換一種語言讀金庸(十四)
中國網(wǎng) 2019-03-29 08:57
看清宮戲,經(jīng)常能聽到某某軍機(jī)大臣“南書房行走”、某某大學(xué)士“上書房行走”的臺詞。很多人以為這是一種政治待遇,可以隨意出入皇帝讀書辦公的場所,其實(shí)不然。在清朝,“行走”是一個(gè)官職,就像后宮里的“常在”和“答應(yīng)”一樣,也是一級干部。“行走”屬于臨時(shí)性機(jī)構(gòu)的官職,往往是由已任要職的官員兼任,一旦臨時(shí)機(jī)構(gòu)撤銷,該官員也就不再“行走”了。
金庸《鹿鼎記》中的韋小寶,雖然不是什么軍機(jī)大臣,也不是什么大學(xué)士,卻因?yàn)槭强滴趸实鄣耐姘閮?,也可以在上書房行走。?dāng)然,韋小寶的“行走”屬于地地道道的瞎溜達(dá)。
《鹿鼎記》第四回,韋小寶第一次混入上書房,尋找《四十二章經(jīng)》,無意中撞見了康熙皇帝,才知道原來高高在上的皇帝就是天天和自己摔跤打架的小玄子:
但見房中一排排都是書架,架上都擺滿了書,也不知有幾千幾萬本。韋小寶倒抽了口涼氣,暗叫:“辣塊媽媽不開花,開花養(yǎng)了小娃娃!他奶奶的,皇帝屋里擺了這許多書,整天見的都是書,朝也書(輸),晚也(輸),還能賭錢嗎?”他生長市井,一生之中從來沒有見過書房是什么樣子,只道房中放得七八本書,就是書房了。從七八本書中撿出一本寫有“三十二”或“四十二”幾個(gè)字的書,想必不難,此刻眼前突然出現(xiàn)了千卷萬卷書籍,登時(shí)眼花繚亂,不由得手足無措,便想轉(zhuǎn)身逃走。
閔福德(John Minford)英譯:
The entire room was lined with bookshelves, and every shelf was stacked with books. There must have been tens of thousands of them. Trinket gasped and muttered silently to himself:
'Hot-piece tamardy! Where on earth am I going to find the Old Turtle's Sutra in amongst this lot?' Trinket had grown up in a very different world from this. In his own hometown, he had never set eyes on a library of any sort. Probably his idea of a library would have been a dozen or so books in a room somewhere. Finding the Sutra from among a dozen or so books might have been a feasible proposition ... but here! He looked around at the sea of books, and his eyes started swimming. He was seized with a sense of panic, and his first instinct was to run.
這一段文字描寫的是韋小寶進(jìn)入皇帝書房后的心理活動,金庸寫得活靈活現(xiàn),閔福德譯得如在眼前。原因就是他沒有死譯、硬譯,斷然舍棄了“辣塊媽媽不開花,開花養(yǎng)了小娃娃!他奶奶的,皇帝屋里擺了這許多書,整天見的都是書,朝也書(輸),晚也(輸),還能賭錢嗎?”這一段話?!袄眽K媽媽不開花,開花養(yǎng)了小娃娃!”像是市井頑童的順口溜,翻譯出來亦無甚大意義。金庸這樣寫,不過是為了凸顯韋小寶玩世不恭的個(gè)性而已,況且這句話恐怕連漢語都無法解釋清楚。至于 “書”與“輸”的諧音與轉(zhuǎn)義,更是糾纏不清,如果一定要翻譯,就必須先要向英語讀者解釋“書”與“輸”同音不同義的問題,這樣一來,譯文必然會東拉西扯,旁逸斜出。原文中“他奶奶的”,也被閔福德降格譯成“Tamardy”(他媽的)了,估計(jì)是因?yàn)橹袊肆R人涉及面過于廣泛,老北京還有“他大爺?shù)摹绷R法兒,閔福德無奈之下,只好采取歸納法,一律Tamardy!
閔福德采取省略和歸納的方法,絕不是為了圖省事兒,他這樣做,恰恰說明他深諳翻譯之道。細(xì)讀閔福德的譯文,讀者不僅能感受到他深厚的語言功底,還能體會到他嚴(yán)肅的翻譯態(tài)度。下面這一段還是韋小寶在上書房的所見所感:
韋小寶見那張紫檀木的書桌極大,桌面金鑲玉嵌,心想:“桌上鑲的黃金白玉,一定不是假貨,挖了下來拿去珠寶店,倒有不少銀子好賣?!币娮郎蠑傊槐緯?,左首放著的硯臺筆筒也都雕刻精致。椅子上披了錦緞,繡著一條金龍。韋小寶見了這等氣派,心中不禁怦怦亂跳,尋思:“他奶奶的,這烏龜皇帝倒會享福!”書桌右首是一只青銅古鼎,燒著檀香,鼎蓋的獸頭口中裊裊吐出一縷縷青煙。
閔福德英譯:
Trinket stared at the massive rosewood table, inlaid with gold and jade.
'That stuff's all real!' He thought to himself. 'All that gold and jade! All those precious stones! If I could somehow pick it all off, I'd get a fortune for it at the jewelers!'
There was a thread bound volume lying open on the table, and to its left all of the paraphernalia of the traditional scholar had been neatly set out: inkstone, calligraphy brush, brush-stand. The chair was spread with a brocade cover, embroidered with a dragon in gold thread. Trinket was utterly overawed and his heart was racing.
'Mother's!' he exclaimed silently to himself. 'Look at the classy stuff this Emperor's got! The lucky turtle!'
To the right of the table stood an antique bronze tripod, and delicate curls of sandalwood incense-smoke drifted out through the perforated mouth of the animal-shaped cover.
這是一段非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)扎實(shí)的譯文,中英文完全對應(yīng),毫厘不爽。閔福德不僅沒有任何省略,反而在關(guān)鍵地方有所增益?!白郎蠑傊槐緯?,譯成There was a book lying open on the table 也就可以了,但閔福德把“書”翻譯成了a thread bound volume,也就是線裝書,更準(zhǔn)確地呈現(xiàn)了中國清代書房的典雅,也更具時(shí)代感。
最后一句,“書桌右首是一只青銅古鼎,燒著檀香,鼎蓋的獸頭口中裊裊吐出一縷縷青煙?!?(To the right of the table stood an antique bronze tripod, and delicate curls of sandalwood incense-smoke drifted out through the perforated mouth of the animal-shaped cover. )鼎蓋的獸頭口中裊裊吐出一縷縷青煙,閔福德在翻譯這句話時(shí),特意在“獸頭口中”前面加入了一個(gè)形容詞perforated(有孔的),明確告訴英語讀者中國古代香爐的形制。我們在從事對外傳播工作的時(shí)候,要時(shí)時(shí)提醒自己,我們所寫所說,對自己是常識,對外國讀者可能就是知識,一定要站在讀者的靴子里想問題。
寫到這里,本該收筆,但還是有兩個(gè)困惑想和讀者朋友們討論一下。一是韋小寶開口閉口的“辣塊媽媽”,另一個(gè)則是關(guān)于上書房設(shè)立的時(shí)間的問題。
我曾經(jīng)問過幾個(gè)揚(yáng)州和揚(yáng)州周邊的朋友,他們對于“辣塊媽媽”的解釋五花八門,且均不得要領(lǐng),甚至還有人根本沒有聽說過這個(gè)說法。我猜想這個(gè)“辣塊媽媽”很可能相當(dāng)于東北話中的“哎呀媽呀”,也不知道對不對。
第二個(gè)問題,也就是上書房設(shè)立的時(shí)間問題。這是一個(gè)歷史研究的范疇,我不是專業(yè)人士,不敢亂發(fā)議論。據(jù)清史資料記載,康熙二十三年(1684年),為教育皇子,康熙帝于宮內(nèi)設(shè)上書房,對皇子進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)教育。所謂的上書房,實(shí)際上就是清代皇宮的私塾??滴醢藲q即位,到康熙二十三年應(yīng)該是三十一歲了,而《鹿鼎記》中,十四、五歲的康熙已經(jīng)在上書房讀書和處理政務(wù)了。是金庸先生疏忽了?還是清朝宮內(nèi)早就有個(gè)上書房,只是沒有載入史料而已?
把上述疑惑寫出來,絕非為了標(biāo)新立異,挑戰(zhàn)前輩高人,而是為了向朋友們請教,也是為自己確立一種讀書學(xué)習(xí)的態(tài)度,懂就是懂,不懂就是不懂。子曰:知之為知之,不知為不知,是知也。
作者:王曉輝
來源:中國網(wǎng)
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