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2019年4月新聞熱詞匯總

中國日報網 2019-05-01 09:10

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4月的大事可不少:第二屆“一帶一路”國際合作高峰論壇舉行;2019年北京世界園藝博覽會開幕;慶祝海軍成立70周年海上閱兵舉行;五四運動100周年紀念大會舉行;四川涼山地區(qū)發(fā)生森林火災;斯里蘭卡發(fā)生連環(huán)爆炸;奔馳女車主哭訴維權事件刷屏;日本明仁天皇退位;《復聯(lián)4》刷新多項票房紀錄......

 

 


深中通道 Shenzhen-Zhongshan Bridge

The construction of the Shenzhen-Zhongshan Bridge started on Dec 29, 2016, and it is expected to come into operation in 2024. The 24-kilometer engineering feat will consist of a series of bridges, islands and tunnels. It will build the world's first eight-lane tunnel under the sea, and its maximum designed speed is 100 km/h.
深中通道于2016年12月29日開工建設,計劃2024年全線通車。通道全長24公里,是一個“隧、島、橋”集群工程,其8車道、時速100公里海底沉管隧道將開創(chuàng)世界先例。

 

深中通道(Shenzhen-Zhongshan Bridge)是國家“十三五”重大工程和《珠三角規(guī)劃綱要》確定建設的重大交通基礎設施項目(major transportation infrastructure construction project),是粵東通往粵西乃至大西南的便捷通道。建成通車以后,珠江東西兩岸的通行時間將由2小時縮短為半小時。

和港珠澳大橋類似的是,深中通道也要途經伶仃洋,也是通過“東西人工島”進行連接,同樣要采用沉管技術(immersed tube methodology)。深中通道沉管隧道(immersed tube tunnel)工程比港珠澳大橋沉管隧道還長1.2公里,寬兩車道。

受航運和空運等條件限制,深中通道設計采用了“東隧西橋”的設計方案,即在通道東側采用隧道方式穿越通行(an immersed tunnel in the east section),西側采用橋梁通行(a bridge in the west section)。

中交一航局S09標段副總工程師楊潤來介紹,目前隧道正著手“海底接吻”(the connection of a tunnel end on an island with the first immersed tube,島上現(xiàn)澆隧道與首節(jié)沉管對接)前的施工準備工作。

楊潤來表示:

Yang said the immersed tunnel used the steel shell tube, the first of its kind in China, and there were many other new structures and technologies, which brought lots of challenges, such as lack of technical standards in the country.
深中通道海底隧道工程結構是鋼殼沉管隧道,為國內首次采用。還有很多新工藝、新技術,國內缺乏相應設計標準,工程建設極具挑戰(zhàn)性。”

沉管隧道首節(jié)管節(jié)鋼殼(the first steel shell tube of immersed tube tunnel)目前正在制造加工,預計上半年完成制造。按照計劃,后續(xù)將運輸至桂山島預制場完成管節(jié)預制,我國研制的世界第一艘且唯一一艘沉管運輸安裝一體船(the world's first and only ship for immersed tube transportation and installation)將于今年下半年進行聯(lián)調聯(lián)試,為今年底首節(jié)沉管安放做好準備。


年號 era name

The reign of Japan’s next emperor will be known as the Reiwa era, after the new imperial name was unveiled before an expectant nation on Monday morning.
4月1日上午,在全國民眾的期盼中,日本下一任天皇的年號正式公布,為“令和”。

The new era will begin on May 1, a day after the emperor, Akihito – whose era is known as Heisei (achieving peace) – makes way for his eldest son, Crown Prince Naruhito, in Japan’s first imperial abdication for more than 200 years.
日本現(xiàn)任明仁天皇,年號“平成”,將在4月30日退位,皇太子德仁將于5月1日即位新天皇,當日零時開始正式啟用新年號。這也是200多年以來日本天皇首次退位變更。

 

日本官房長官菅義偉透露,新年號的出處是日本古籍《萬葉集(Manyoshu)》中的詩句“初春令月,氣淑風和”,《萬葉集》是現(xiàn)存最古老的日本詩歌總集(the oldest existing compilation of Japanese poetry)。

這也是日本年號首次取自日本典籍,之前的年號漢字均選自中國典籍。比如,當前正在使用的“平成(Heisei)”年號來自中國《史記》“內平外成”及《尚書》“地平天成”之說,此前的“昭和”則來自于《尚書》中“百姓昭明,協(xié)和萬邦”之語。

日本政府于當?shù)貢r間4月1日上午9點半起在首相官邸召開關于年號的專家懇談會(panel discussion),就新年號原案征求意見。為了防止泄密,內閣成員在參與決定前必須交出手機和移動設備,并一直留在決策室中,直到正式宣布為止。一旦有候選年號被泄露給媒體,則立即失去候選資格(any names leaked to the media ahead of the announcement would immediately be withdrawn)。

對于年號的選擇,日本首相安倍晉三表示,這個詞代表日本豐富的國民文化和悠久的傳統(tǒng)(our nation’s profound public culture and long tradition)。

他說:

Just like amazing plum flowers in full bloom that signal the arrival of spring after bitter cold, each and every Japanese person can hope for the future and make their own flowers blossom.
就像美麗的梅花綻放象征著寒冬之后春天的到來,每一個日本民眾也可以期待未來,讓他們自己的花綻放。

Our nation is facing up to a big turning point, but there are lots of Japanese values that shouldn’t fade away. We are very proud of our history, culture and tradition, and this term expresses the Japan of tomorrow, the one we want to build for future generations. That was the most decisive point in making the choice.
我們國家正在面臨一個巨大的轉折點,但很多日本的價值觀不該淡化。我們?yōu)槲覀兊臍v史、文化和傳統(tǒng)感到自豪,而這個詞表達的是日本的明天,是我們想要為子孫后代建設的日本。這就是我們做出這個選擇的決定性因素。

日本官房長官表示,不會公布新年號的提供者姓名(the identity of the expert who suggested the new gengo),也不會公布其他候選年號(the other candidate names)。

Era names, or "gengo" as they are known in Japanese, are used in Japan for the length of an emperor's reign.
日本的年號用于天皇在位期間。

The new era name is usually announced after the accession of the new monarch, but the government decided to announce the new name in advance of the accession of the new Emperor.
新年號一般會在新天皇繼位之后宣布,不過這一次政府決定在新天皇繼位之前宣布新年號。

In this way companies and the general public have time to prepare for the change and disruption is kept to a minimum.
這樣,企業(yè)和民眾有時間提前準備,將各種可能的混亂影響降至最低。

 

森林火災 forest fire

Thirty people were confirmed killed while fighting a forest fire that broke out on Saturday in the Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture, Sichuan province, the Ministry of Emergency Management said in a statement on Monday.
4月1日,應急管理部發(fā)布消息稱,3月30日四川省涼山彝族自治州境內發(fā)生森林火災,已有30人在撲火行動中死亡。

By 6:30 pm on Monday, the bodies of the victims were all recovered, including 27 firefighters and three locals, said the ministry.
應急管理部稱,4月1日18點30分, 所有遇難者遺體均已找到,包括27名消防隊員和3名當?shù)厝罕姟?/p>

截至1日17時,木里森林火災過火面積已達到15公頃左右(the fire has burned around 15 hectares of forest),火勢尚未得到控制,撲滅存在較大困難。

 

據四川省應急管理廳副廳長周彤介紹,據初步掌握的情況,目前主要的撲救難點在于:

一是火場最高海拔約3700米,海拔高(high altitude),風大且方向不定,火勢難控制;

二是木里當?shù)氐匦螐碗s(complex terrain),尤其是雅礱江沿岸一帶山高坡陡,很多地方沒有路(lack of road access),給滅火和搜救工作帶來很大困難;

三是當?shù)厣指硨虞^厚(thick humus layer),火不易打熄;

四是山上取水非常困難(difficulty in getting water)。

根據專家初步分析,此次火災很可能是由雷電引發(fā)的(the fire was possibly caused by thunder),在燃燒過程中可能還發(fā)生了“轟燃(flashover)”現(xiàn)象,其突發(fā)性導致部分滅火人員避難不及時。“轟燃”指在一限定空間內, 所有可燃物表面全部卷入燃燒的瞬變狀態(tài)。


自主招生 independent enrollment

Many of China's top universities, including Tsinghua University and Peking University, will start annual independent enrollment tests in the next two months.
未來兩個月,包括清華大學和北京大學在內的許多中國頂尖大學將開始一年一度的自主招生考試。

The test, initiated in 2003, is a part of China's educational reforms, giving conditional offers to students who exhibit talents or achievements in specific fields so that they may enter the university with lower admission scores.
作為中國教育改革的一部分,自主招生始于2003年,其目的是對在特定領域表現(xiàn)出天賦或成就的學生給予有條件的錄取,使他們可以以較低的錄取分數(shù)進入大學。

Earlier this month, the brochures handed out by many top universities have triggered backlash online – people noticed that a few top universities canceled tests for the liberal arts this year.
本月早些時候,許多頂尖大學發(fā)放的招生簡章在網上引發(fā)了強烈反響——人們注意到,一些頂尖大學取消了今年的文科考試。

以清華為例,在其3月28號發(fā)布的自主招生簡章中,人文與社會類、法學類等2018年自主招生中出現(xiàn)的文科專業(yè)都被取消了。

Meanwhile, Shandong University has canceled tests for philosophy, Chinese literature and history, while math, information technology and engineering remain.
同時,山東大學也取消了哲學、中文和歷史的自招考試,而數(shù)學、信息技術和工程學等仍然保留。

Many argue that those who have achievements and talents in literature and the social sciences will no longer be allowed to take part in the independent tests.
許多人認為,那些在文學和社會科學方面有成就和天賦的人將喪失參與自主招生的機會。

Netizens are saying that such actions constitute discrimination against liberal arts students. Many have expressed pessimism over the future of liberal arts students。
網友們表示,這樣的行為是對文科學生的歧視,許多人對文科學生的未來表示悲觀。

清華大學招生辦負責人接受新京報記者采訪時表示,清華大學自主招生的目標是選拔具備基礎學科和特色學科方向特長及創(chuàng)新潛質的學生,符合條件的文科、理科考生均可申請,清華大學自主招生取消文科專業(yè)屬于誤讀。

ven though liberal arts subjects are not included, students are still qualified to apply for the tests. As the Tsinghua recruitment brochure states, subjects such as economics, finance and architecture are open to both liberal arts and science students.
即使文科科目不包括在自主招生考試內,文科學生仍然有資格申請參加考試。如清華大學招生簡章所述,經濟、金融和建筑等專業(yè)對文科和理科學生都開放。

Peking University, however, are holding tests for science subjects such as astronomy, computer science and biology, as well as liberal arts subjects such as history, Chinese literature, international relations and archaeology.
不過,北京大學將對天文學、計算機科學和生物學等理科科目及歷史學、中文、國際關系和考古學等文科科目進行自招考試。

For those who want to join the media industry, the Communication University of China will also recruit students in journalism and publishing in the independent recruitment tests.
對于那些想進入傳媒行業(yè)的學生來說,中國傳媒大學依然將在自主招生考試中招收新聞出版專業(yè)的學生。


森林火災紅色預警 red alert for forest fire

China issued a red alert, the highest level, for forest fire risks in arid northern and southwestern regions. Beijing, Tianjin, and the provinces of Hebei, Shanxi and Sichuan, will see the risk of forest fires stay at the highest level until Monday, and "under the red alert, no open fires are allowed in forests and grasslands", Yang Xiaodan, chief forecaster of the National Meteorological Center's Public Information Center, said on Tuesday.
我國對干旱的北方和西南地區(qū)發(fā)布最高級別的森林火險紅色預警。中國氣象局公共氣象服務中心副首席楊曉丹表示,一直到4月8日,北京、天津、河北、山西、四川等地森林火險等級將維持在極度危險級別,“紅色預警的發(fā)布意味著在林區(qū)、牧區(qū)都應禁止一切用火”。

一般來說發(fā)生在野外的火災在英語里統(tǒng)稱為wildfire(野火),根據燃燒植被的種類又可以具體分為brush fire(灌木叢火災), bushfire(叢林火災), desert fire(沙漠火災), forest fire(森林火災), grass fire(草地火災), hill fire(山火)等。

依據氣象因子變化(meteorological factor change)、森林可燃物變化(change of combustible forest materials)以及引發(fā)森林火災火源發(fā)生狀態(tài)(the state of forest fire sources),森林火險預警等級(forest fire risk level)由低到高劃分為三個預警級別,并依次采用黃色、橙色和紅色來加以表示。

上一次我國發(fā)布森林火險紅色預警是在2016年3月。

The alert was issued based on comprehensive considerations, including the persistent dry weather, strong winds and high temperatures, and also the coming Tomb Sweeping Day when thousands will travel to ancestors' grave sites and in some cases, burn offerings.
此次紅色預警是在綜合考慮了持續(xù)干旱天氣、大風天多、氣溫偏高的因素,以及清明節(jié)期間數(shù)千人會出門掃墓,有些還會焚燒祭品等情況的基礎上發(fā)布的。

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