三、新疆各民族是中華民族的組成部分
III. The Ethnic Groups in Xinjiang Are Part of the Chinese Nation

中華民族的形成與發(fā)展，是中原各族和文化同周邊諸族和文化連續(xù)不斷交往交流交融的歷史過程。先秦時期的華夏族群，經(jīng)過長期與周圍族群的多元融合，特別是經(jīng)過春秋戰(zhàn)國500余年大動蕩的交匯與融合，至秦漢之際，進一步與周圍族群融合為一體，形成以中原人口居多的漢族，并從此成為中國歷史進程的主體民族。魏晉南北朝時期，各民族尤其是北方少數(shù)民族向中原大遷徙，出現(xiàn)了大融合的局面。13世紀元朝建立，規(guī)?？涨暗恼谓y(tǒng)一局面推動了規(guī)?？涨暗拿褡暹w徙，形成了元朝境內(nèi)廣泛的民族雜居局面。中華各民族在長期發(fā)展中，最終形成大雜居、小聚居的分布特點。多民族是中國的一大特色，各民族共同開發(fā)了祖國的錦繡河山、廣袤疆域，共同創(chuàng)造了悠久的中國歷史、燦爛的中華文化。
Historically, the Chinese nation was formed and developed through cultural communication, exchanges and integration between peoples in the Central Plains and in other regions. The Huaxia people who appeared in the pre-Qin period, after years of integration with various other peoples, and especially after 500 turbulent years of cultural convergence in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, further integrated with other peoples in the Qin and Han dynasties to form the Han people, a majority group in the Central Plains and the major people in Chinese history. In the period of the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties, different peoples, especially the northern ethnic minorities, migrated on a large scale to the Central Plains, resulting in further ethnic merging. In the 13th century, with the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, an unprecedented level of political unification gave rise to unprecedented ethnic migration, leading to various ethnic groups living together within the Yuan territories. After this long historical process, different ethnic groups of China eventually settled among each other, with compact communities here and there. Multiethnicity is a prominent feature of China. Together, the ethnic groups of China have explored the country’s rich resources and vast territories, and have created a long history and a splendid culture.

新疆地區(qū)自古就同中原地區(qū)保持著密切聯(lián)系。早在商代，中原同西域就有玉石貿(mào)易。漢代張騫“鑿空西域”打通絲綢之路，使者相望于道，商旅不絕于途。唐代“絹馬互市”持續(xù)繁盛，“參天可汗大道”直通內(nèi)地，沿途驛站星羅棋布，成為西域先民同中原密切聯(lián)系的紐帶。于闐樂、高昌樂、胡旋舞等西域樂舞深入宮廷，長安城流行西域風。出自今新疆庫車的龜茲樂享譽中原，成為隋唐至宋代宮廷燕樂的重要組成部分。近代以來，在中華民族面臨生死存亡的危急關頭，新疆各族人民同全國人民一道，奮起反抗、共赴國難，共同譜寫了可歌可泣的愛國主義篇章。新中國成立以來，新疆各民族關系進入平等、團結、互助、和諧的新時期。
Xinjiang has been in close contact with the Central Plains since ancient times. As early as the Shang Dynasty, the Western Regions traded jade with the Central Plains. In the Han Dynasty, imperial envoy Zhang Qian opened up the Silk Road, along which emissaries and merchants traveled. In the Tang Dynasty, merchants from the Central Plains and the Western Regions traded silk and horses, and a grand thoroughfare connected the Western Regions directly to Chang’an, the Tang capital, with courier stations along the way. Music and dances from Khotan, Gaochang and other places in the Western Regions were performed in the Tang court, and the exotic cultures of the Western Regions were popular in Chang’an. The music of Qiuci (today’s Kucha, Xinjiang) enjoyed great fame in the Central Plains, and became an important component of court music in the Sui, Tang and Song dynasties. In modern times, at critical junctures of the Chinese nation, the ethnic peoples in Xinjiang have fought alongside the rest of the country with great patriotism. Since the founding of the PRC, ethnic relations in Xinjiang have entered a new era characterized by equality, solidarity, mutual help, and harmony.

新疆自古以來就是多民族聚居地區(qū)。最早開發(fā)新疆地區(qū)的是先秦至秦漢時期生活在天山南北的塞人、月氏人、烏孫人、羌人、龜茲人、焉耆人、于闐人、疏勒人、莎車人、樓蘭人、車師人，以及匈奴人、漢人等。魏晉南北朝時期的鮮卑、柔然、高車、嚈噠、吐谷渾，隋唐時期的突厥、吐蕃、回紇，宋遼金時期的契丹，元明清時期的蒙古、女真、黨項、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、滿、錫伯、達斡爾、回、烏孜別克、塔塔爾族等，每個歷史時期都有包括漢族在內(nèi)的不同民族的大量人口進出新疆地區(qū)，帶來了不同的生產(chǎn)技術、文化觀念、風俗習慣，在交流融合中促進經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展，他們是新疆地區(qū)的共同開拓者。至19世紀末，已有維吾爾、漢、哈薩克、蒙古、回、柯爾克孜、滿、錫伯、塔吉克、達斡爾、烏孜別克、塔塔爾、俄羅斯等13個主要民族定居新疆，形成維吾爾族人口居多、多民族聚居分布的格局。各民族在新疆地區(qū)經(jīng)過誕育、分化、交融，形成了血濃于水、休戚與共的關系。各民族都為開發(fā)、建設、保衛(wèi)新疆作出了重要貢獻，都是新疆的主人。目前，新疆共生活著56個民族，是中國民族成分最全的省級行政區(qū)之一。其中，超過100萬人口的有維吾爾族、漢族、哈薩克族和回族4個民族，超過10萬人口的有柯爾克孜族、蒙古族2個民族。新疆地區(qū)既是新疆各民族的家園，也是中華民族共同家園的組成部分。
Xinjiang has been a multiethnic region since ancient times. The earliest explorers of Xinjiang included the Sai, Rouzhi, Wusun, Qiang, Qiuci, Yanqi, Khotan, Shule, Shache, Loulan and Cheshi peoples living in the Tianshan Mountains and the Xiongnu and Han peoples in the pre-Qin, Qin and Han dynasties. Following them were peoples of the Han, the Xianbei, Rouran, Gaoche, Yeda, and Tuyuhun in the period of the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties; of the Turk, Tubo, and Ouigour in the period of the Sui and Tang dynasties; of the Khitan in the period of the Song, Liao, and Jin dynasties; of the Mongol, Jurchen, Dangxiang (Tangut), Kazak, Kirgiz, Manchu, Xibe, Daur, Hui, Uzbek, and Tatar in the period of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Large numbers of various ethnic groups entering Xinjiang in different periods brought technology, culture and ideas, folk customs, and many other aspects of their lives into the region, promoting economic and social development through exchanges and integration. They were all explorers of Xinjiang. By the end of the 19th century, 13 ethnic groups – the Uygur, Han, Kazak, Mongol, Hui, Kirgiz, Manchu, Xibe, Tajik, Daur, Uzbek, Tatar, and Russian – had settled in Xinjiang, with the Uygurs having the largest population. Ethnic groups had grown, developed and integrated with each other despite periods of isolations and conflict, and shared good fortune and hardship in a close relationship. All of them have made important contribution to exploring, developing and protecting Xinjiang, and they are all masters of Xinjiang. Currently inhabited by 56 ethnic groups, Xinjiang is one of the provincial-level administrative regions with the most ethnic groups in China. The Uygur, Han, Kazak and Hui have populations of one million and above, and the Kirgiz and Mongol have populations exceeding 100,000. Today, Xinjiang, home to various ethnic groups, is an integral part of the Chinese nation.

新疆地區(qū)民族關系的演變，始終和中華各民族關系演變相聯(lián)系。各民族有隔閡沖突更有交流融合，團結凝聚、共同奮進始終是主流。包括新疆各民族在內(nèi)的中華各民族，分布上交錯雜居，經(jīng)濟上相互依存，文化上兼收并蓄，情感上相互親近，形成你中有我、我中有你、誰也離不開誰的多元一體格局，是一個大家庭里不同成員的關系。在中華民族大家庭中，新疆各民族手足相親、守望相助，休戚相關、榮辱與共，共同生產(chǎn)生活，抵御外來侵略，反對民族分裂，維護祖國統(tǒng)一。
The evolution of ethnic relations in Xinjiang has always been linked to that between all ethnic groups in China. There have been periods of isolation and conflict, but exchange and integration, and unity and joint effort have always been the prevailing trend. The ethnic groups of China, including those in Xinjiang, live together alongside each other. They are economically interdependent and embrace each other’s culture, and are a unified whole that has become impossible to separate. They are members of the same big family. In this family of the Chinese nation, the ethnic groups in Xinjiang are like brothers and sisters who work and live together and help each other out. They have guarded against foreign aggression, opposed separatist activities, and safeguarded national unification.

四、維吾爾族是經(jīng)過長期遷徙融合形成的
IV. The Uygur Ethnic Group Formed Through a Long Process of Migration and Integration

維吾爾族先民的主體是隋唐時期的回紇人，活動在蒙古高原，曾經(jīng)有烏護、烏紇、袁紇、韋紇、回紇等多種漢譯名稱?；丶v人為了反抗突厥的壓迫和奴役，聯(lián)合鐵勒諸部中的仆固、同羅等部組成了回紇部落聯(lián)盟。744年，統(tǒng)一了回紇各部的首領骨力裴羅受唐朝冊封。788年，回紇統(tǒng)治者上書唐朝，自請改為“回鶻”。840年，回鶻汗國被黠戛斯攻破，回鶻人除一部分遷入內(nèi)地同漢人融合外，其余分為3支：一支遷往吐魯番盆地和今天的吉木薩爾地區(qū)，建立了高昌回鶻王國；一支遷往河西走廊，與當?shù)刂T族交往融合，形成裕固族；一支遷往帕米爾以西，后分布在中亞至今喀什一帶，與葛邏祿、樣磨等部族一起建立了喀喇汗王朝?；佞X人相繼融合了吐魯番盆地的漢人、塔里木盆地的焉耆人、龜茲人、于闐人、疏勒人等，構成近代維吾爾族的主體。元代，維吾爾族先民在漢語中又稱畏兀兒。元明時期，新疆各民族進一步融合，蒙古人尤其是察合臺汗國的蒙古人基本和畏兀兒人融為一體，為畏兀兒補充了新鮮血液。1934年，新疆省發(fā)布政府令，決定統(tǒng)一使用維吾爾作為漢文規(guī)范稱謂，意為維護你我團結，首次精確表達了Uygur名稱的本意。
The main ancestors of the Uygurs were the Ouigour people who lived on the Mongolian Plateau during the Sui and Tang dynasties. Many different names were used in historical records to refer to this group of people.
Historically, to resist oppression and slavery by the Turks, the Ouigour people united with some of the Tiele tribes to form the Ouigour tribal alliance. In 744, the Tang court conferred a title on Kutlug Bilge Khagan, who united the Ouigour tribes. In 788, the then Ouigour ruler wrote to the Tang emperor, requesting to have their name changed to “Uighur”. After the Uighur Khanate was defeated by the Kyrgyz people in 840, some of the Uighurs moved inland to live with the Han people, and the rest were divided into three sub-groups. One of the sub-groups moved to the Turpan Basin and the present-day Jimsar region, where they founded the Uighur Kingdom of Gaochang. Another moved to the Hexi Corridor, where they merged with local ethnic groups to become what was later known as the Yugurs. The third sub-group moved to the west of Pamir, scattered in areas from Central Asia to Kashgar, and joined the Karluk and Yagma peoples in founding the Kara-Khanid Khanate. There they merged with the Han people in the Turpan Basin and the Yanqi, Qiuci, Khotan, Shule, and other peoples in the Tarim Basin to form the main body of the modern Uygur ethnic group. In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the various ethnic groups in Xinjiang further merged. The Mongols, especially those of the Chagatai Khanate, were fused with the Uighurs, adding fresh blood to the Uighur group. In 1934, Xinjiang issued a government order, stipulating that “維吾爾” would be the standard Chinese name for Uygurs, which for the first time expressed the accurate meaning of “Uygur”: to maintain unity among the people.

歷史上，維吾爾族先民受突厥人奴役，兩者是被奴役和奴役的關系。維吾爾族先民回紇早期受突厥統(tǒng)治，在唐朝軍隊支持下，起兵反抗東突厥汗國，并先后攻滅西突厥汗國、后突厥汗國。西突厥汗國滅亡后，一些使用突厥語族語言的部落向西遷徙，其中一支長期輾轉(zhuǎn)西遷小亞細亞，融入當?shù)刂T族。維吾爾人不是突厥人的后裔。
The Ouigours endured slavery under the rule of the Turks. With support from Tang Dynasty troops, they rebelled against the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and defeated the Western Turkic Khaganate and the Second Turkic Khaganate. After the demise of the Western Turkic Khaganate, some Turkic-speaking tribes migrated westward. One of these tribes gradually settled down in Asia Minor, and integrated with local ethnic groups. The Uygurs are not descendants of the Turks.

近代以來，一些“泛突厥主義”分子以西遷的部分使用突厥語族語言的部落融入當?shù)刂T族為借口，把使用突厥語族語言的各民族都說成是突厥人，這是別有用心的。語族和民族是兩個不同的概念，有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。中國使用突厥語族語言的有維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、烏孜別克、塔塔爾、裕固、撒拉等民族，他們都具有各自歷史和文化特質(zhì)，絕不是所謂“突厥族”的組成部分。
Since the modern times, some Pan-Turkism advocates with ulterior motives have described all peoples of the Turkic language family as “the Turks” using the untenable argument that the Turkic-speaking tribe integrated with the ancestors of the Turkish people after migrating westward. A language family and an ethnic group are two essentially different concepts. In China, ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages include the Uygurs, Kazaks, Kirgiz, Uzbeks, Tatars, Yugurs, and Salars, each with its own history and unique culture. These peoples cannot be referred to as “Turks”.