專項(xiàng)治理和監(jiān)督檢查(targeted management and inspection),督促基礎(chǔ)電信企業(yè)和重點(diǎn)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)強(qiáng)化網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)安全全流程管理,及時(shí)整改消除重大數(shù)據(jù)泄露、濫用等安全隱患(eliminate security risks including data leakage and data abuse)。

同時(shí),基本建立行業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)安全保障體系(an industry data security protection mechanism)。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)安全制度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系進(jìn)一步完善,形成行業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)目錄(data protection catalogs),制定15項(xiàng)以上行業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范(formulating security standards in more than 15 industries),貫標(biāo)試點(diǎn)企業(yè)不少于20家;

行業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)安全管理和技術(shù)支撐平臺(tái)基本建成,遴選網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)安全技術(shù)能力創(chuàng)新示范項(xiàng)目不少于30個(gè)(select no less than 30 innovation demonstration projects in data security protection);

基礎(chǔ)電信企業(yè)和重點(diǎn)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)安全管理體系有效建立(effectively build a security management system in telecom companies and internet firms)。


垃圾分類 garbage sorting

The Beijing urban management commission said on Wednesday that Beijing will follow Shanghai's suit on mandatory household garbage sorting, though in different garbage classification standards.
北京市城管委3日表示,北京將跟上海一樣實(shí)行垃圾強(qiáng)制分類,不過(guò)垃圾分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與上海不同。

【詞匯講解】

Follow suit是一個(gè)固定搭配的短語(yǔ),表示“照著做;跟風(fēng)”,這個(gè)短語(yǔ)來(lái)源于撲克牌游戲,suit指撲克牌四種花色里的任意一種,打牌的時(shí)候,如果一個(gè)人跟著前面的那個(gè)人出牌,人家出什么花色,他就跟著出什么花色,這個(gè)就叫follow suit,后來(lái)引申為“照著做”。


北京目前采取的垃圾分類方法為“四分法”,將垃圾分為有害垃圾、可回收物、廚余垃圾、其他垃圾。

●可回收物(recyclables,藍(lán)色桶):可循環(huán)利用的,報(bào)紙、鏡子、飲料瓶、易拉罐、舊衣服、電子廢棄物等,由再生資源企業(yè)回收利用,俗稱“收破爛”。

●廚余垃圾(kitchen waste,綠色桶):廚房產(chǎn)生的,如菜葉菜幫、剩飯剩菜、植物等。

●其他垃圾(other waste,灰色桶):包括保鮮膜、塑料袋、紙巾、大骨頭、玉米核等。

●有害垃圾(hazardous waste,紅色桶):對(duì)身體和環(huán)境有害的,如廢燈管、水銀溫度計(jì)、過(guò)期藥品、油漆、化妝品等,需用特殊方法安全處理。

需要特別注意的是,現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)的1號(hào)、5號(hào)、7號(hào)等干電池是低汞或者無(wú)汞電池(low-mercury or mercury-free battery),所以就不屬于有害垃圾了,應(yīng)投入“其他垃圾”中。但紐扣電池(button cell)、電子產(chǎn)品用的鋰電池(lithium battery)、電動(dòng)車電瓶(electric-vehicle battery)等鉛蓄電池和鎳鎘充電電池仍需作為“有害垃圾”進(jìn)行回收。

 

支付寶美顏功能 beauty filters with Alipay’s face-scanning solutions

A poll ran by news portal Sina Technology showed that more than 60% of respondents think they look uglier through the next-gen payments method than on a regular camera.
新浪科技的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示,60%以上的用戶表示刷臉支付時(shí)覺(jué)得自己丑,沒(méi)有平時(shí)拍照好看。

 

對(duì)此,支付寶回應(yīng)稱,刷臉系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)有美顏功能了。

On Tuesday, Alipay announced on social media platform Weibo that it has added beauty filters to its face-scanning system inside the app. Within a week, the feature will roll out across retail stores equipped with Alipay’s face-scanning solutions.
7月2日,支付寶在微博上回應(yīng)稱,支付寶刷臉系統(tǒng)已加入美顏功能,一周內(nèi),全國(guó)門(mén)店的刷臉系統(tǒng)也會(huì)上線美顏功能。

【單詞講解】

Filter這個(gè)詞可以用作動(dòng)詞或名詞,基礎(chǔ)的意思是“過(guò)濾;過(guò)濾器”,在智能手機(jī)和社交媒體領(lǐng)域則表示可以給照片額外添加各種效果和美化功能的“濾鏡”,比如,cat filter(貓咪濾鏡)、color correction filter(顏色修正濾鏡)等。在搜索引擎中常用的“關(guān)鍵詞過(guò)濾”則是keywords filter。


支付寶同時(shí)解釋稱,實(shí)際上機(jī)器識(shí)別的還是無(wú)美顏的容貌,美顏只是屏幕展示效果而已(the beauty filters are for the screen display only),因此對(duì)識(shí)別準(zhǔn)確度和安全性沒(méi)有影響(accuracy and security of the recognition process won't be compromised)。

如今,刷臉功能的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越普遍,除了刷臉支付以外,乘坐高鐵可以刷臉進(jìn)站。

北京、上海、廣州、鄭州、太原、武漢、南昌、西安、長(zhǎng)沙等地部分火車站已采用"刷臉"進(jìn)站(face-scanning check-in)。這些車站的自動(dòng)檢票機(jī)(automatic fare-collection gate)上都安裝了攝像頭,旅客走近機(jī)器時(shí),它會(huì)抓取旅客臉部信息(facial information),與身份證芯片里的照片進(jìn)行比對(duì),票證信息相符(ticket information conforms to ID card information)、人臉與證件照比對(duì)通過(guò),閘機(jī)自動(dòng)放行。通常3至6秒便能成功通行,解放了人力也方便了旅客。"刷臉"進(jìn)站采用人臉識(shí)別技術(shù)(facial recognition technology),這是基于人的臉部特征(facial features)進(jìn)行身份識(shí)別(identity recognition)的一種生物識(shí)別技術(shù)(biological recognition technology)。

 

良渚古城遺址 Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Committee inscribed China's Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City on the World Heritage List as a cultural site on Saturday, bringing the total number of World Heritage Sites in China to 55, the highest in the world.
7月6日,聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)將中國(guó)世界文化遺產(chǎn)提名項(xiàng)目“良渚古城遺址”列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。至此,中國(guó)世界遺產(chǎn)總數(shù)達(dá)到55處,位居世界第一。

【單詞講解】

Inscribe這個(gè)詞的本意是“雕、刻”,刻上去的文字一般會(huì)保留很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,所以這個(gè)詞也有“寫(xiě)入、記錄”之意,即to write, engrave, or print as a lasting record或者to enter on a list,常用的搭配除了上文中的inscribe something on something (as...)以外,還有inscribe something with...,比如:They inscribed the monument with the soldiers' names.(他們把戰(zhàn)士們的名字刻在紀(jì)念碑上。)


聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織官網(wǎng)對(duì)良渚古城遺址的介紹是這樣的:

Located in the Yangtze River Basin on the south-eastern coast of the country, the archaeological ruins of Liangzhu (about 3300-2300 BCE) reveal an early regional state with a unified belief system based on rice cultivation in Late Neolithic China. The property is composed of four areas – the Area of Yaoshan Site, the Area of High-dam at the Mouth of the Valley, the Area of Low-dam on the Plain and the Area of City Site. These ruins are an outstanding example of early urban civilization expressed in earthen monuments, urban planning, a water conservation system and a social hierarchy expressed in differentiated burials in cemeteries within the property.
位于中國(guó)東南沿海長(zhǎng)江三角洲的良渚古城遺址(約公元前3300-2300年)向人們展示了新石器時(shí)代晚期一個(gè)以稻作農(nóng)業(yè)為支撐、具有統(tǒng)一信仰的早期區(qū)域性國(guó)家。該遺址由4個(gè)部分組成:瑤山遺址區(qū)、谷口高壩區(qū)、平原低壩區(qū)和城址區(qū)。通過(guò)大型土質(zhì)建筑、城市規(guī)劃、水利系統(tǒng)以及不同墓葬形式所體現(xiàn)的社會(huì)等級(jí)制度,這些遺址成為早期城市文明的杰出范例。

國(guó)際古跡遺址理事會(huì)(the International Council on Monuments and Sites ,ICOMOS)指出:

It is considered to be a supreme achievement of prehistoric rice-cultivating civilization of China and East Asia over 5,000 years ago and an outstanding example of early urban civilization.
該遺址被視為5000多年前中國(guó)及東亞史前稻作文明的卓越成就,是早期城市文明的杰出范例。

以良渚古城為核心的良渚遺址是良渚文明的中心,遺存類型豐富,遺址格局完整,揭示了中華文明國(guó)家起源的基本特征,為中華五千多年文明史提供了最完整、最重要的考古學(xué)物證(the most concrete testimony of 5,000 years of Chinese civilization)。


英國(guó)知名考古學(xué)家科林·倫福儒(Colin Renfrew)曾在2013年和2017年兩赴良渚古城遺址參觀考察,對(duì)那里發(fā)掘的有5000年歷史之久的玉器和大型水利工程遺跡印象深刻。他說(shuō):

The importance of findings from the Neolithic Age in China has been greatly underestimated. Cong and bi unearthed from the Liangzhu historical site represent a unity of values in the region. The complexity of society in Liangzhu was on par with that of a country. This is the origin of Chinese civilization.
中國(guó)的新石器時(shí)代考古發(fā)現(xiàn)的重要性被嚴(yán)重低估了。在良渚遺址出土的琮和璧代表該地區(qū)統(tǒng)一的價(jià)值體系。良渚的社會(huì)復(fù)雜性相當(dāng)于一個(gè)國(guó)家。這就是中華文明的起源。

Viewed from a global perspective, Liangzhu has brought the origin of the state and society in China to a level equal to that of civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and India.
從全球來(lái)看,良渚使中國(guó)國(guó)家和社會(huì)的起源達(dá)到與埃及、美索不達(dá)米亞以及印度文明相同的水平。

The historical site at the Liangzhu dam might be the earliest one in the world.
良渚壩區(qū)遺址可能是世界上最早的。


素質(zhì)教育 all-round education

《中共中央 國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于深化教育教學(xué)改革全面提高義務(wù)教育質(zhì)量的意見(jiàn)》近日印發(fā)。

The guideline aims to develop an education system that will foster citizens with an all-round moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic grounding, in addition to a hard-working spirit, according to the document.
意見(jiàn)旨在發(fā)展素質(zhì)教育,培養(yǎng)德智體美勞全面發(fā)展的社會(huì)主義建設(shè)者和接班人。


要點(diǎn)包括:


堅(jiān)持“五育”并舉,全面發(fā)展素質(zhì)教育


According to the guideline, compulsory education should emphasize the effectiveness of moral education with efforts on cultivating ideals and faith, core socialist values, China's fine traditional culture, ecological civilization and mental health.
要突出德育實(shí)效,大力開(kāi)展理想信念、社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值觀、中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化、生態(tài)文明和心理健康教育。

The document stressed elevating intellectual grounding level to develop the cognitive ability and stimulate the sense of innovation of the students.
提升智育水平。著力培養(yǎng)認(rèn)知能力,促進(jìn)思維發(fā)展,激發(fā)創(chuàng)新意識(shí)。

It also called for strengthening physical education, enhancing aesthetic training with more art curriculums and activities, and encouraging students to participate in more physical work to boost their hard-working spirit.
強(qiáng)化體育鍛煉,增強(qiáng)美育熏陶,設(shè)立藝術(shù)特色課程,加強(qiáng)勞動(dòng)教育,充分發(fā)揮勞動(dòng)綜合育人功能。


強(qiáng)化課堂主陣地作用,切實(shí)提高課堂教學(xué)質(zhì)量


Heuristic and interactive methods in teaching are encouraged to inspire students to think and ask questions.
注重啟發(fā)式、互動(dòng)式、探究式教學(xué),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生主動(dòng)思考、積極提問(wèn)、自主探究。

More information technology should be integrated into school teaching, it said, specifically calling for more free and high-quality educational resources in rural and remote areas.
促進(jìn)信息技術(shù)與教育教學(xué)融合應(yīng)用。免費(fèi)為農(nóng)村和邊遠(yuǎn)貧困地區(qū)學(xué)校提供優(yōu)質(zhì)學(xué)習(xí)資源。


按照“四有好老師”標(biāo)準(zhǔn),建設(shè)高素質(zhì)專業(yè)化教師隊(duì)伍


The guideline demands "high-quality and professional" teaching personnel, proposing more training to strengthen teachers' teaching fundamentals and work ethics, as well as improved salaries and benefits.
建設(shè)高素質(zhì)專業(yè)化教師隊(duì)伍,強(qiáng)化師德教育和教學(xué)基本功訓(xùn)練,不斷提高教師待遇。

School principals are asked to shoulder more responsibilities and play better roles in improving education quality.
校長(zhǎng)是學(xué)校提高教育質(zhì)量的第一責(zé)任人,提升校長(zhǎng)實(shí)施素質(zhì)教育能力。


深化關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域改革,為提高教育質(zhì)量創(chuàng)造條件


National curriculum schemes issued by the central authority should not be replaced by local and school- based curriculum, said the guideline.
嚴(yán)禁用地方課程、校本課程取代國(guó)家課程。

Exam-free access to nearby primary and secondary schools should cover all school-age children, and schools are encouraged to promote the well-rounded development of students, the guideline said.
推進(jìn)義務(wù)教育學(xué)校免試就近入學(xué)全覆蓋。建立以發(fā)展素質(zhì)教育為導(dǎo)向的科學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)體系。

The country will secure the fiscal investment for compulsory education and motivate schools with higher education quality to help ordinary schools to achieve balanced compulsory education, according to the guideline.
保障義務(wù)教育財(cái)政經(jīng)費(fèi)投入,發(fā)揮優(yōu)質(zhì)學(xué)校示范輻射作用,完善強(qiáng)校帶弱校等辦學(xué)機(jī)制,促進(jìn)新優(yōu)質(zhì)學(xué)校成長(zhǎng)。


It also demands strengthened Party leadership over compulsory education reform and more guidance to parents for better family education.
推進(jìn)義務(wù)教育改革,加強(qiáng)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo);重視家庭教育。


酒店布草 hotel linen

酒店床單、浴巾到底洗沒(méi)洗過(guò)?有沒(méi)有落實(shí)“一客一換”?近日,武漢首家綠色洗滌基地正式投入運(yùn)營(yíng)。據(jù)說(shuō)可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

Dubbed as Wuhan's first green washing base, all linen handled by the company, including sheets, towels, duvet covers, will be embedded with a thin, high-temperature resistant chip that enables a hotel to monitor its supplies, and allows hotel guests to access information about their laundry via a QR code.
該基地被稱為武漢首家綠色洗滌基地,在這里處理的床單、毛巾、被套等布草都將內(nèi)置一個(gè)輕薄、耐高溫的芯片,酒店可以通過(guò)芯片監(jiān)控布草狀態(tài),客人可以通過(guò)一個(gè)二維碼獲取房間布草的洗滌信息。

【單詞講解】

布草(hotel linen)是賓館酒店里床單(bed sheets)、被套(duvet covers)、毛巾(towels)等物品的統(tǒng)稱。這里要簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)一下英語(yǔ)里關(guān)于“被子”的幾個(gè)表達(dá):quilt,comforter以及duvet。Quilt是指帶絎縫的薄被(傳統(tǒng)款式是至少其中一面是由很多布碎拼貼而成的圖案),比comforter/duvet要薄。Comforter/Duvet Insert就是中國(guó)人最熟悉的被芯(內(nèi)層可以是棉、聚酯纖維、羽絨等等),而comforter除了指被芯以外,還指那種在床品套裝(Bedding Sets)里的厚被子,表面已經(jīng)帶有印花,是直接用的,不用再套被套,通常要洗的話是整張被子一起洗。Duvet Insert & Duvet Cover(被芯和被套)應(yīng)該是小伙伴們最熟悉一種組合,duvet, duvet insert, comforter這幾個(gè)單詞很多時(shí)候可以互換,都表示“被芯”,但duvet和duvet insert一般特指純白色的被芯,通常會(huì)配上對(duì)應(yīng)大小的duvet cover(被套)一起使用。


武漢市發(fā)改委環(huán)資處相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人稱,新型綠色洗滌設(shè)備洗一公斤布草只需7升水,一個(gè)員工8小時(shí)可洗滌布草1.6噸,該基地還配備有污水處理設(shè)備(wastewater treatment equipment),最大程度減少?gòu)U水污染。

The water used for cleaning will be tap water that has been purified, which is said to make the washed materials softer and more skin-friendly.
洗滌用的水也是對(duì)自來(lái)水進(jìn)行二次凈化之后的軟水,據(jù)稱,使用軟水洗滌的布草會(huì)更加柔軟親膚。


事實(shí)孤兒 de facto orphan

Jointly issued by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Supreme People's Court and 10 other departments, the guideline defined children with both parents serving prison terms, undergoing compulsory drug rehabilitation or restriction of personal freedom as de facto orphans. This puts them in the same category as children who have sick, disabled parents or parents who have been declared missing. If one of a child's parents is under the aforementioned conditions and the other parent is dead or missing, the child can also be identified as a de facto orphan.
由民政部、最高法以及其他10個(gè)部門(mén)聯(lián)合發(fā)布的意見(jiàn)對(duì)事實(shí)無(wú)人撫養(yǎng)兒童(即通常所說(shuō)的“事實(shí)孤兒”)的定義為:父母雙方均符合重殘、重病、服刑在押、強(qiáng)制隔離戒毒、被執(zhí)行其他限制人身自由的措施、失聯(lián)情形之一的兒童;或者父母一方死亡或失蹤,另一方符合重殘、重病、服刑在押、強(qiáng)制隔離戒毒、被執(zhí)行其他限制人身自由的措施、失聯(lián)情形之一的兒童。

【單詞講解】

Serve prison terms就是“服刑”的意思,serve這個(gè)詞最基本的意思是“服務(wù)”,引申開(kāi)來(lái)就有“服役、任職、招待”等意思,比如美劇里時(shí)常會(huì)有個(gè)壯漢說(shuō):I served in Afghanistan.(我曾經(jīng)在阿富汗服役。)或者,serve the interests of all the people(符合所有人的利益)。在網(wǎng)球和羽毛球比賽中,serve則表示“發(fā)球”,可用作動(dòng)詞或名詞,比如:Whose turn is it to serve?(該誰(shuí)發(fā)球了?)Federer's serve is unbeatable.(費(fèi)德勒的發(fā)球無(wú)人能敵。)

 

這是我國(guó)首次就加強(qiáng)“事實(shí)孤兒”保障工作出臺(tái)專門(mén)意見(jiàn)?!兑庖?jiàn)》重點(diǎn)解決四個(gè)方面的突出問(wèn)題。

一是強(qiáng)化基本生活保障(basic living allowances)。明確對(duì)事實(shí)無(wú)人撫養(yǎng)兒童發(fā)放基本的生活補(bǔ)貼。

二是加強(qiáng)醫(yī)療康復(fù)保障(medical relief programs)。對(duì)符合條件的事實(shí)無(wú)人撫養(yǎng)兒童按規(guī)定實(shí)施醫(yī)療救助。

三是完善教育資助的救助(assistance for schooling)。將事實(shí)無(wú)人撫養(yǎng)兒童參照孤兒納入教育資助的范圍,享受相應(yīng)的政策待遇,優(yōu)先納入國(guó)家資助政策體系和教育的幫扶體系。

四是督促落實(shí)監(jiān)護(hù)的責(zé)任(responsibility of children's guardians)。要求依法打擊故意或者惡意不履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)等各類侵害兒童權(quán)益的違法犯罪行為。

The document also warned of punishments if parents with childrearing capacity pretend they don't have the capability with the aim of defrauding government welfare for their children. The guideline said law enforcement officers can revoke guardianship of parents defrauding child welfare, and civil affairs authorities can charge those parents child-rearing fees.
《意見(jiàn)》提出,對(duì)采取虛報(bào)、隱瞞、偽造等手段騙取保障資金、物資或服務(wù)的父母及其他監(jiān)護(hù)人采取懲戒,執(zhí)法部門(mén)應(yīng)當(dāng)依法撤銷監(jiān)護(hù)人監(jiān)護(hù)資格。明確對(duì)有能力履行撫養(yǎng)義務(wù)而拒不撫養(yǎng)的父母,民政部門(mén)可依法追索撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)。

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