地球正處于大滅絕時期?2018年這些動物永遠消失了 These species went extinct in 2018. More may be doomed to follow in 2019.
中國日報網 2019-01-22 13:46
還記得《里約大冒險》里那只可愛的金剛鸚鵡嗎?今后你再也無法在野外見到它們了。2018年,有很多種珍稀的動植物永遠離開了我們。有研究人員表示,地球正處于第六次物種大滅絕時期。
They'd been on our planet for millions of years, but 2018 was the year several species officially vanished forever.
有幾種物種已在我們的星球上生存了數(shù)百萬年,但它們卻在2018年正式消失了。
Three bird species went extinct this year, scientists said, two of which are songbirds from northeastern Brazil: The Cryptic Treehunter (Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti) and Alagoas Foliage-gleaner (Philydor novaesi), according to a report from the conservation group BirdLife International.
國際鳥類聯(lián)盟保護組織的報告顯示,科學家稱,2018年有3種鳥類滅絕了,其中兩種是來自巴西東北部的鳴禽——淡眉樹獵雀和諾氏拾葉雀。
songbird['s??b??d]:n.鳴禽,鳴鳥
According to BirdLife, the other extinct bird is Hawaii's Po'ouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma), which has not been seen in the wild since 2004 (the same year the last captive bird died).
據(jù)國際鳥類聯(lián)盟稱,還有一種于2018年滅絕的鳥類是夏威夷的毛島蜜雀,這種鳥自2004年以來就沒有在野外出現(xiàn)過(最后一只被圈養(yǎng)的鳥也在同一年死亡)。
A disturbing trend is that mainland species are starting to go extinct, rather than island species: “Ninety percent of bird extinctions in recent centuries have been of species on islands,” said Stuart Butchart, BirdLife’s chief scientist and lead author on the paper.
國際鳥類聯(lián)盟的首席科學家、論文的第一作者斯圖爾特·巴特哈特說,一個令人不安的趨勢是大陸物種開始變得比島嶼物種更容易滅絕。他說:“幾個世紀以來,百分之九十滅絕的鳥類都是島嶼物種。”
“However, our results confirm that there is a growing wave of extinctions sweeping across the continents, driven mainly by habitat loss and degradation from unsustainable agriculture and logging," he said.
他說:“然而,我們的研究結果證實,日益高漲的滅絕浪潮正席卷整個大陸。主要原因是不可持續(xù)的農業(yè)和伐木造成(鳥類)棲息地的喪失和退化?!?/p>
An additional species of bird – the Spix’s macaw, which was made famous in the 2011 animated movie "Rio" – was declared extinct in the wild. Only a few dozen captive Spix's macaws are alive.
斯派克斯金剛鸚鵡因2011年的動畫電影《里約大冒險》而出名,然而,目前野生的斯派克斯金剛鸚鵡已告滅絕,只有幾十只被捕獲的斯派克斯金剛鸚鵡還活著。
《里約大冒險》的主角是一只稀有的小藍金剛鸚鵡,它的原型是一只叫做Presley的斯派克斯金剛鸚鵡。2014年,Presley去世了,沒有留下任何后代。而當時這種鸚鵡在野外已經很難尋覓了,人工繁殖保護之下,全球也只有不到100只,科學家擔心近親繁殖會讓它們的基因產生太多缺陷,最后免不了還是走向滅絕的境地,所以一直在全球尋找野生的小藍金剛鸚鵡種群。然而經過數(shù)年的尋找,人們沮喪地發(fā)現(xiàn),它們可能真的,已經消失了。
That species was wiped out in the wild because of deforestation and other factors such as the creation of a dam and trapping for wild trade.
野生斯派克斯金剛鸚鵡滅絕是由于森林砍伐,以及建設水壩和捕獲出售等原因。
和斯派克斯金剛鸚鵡一起被認為已經滅絕的鳥類還有:莫雷阿島葦鶯(Moorea reed warbler)和灰綠金剛鸚鵡(glaucous macaw)等等,其中有些鳥類在野外的棲息地已經沒有了,有些連人工養(yǎng)殖的個體都沒留下……
A few other bird species that are near extinction have such exotic names as the New Caledonian Lorikeet and the Pernambuco Pygmy-owl.
新島吸蜜鸚鵡和伯南布哥鵂鹠等幾種鳥類也瀕臨滅絕,它們的名稱也很獨特。
Beyond birds, other animals such as the vaquita and the northern white rhino are near the end.
除了鳥類之外,其他動物,如小頭鼠海豚和北方白犀牛也接近滅絕。
"Vaquitas are the most endangered of the world’s marine mammals," the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said. "Less than 30 vaquitas remain in the wild."
美國國家海洋和大氣管理局說:“小頭鼠海豚是世界上最瀕危的海洋哺乳動物。目前野外還存活的不足30只?!?/p>
The last male northern white rhino died at a wildlife sanctuary in Kenya last March, Mashable reported. Only two females are left.
據(jù)Mashable網站報道,去年3月份,最后一只雄性北方白犀牛在肯尼亞一個野生動物保護區(qū)死去,現(xiàn)在只剩下兩只雌性白犀牛。
sanctuary['s??(k)tj??r?]:n. 避難所
In the USA, only 40 endangered red wolves remain in the wild, and the population could go extinct within eight years, according to a report released last year by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.
美國魚類與野生動物局去年公布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,在美國,瀕危的野生紅狼僅存40只,或將在8年內滅絕。
Earth "is now in the midst of its sixth mass extinction of plants and animals – the sixth wave of extinctions in the past half-billion years," according to the Center for Biological Diversity.
根據(jù)美國生物多樣性中心的說法,地球“現(xiàn)在處于過去5億年中的第6次動植物大滅絕時期”。
The group said, "We're currently experiencing the worst spate of species die-offs since the loss of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
該組織認為,“自6500萬年前恐龍滅絕以來,我們正經歷著最嚴重的物種大滅絕?!?/p>
"Although extinction is a natural phenomenon, it occurs at a natural 'background' rate of about one to five species per year. Scientists estimate we're now losing species at 1,000 to 10,000 times the background rate."
“雖然物種滅絕是一種自然現(xiàn)象,但自然的‘背景滅絕率’約為每年1到5個物種??茖W家們估計,目前的物種滅絕速度是‘背景滅絕率’的1000到1萬倍?!?/p>
In the past 500 years, the center estimates that about 1,000 species have gone extinct, from the woodland bison of West Virginia and Arizona's Merriam's elk to the Rocky Mountain grasshopper, passenger pigeon and Puerto Rico's Culebra parrot.
該中心估計,在過去500年中,已有大約1000種物種滅絕,例如美國西弗吉尼亞州的林地野牛、亞利桑那州的梅里安麋鹿、落基山蚱蜢、旅鴿、和波多黎各的庫萊布拉島鸚鵡等等。
2018年,東部美洲獅也被正式宣布滅絕,距離最后一只東部美洲獅在緬因州被殺死可能已經過去了80年。
我們不僅在抹去一些世界上最新被發(fā)現(xiàn)的物種——比如蘇門答臘猩猩(apanuli orangutan),于2017年被發(fā)現(xiàn),由于人類工業(yè)的發(fā)展,它們已經瀕臨滅絕。我們同時也在殺死那些古老的物種:中國大鯢(Chinese giant salamanders)是一個“活化石”物種,它們的祖先曾與劍龍和梁龍一起在地球上生存,盡管它們存活了2.5億多年,如今也正處于滅絕的邊緣,世界上許多最獨特的鯊魚和鰩類也同樣如此。
同樣是2018年,我們熟悉的長頸鹿的一個亞種首次被列為了極度瀕危物種;幾乎所有狐猴都難逃厄運;昆蟲類同樣不容樂觀,在美國,我們已經失去了97%的西方帝王斑蝶,南美洲的爬行動物種類也在迅速減少。
不過,2018年也并非是完全令人絕望的,在這一年里,山地大猩猩從極度瀕危狀態(tài)中獲救;野生黑犀牛50年來首次回到乍得;可愛的圣昆廷袋鼠鼠(San Quintin kangaroo rat)經過30年的假定滅絕后,被發(fā)現(xiàn)仍然存活,而且活得很好;罕見的墨西哥蠑螈(Lake Pátzcuaro salamande)因為墨西哥修女的命令而幸免于難。
來源:今日美國報、參考消息網、天使光芒網易號、中國科普網百家號
翻譯&編輯:yaning